Diploma project on the topic: "Trade and Commercial Center"

Architectural and construction solutions

1.1 Initial data

The degree project on a subject: "TorgovoKomercheskiy Center". The construction project of the Commercial Center in Moscow was developed on the basis of:

tasks issued by the Department of Technology of Welding and Construction Production, the Department of Engineering Ecology;

existing building codes and regulations (SNiP), territorial building codes (TSN), departmental building codes and regulations (VSN).

The site allocated for the construction of the Commercial Center has a calm terrain, has no valuable plantings.

According to/1, Table 4.1/,/2, Fig.1/,/3, Table 4, 5/, the site is located in climatic area IIIA and belongs to the 3rd wet-dry zone.

Design ambient air temperature 25 0С

Snow cover weight (design) 1000 N/m

Standard wind speed 270 N/m

Standard soil freezing depth 1.32 m

Foundation bases are loams of type I in terms of leakage.

According to the specifications, the building is provided with heating and ventilation, cold and hot water, sewage, a security alarm system, video surveillance and electricity.

1.2 Master Plan

The master plan was designed in accordance with/4/,/5/,/6/.

The site allocated for the construction of the "Commercial Center" is located in the developed microdistrict of Moscow on the built-up territory. The section has rectangular shape with dimensions of 82x70m. The dimensions of the elements of the master plan are adopted taking into account the placement of engineering networks, roads, sidewalks, landscaping elements, as well as in accordance with sanitary and fire regulations and regulations.

The site of the Commercial Center is landscaped and meets the architectural requirements of the district.

The location of the Commercial Center in the district development system is determined by a preliminary developed promising development plan in conjunction with cultural enterprises. The district service network is formed taking into account the placement of buildings on central streets connected by transport lines, near public transport stops.

Plot plan of the site of the separate building of the Commercial Center is zoned. You can allocate a pedestrian area, a place for smoking staff and a parking lot.

The pedestrian zone is located in front of the main facade. From the side facade there is a place for smoking staff. Areas free from development, roads and engineering networks are landscaped as much as possible: trees and shrubs are planted, lawns and flower beds are broken.

Near the pedestrian zone of the territory of the Commercial Center there are parking lots for cars, serving buyers and staff.

There is also a site for a container with garbage.

The main criterion for the quality of the organization of the territory of the Commercial Center is the separation of pedestrian and traffic flows. The organization of the territory at the Commercial Center, located near residential buildings, requires, first of all, the isolation of flows of people living in a residential building from the movement of pedestrians and traffic flows of cars.

At the same time, the passage of fire engines along all facades at a distance of 5 m is provided. Also, a fire break of 20 m is provided between a number of buildings.

The vertical layout of the territory is made taking into account the existing terrain, as well as the diversion of surface rain and meltwater from the building to the trays of roads.

The removal of rain and meltwater from buildings and structures is provided along the planned surface to lower points of relief. The accepted design slopes of the planned surface protect the territory from erosion by stormwater.

1.3 Architectural and planning solutions.

The basis of the architectural and planning solution of the Commercial Center is a frame scheme with a constant column pitch .

The building of the Commercial Center has dimensions in the axes of 42x23.55 m. The building of the Commercial Center is three-story with a technical superstructure used to install elevator equipment and ventilation chambers.

For staff and visitors, the entrance is organized through the central and side entrances with illuminated stairs. For the unloading of equipment and goods, a debarkader is provided on the north side of the building. Personnel and technical premises are separated.

For accessibility of the building to low-mobility population groups, the central entrance to the building is equipped with an external ramp according to SNiP 35012001 "Accessibility of buildings and structures for low-mobility population groups."

The design of the Commercial Center was carried out taking into account the existing development.

1.4 Structural solutions

The main bearing structures are a system of a monolithic frame frame, in which spatial rigidity and stability are ensured by a rigid connection of monolithic floors with columns and walls at the level of each floor.

The main design solutions are described below.

Foundations - solid monolithic reinforced concrete slab of concrete class B25.

Columns - cast-in-situ reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm from concrete of class B25.

Walls:

- internal - cast-in-situ reinforced concrete with thickness of 200mm from concrete of class B25;

- external - from panels of "sandwich" type, lined from the inside with gypsum cardboard sheets;

Floor and covering - cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slabs.

Roofing - from two layers of bituminous-polymer roofing material "Isoplast" of grades "K" and "P" according to bracing from cement sand mortar M150 according to slope from expanded clay gravel γ = 600 kg/m3, insulation "URSA" XPS NIIIL γ = 35 kg/m3. δ = 100mm by monolithic reinforced concrete floor.

