Design of a kindergarten for 260 places in the 5th microdistrict of Energetik with improvement of the site

Contents

Introduction

1 Pre-Design Study

1.1 Sociological Research Program

1.2 Questionnaire Survey

1.3 Analysis of sociological data and synthesis of research results

1.4 Development of architectural and planning task for design

2 Improvement of the kindergarten site

2.1 Initial data for the project

2.2 Situation Plan

2.3 Scheme of planning organization of the land plot and improvement

its territory

2.3.1 Scheme of planning organization of the land plot

2.3.2 Engineering Training and Relief Management

2.3.3 Determination of earthworks

3 Space-planning solution of kindergarten

3.1 Comparison of options for space-planning solution of kindergarten

Technical and economic indicators

3.2 Characteristics of the functional process and space-planning decision according to the adopted version

3.3 Structural characteristics of the building

3.4 Architectural and compositional solution

3.5 Calculations for construction physics

3.5.1 Microclimatic characteristics of the building

3.5.2 Calculation of thickness of insulation layer of three-layer brick wall

lightweight masonry with rigid connections

3.5.3 Calculation of thickness of insulation layer of attic floor

4 Kindergarten Engineering

4.1 Heat supply and ventilation

4.2 Water supply and drainage

4.3 Calculation of the building water supply system

4.3.1 Selection of internal water supply system and diagram

4.3.2 Hydraulic calculation of the water supply network

4.3.3 Water meter calculation

5 Construction structures

5.1 Calculation of rafter structure of building covering

5.1.1 Calculation of rafter leg

5.1.2 Calculation of brace and girder

6 Technology of construction production

6.1 Construction Schedule

6.1.1 Schedule Design Philosophy

6.1.2 List of construction and installation works

6.1.3 Calculation of construction and installation works scope Error! Bookmark is not defined

6.1.4 Calculation of excavation volumes

6.1.5 Determination of requirements for material and technical resources

6.1.6 Determining the Need for Construction Machines and Machinery

6.1.7 Determination of Labour Requirements

6.1.8 Selection of methods of works execution

6.1.9 Selection of crane and mounting devices

6.1.10 Schedule the construction process

6.1.11 Definition of techno-economic indicators

6.2 Construction Plan

6.2.1 General principles of construction plan design

6.2.2 Calculation of storage areas

6.2.3 Calculation of areas of temporary buildings and structures

6.2.4 Calculation of resource requirements

6.2.5 Construction plan design features

6.2.6 Safety requirements

6.2.7 Environmental protection measures

7 Economics

7.1 Estimated calculations

7.1.1 Preparation of local estimate

7.1.2 Preparation of object estimate

7.1.3 Compile consolidated cost estimate for construction

7.2 Determination of techno-economic indicators

7.2.1 Calculation of cost-effectiveness of the design solution

7.2.2 Determination of technical and economic indicators of the project

Conclusion

List of sources used

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix B

Appendix D

Appendix D Error! Bookmark is not defined

Introduction

In our society, the value of family, motherhood, and family education is noticeably increasing. The family is one of the oldest "institutions" that has survived entire eras. Its durability is explained by the fact that it allows a person to stay in society more stably at all times. The family as a source feeds the wider and higher spheres of human life - the feeling of the Motherland and patriotism.

According to scientists, the family is the greatest sociocultural value created by humanity .

Not a single nation, not a single cultural community was without a family. Society and the state are interested in its positive development, preservation, strengthening. Every person, regardless of age, needs a strong, secure family.

Numerous studies conducted in our country and abroad have convincingly shown that the family and kindergarten are two educational phenomena, each of which gives the child social experience in its own way, but only in combination with each other they create the optimal conditions for a small person to enter the big world.

Public preschool education has been created as a tool to help the family in the upbringing and education of the child. The nature of the interaction between these two institutions, which are important for society, is dictated by the new conditions of life. The family and kindergarten in the chronological series are in continuity .

The first kindergartens in Russia appeared in the middle of the XIX century. They were organized by family unions uniting for a common cause - raising children .

The historical excursion into the system of formation and development of preschool education allows us to highlight the main positions that need to be taken into account in modern society. Here are some of them:

- Initially, kindergarten was conceived as a family-type institution that helps the family raise a child;

- The first kindergartens were organized in Russia by family unions;

- the ideas of family education of young children were defended by many Russian teachers.

Society has established itself in the position that it is impossible to completely replace family education with public education, but it is possible and necessary to help the family. To do this, a diverse network of preschool educational institutions must develop. The historical experience of each home, family kindergarten is unique and colored by the personality of those people who, thanks to their enthusiasm and activity, found a solution to all economic and pedagogical problems of this new business for Russian society.

The principles of the regional policy for the development of preschool education are aimed at ensuring a complete and balanced system of educational, developmental, educational and health-improving services for the population, providing the family with the opportunity to choose the forms and methods of raising the child.

To implement these principles, a differentiated species network of preschool educational institutions has been created. A system of services for a family raising a child at home is being developed: short-term groups, counselling points, child gaming support centers, and early assistance services. The institution of governorship is being revived.

The basis for the development and construction of a new innovative model of a family children's preschool educational institution was an analytical and statistical review of requests for preschool education of different categories of families, as well as an analysis of the accumulated knowledge on the problems of parenthood and family life.

The creation of a new model - a family children's preschool institution - will make preschool education services more diverse and accessible to the population, as well as increase the number of children receiving high-quality education. Naturally, the introduction of such a model cannot be massive, but, undoubtedly, it will arouse interest among some large, young families and parents whose children do not attend kindergarten for various reasons. Meanwhile, this model should not be seen as an alternative form of preschool education and education. It should complement and develop a variable system of preschool education, take into account the psychological, pedagogical and age characteristics of the development of children of early and preschool age .

When creating family day-care facilities, it is necessary to take into account the needs of specific families planning to use this service. Therefore, a family kindergarten can be multivariable in the form of organization and in the content of work with children.

Thus, the relevance of this problem is obvious, since the lack of kindergartens is manifested everywhere in the Irkutsk region and throughout the country. A notable point in the planning structure of the 5a microdistrict is the aspect that the project originally provided for the construction of three preschool educational institutions, but only one was built - kindergarten No. 116 "Rainbow," which is explained by the difficulties of the rebuilding period. Therefore, there are not enough two more kindergartens, which means that in preschool institutions of other microdistricts there are queues, which adversely affects the general situation in this area .

The main goal of this diploma project is to design a kindergarten, which is most comfortable in its planning, economic and socially significant characteristics. The main design tasks are described in more detail in the section "Pre-design research," which also reflects the object and subject of the study, the base of scientific research and design, the main methods of collecting and processing information, scientific hypotheses. As a result of sociological research, the main characteristics of the designed object will be revealed, which constitute the structure of the architectural and planning task for the design of kindergarten.

Further, the planning, structural and architectural-compositional presentation of the kindergarten building is organized on the basis of the obtained task. As a benchmark for comparison, it is necessary to take the planning and design characteristics of a typical design of a kindergarten building of similar capacity in order to be able to determine the impact on their technical and economic indicators of differences in space-planning solutions of buildings .

The space planning solution of the selected option is reflected in the following section. In addition to the main planning characteristics of the building, the design characteristics, the selected structures of various volume-planning elements, the architectural and compositional solution of the designed building are described, the functional process as a whole is characterized by dividing the rooms into zones, and the functions of each of the kindergarten rooms are described.

No modern building is without centralized engineering support. Thus, the next section is a description of all the designed utility networks, as well as the calculation of the water supply system.

The structural characteristics of the main elements of the building structures are given in the section "Volume planning solution," and the calculation of individual elements - in this case, the rafter structure of the building coating - in the section "Building structures."

The organization of construction production must be carried out to ensure the construction of kindergarten in the shortest possible time with savings in labor and material resources. To do this, a work schedule is drawn up, which provides an in-line method of construction, saving labor resources and calculating material costs. In addition, an object building master plan is being designed, the purpose of which is to place temporary buildings and structures and installation mechanisms in the plan in the most rational and convenient way.

The final section is "Economics," which estimates the material and financial costs of construction as a whole, as well as individual types of costs, as well as the calculation of the main technical and economic indicators for the project as a whole is necessary to perceive the full picture.

As a result, they receive a project of a preschool educational institution for 260 places in the 5th microdistrict of the village of Energetik with the most comfortable conditions for the stay of children and their parents, as well as service personnel.

1 Pre-Design Study

Considering the Irkutsk region as an object of research conducted in order to identify the needs of the population in preschool educational institutions (hereinafter referred to as DOE), the most important features described below can be distinguished.

The main plan in this region is that the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of the Irkutsk region proposed to oblige all developers to build or reconstruct kindergartens at their own expense during the construction of residential buildings.

In Irkutsk and other large cities of the region, such as Bratsk and Angensk, there are not enough kindergartens. Today, if you audit buildings that have long been built and are under municipal ownership, you can find many buildings and premises of former children's institutions that are not used for their intended purpose. If you start using them again as kindergartens, the problem of providing preschoolers with places in nurseries and gardens can be solved much faster than when building new ones. Ways of solving the problem at the expense of the municipal budget are as follows :

- the most economically feasible method is to increase the filling capacity of groups of existing kindergartens to the limit standards;

- Opening of children's institutions in previously leased premises;

- the most costly way is to build a new institution for children of preschool and primary school age in areas of mass new development.

Since research activities are carried out in the course of degree design, at first sociological data are analyzed, which contains the following elements:

the research programme;

collecting empirical data through questionnaires;

data analysis and synthesis of the study results;

development of an architectural and planning task for design, which in the future will serve as a task for graduate design.

For this diploma project, the main goals of sociological research are:

- studying the opinion of the population of the 5th microdistrict of Energetik on the need to build a kindergarten in this microdistrict and identifying the motivation for a positive attitude towards its planning organization;

- A description of the needs of the population in the formation of the spatial environment of the preschool children's institution and its territory.

Calculation of the capacity of the designed kindergarten is carried out based on data on the demographic structure of the population 5a of the microdistrict, as well as data [33]. Thus, the estimated level of provision of children with preschool institutions within 70% for the general type of DOE is accepted. The population of the microdistrict is

a person, of which 650 are preschool children. The capacity of the Rainbow kindergarten is 220 places, the number of groups in it is 12, the occupancy of nursery groups is 15 places, preschool - 22 places. Therefore, taking into account the already existing kindergarten, as well as those provided for by the project, but not built kindergartens, 5a microdistrict needs a kindergarten with an estimated capacity of about 216 seats. In my diploma project, I provided for a reserve of additional places and accepted the capacity of the designed kindergarten equal to two hundred and sixty places.

To achieve these goals, a sociological study is carried out - a survey of parents of preschool children living in the 5th microdistrict - the purpose of which is to identify the needs of the population (and specifically parents) in the most comfortable planning organization of a preschool educational institution in the 5th microdistrict, as well as the formation of the spatial environment of the kindergarten and its territory. At the same time, the spatial environment of a children's institution means the planning principles of the consumer zone and the economic and service zone.

1.2 Questionnaire Survey

The tool for conducting this sociological study is a questionnaire survey of the population of the 5th microdistrict, and specifically the parents of preschool children. The questionnaire is a source for obtaining information of an objective and subjective nature, which makes it possible to draw certain conclusions about the requests of parents in the formation of the spatial environment of kindergarten and constitutes an empirical base for architectural and sociological analysis, prediction and decision-making. A questionnaire is a questionnaire that has a certain structure, having a name and a short introduction. The introduction contains information on the objectives of the study, a short instruction on the method of filling out, an indication that the questionnaire is anonymous and a short polite response form is desirable. The source of questions are research tasks, working hypotheses, customer wishes .

The following types of questionnaires are distinguished by the mode of communication between the researcher and the interviewee:

- Press (questionnaire printed in newspaper, magazine );

- postal (send questionnaires by mail);

- handout (the questionnaire distributes them to a group of respondents ).

In the third case (in-person questionnaire), the questionnaire acts as an instructor for filling out questionnaires, a questionnaire dispenser, but the questionnaire is filled out by the respondent on its own. As a rule, this type of questionnaire is used in this diploma project.

The questionnaire has both advantages (speed, savings of funds and time, etc.) and disadvantages associated with the subjectivity of the received information, its reliability, etc. Therefore, the questionnaire is combined with other primary information collection methods described above (measurement, comparison).

This questionnaire contains three groups of questions:

- place of survey and characteristics of the interviewee ;

- characterization of survey conditions;

- information about the opinion of the interviewees.

The first group of questions is common for most questionnaires. It is aimed at obtaining information about the place of residence, which is predetermined (5th microdistrict, p. Energetik) and the characteristics of the interviewee: sex, age, social situation. Also included in the same block are data on income per family member, the presence of children of a certain age, etc. Questions about the social situation are called the socio-demographic passport of the questionnaire. The content of the questions of the first block depends on the tasks of the study. The task of identifying pre-school requirements for parents whose children belong to different age groups leads to the inclusion of questions about the sex and age of children, and, accordingly, about the groups they attend, their desire or unwillingness to attend a children's institution. The task of determining differences in requirements depending on the social characteristics of families requires the inclusion of additional questions about professional affiliation, level of education, social status. At the same time, the most important indicator is the level of income, since it most closely reflects the opportunities, needs and wishes of the population in forming the most comfortable environment for children.

Most questionnaires aimed at analyzing architectural and urban issues include a second block of environmental characteristics. These include the type of pre-school institution, the size of the occupied area and the organization of functional processes in it, the nature of its equipment, including the availability of various child development programs.

The third set of questions in the questionnaire is aimed at studying the functional features of the future children's institution and its adjacent territory, as well as the wishes of respondents regarding the availability of special premises in it, depending on its orientation. This block of questions is developed in accordance with the objectives of the study .

The sequence of questions is organized as follows: since we are talking directly about the layout, they consistently describe all the areas of kindergarten. Then basic principles of formation of consumer and economic-service zone are revealed. In order to take into account the full variety of needs of respondents in the formation of the space of a children's institution, it is necessary for each zone to cover its maximum developed composition. Thus, for the consumer zone of various types of kindergartens, this composition is diverse:

- for DDP supervision and improvement, or DDP of a general type with a physical education and recreation bias - this is a gym, a phytobar, a hygiene room, a speech therapist's office, a psychologist's office, a green corner;

- for DDP of a general type with an intellectual or artistic-aesthetic bias - this is an office of a speech therapist, an office of additional education, a methodological office, an office of a psychologist, art studios, computer classes, a children's theater, a swimming pool;

- for DDP of compensating type - it is office of speech therapist, office of psychologist, swimming pool, sauna, massage room, consultation point where parents can get advice and recommendations on how to deal with children in various situations;

- for LDP or LDP of combined type - presence of all above mentioned rooms.

In addition to the planning organization of the internal environment of the kindergarten, it is necessary to get an idea of ​ ​ its appearance, while the adjacent territory plays an important role. In addition to the playgrounds required by the standards, additional ones can be installed on the territory of a preschool institution. To do this, they propose the question of how to organize leisure activities in the territory of the DPA.

The sequence and wording of the questionnaire questions are subject to the following requirements:

- compliance with general research objectives;

- Taking into account the level of culture and psychology of interviewees;

- accounting of the method of further processing of the obtained material;

- simplicity and certainty in the wording of the question.

The questionnaire is a kind of scenario of conversation with the respondent. The beginning of this conversation is preceded by a short introduction (appeal to the respondent), which outlines the topic, goals, tasks of the survey, explain the technique of filling out the questionnaire.

This questionnaire uses closed questions, offering the respondent a choice of several answers (prompts). But, given the fact that closed questions initially limit the ability to express thoughts under the strict framework of the proposed answers, a significant part of the questions are formulated in a semi-closed form. Semi-closed is a question in which, in addition to the ready hints, they provide a position that allows the respondent to formulate his or her own answer.

The questions used, for example: "Do you think the pool device is necessary?," provide an opportunity to bring the respondents' answers closer to objective reality.

To find out the respondent's personal opinion, the questionnaire uses introductory words such as: "As you think,...," "What does it seem to you...."

The process of adapting questions addressed to respondents to the necessary communication is called questionnaire design. Design tasks include:

- Creation and maintenance of cooperative attitude among respondents;

- assuring respondents of their ability to answer all the proposed questions;

- Giving the impression of being able to give any, even the most unexpected and frank answers;

- Exempting respondents from previous questions and answers;

- maintaining a constant interest in working with the questionnaire.

Participation in the survey is a rather unusual activity for the respondent. Answering the questions of the questionnaire, the respondent gradually learns with the task. The transition from simple questions to complex ones was called the funnel rule. In the middle of the questionnaire are the most important from the point of view of research and difficult questions for respondents. From the point of view of the interviewees, all questions are tasks that need to be solved. In order to create and maintain interest in the questionnaire, translate the respondent from one topic to another, special questions are used in the questionnaire, called functional - psychological. These include contact issues (social status, education, etc.) and buffer issues. Buffer questions are designed to mitigate the mutual influence of questions in the questionnaire by moving from one topic to another.

Respondent messages for the study are unusually important and useful. Based on them, analysis of sociological data is carried out, given in the following subsection.