The partitions are made of gypsum board sheets with two-layer clamping on two sides on a metal frame with a width of 75mm with laying of mineral wool in the body of the partition.

Stairs - monolithic reinforced concrete made of concrete B25.

Windows - individual production from polyvinyl chloride profiles according to GOST 3067499.

Doors - individual made of polyvinyl chloride profiles as per GOST 30970200.2

Floors - in administrative rooms, staff rooms - carpet, in trading rooms, bathrooms - ceramic tiles

Exterior decoration

- basement of walls - facing with ceramic tiles,

- external walls - system of frame posts and sandwich panels

- porch - facing with floor ceramic granite.

Engineering equipment

Water supply

The water supply of the Commercial Center is carried out from intra-quarter water supply networks.

The source of water supply is the external city water supply networks.

Water flow rate for internal fire extinguishing is accepted as per SNiP 2.04.0185 * - 2.5l/s. In fire cabinets there is a place for storage of 2 fire extinguishers and a fire hose. External fire extinguishing is provided with a flow rate of 15 l/s according to SNiP 2.04.0284 Table 6, from fire hydrants of city water supply networks .

Internal water supply and hot water networks are designed from PE PE 32 SDR13.6 PE pressure pipes GOST 185992001. Pipes shall have the word "Drinking" in the marking. Heat insulate hot water main networks with UPSA RS1/ALU cylinders with aluminium foil cover layer.

Domestic sewage networks are designed from polyethylene sewage pipes and shaped parts of GOST 22689.089, 2689.2089. Domestic sewage networks are laid open, above the floor of rooms and in channels.

Storm sewage outlets are provided from polyethylene pipes GOST185992001 to existing wells. Releases are laid in reinforced concrete racks.

Internal drain networks are designed from polyethylene sewage pipes and shaped parts of GOST 22689.089, 2689.289. Stitch the risers of internal drains into boxes made of non-combustible material, the front panel in the form of an opening door - from hard-to-burn material.

Domestic sewage outlets are provided from polyethylene pipes GOST185992001 to existing wells. Releases are laid in reinforced concrete racks.

Cold water pipelines to plumbing devices shall be laid at a height of 250 mm from the floor. Hot water pipelines to plumbing devices shall be laid at a height of 350 mm from the floor.

Installation, testing and commissioning of networks shall be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.0185, SP 401022000.

Heating

Design parameters of coolant in heating systems 9570 ° С. Heat supply source - from CTP .

Heat carrier for heating and ventilation systems - hot water with parameters of 7090 ° С. As heating devices for the installation, section "Hit300" radiators were adopted.

Ventilation

Ventilation of trading halls of the Commercial Center has been designed with a mechanical inducement. Ventilation of the remaining rooms of the complex is provided for supply and supply with artificial motive, through windows and doors, as well as due to infiltration .

Installation, testing and commissioning of heating and ventilation systems shall be performed in accordance with SNiP 3.05.0185 "Internal sanitary and technical systems ."

Installation, adjustment and testing of ventilation equipment shall be carried out by specialized organizations in strict accordance with passports, installation instructions for this equipment.

The heating system pipelines shall be made of steel water and gas pipes as per GOST 326275 and steel electric welded pipes as per GOST 1070491.

Paint all other pipes with oil paint in 2 times.

Power supply

The design provides for 220V working and emergency (evacuation and safety) lighting.

The lighting of the premises is adopted according to SNiP 230595 "Artificial and natural lighting" and SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.127803 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings."

Lighting of rooms shall be performed with lamps with fluorescent lamps and filament lamps. Ground the metal enclosures of the lamps by connecting them to the PE conductor.

Voltage losses from the shields to the most distant lamp do not exceed 2.5%.

Emergency lighting and safety lighting networks shall be provided as general. "Exit" light indicators are connected to emergency (evacuation) lighting network. Install "Exit" light indicators on the escape route at a height of not less than 2 m and connect them to the emergency lighting network.

When laying cables of working and emergency lighting it is necessary to exclude the possibility of their contact. The distance between them must be at least 20 mm.

Lighting control - on-site switches and circuit breakers from lighting boards. Install switches on the side of door handles at a height of 1 m from the floor, sockets at a height of 0.81 m from the floor and at a distance of at least 0.5 m from pipelines.

Group networks are adopted by single-phase three-wire (phase, zero working and zero protective conductors). Connect zero operating and zero protective conductors under different contact clamps of the lighting panel.

Group networks shall be made with IWGng cable:

- hidden behind the unburned ceilings of trading rooms on the installation profile;

- hidden under the plaster of brick walls and in the voids of slabs;

-in mini-channels open on the walls of the trading hall (to the outlets);

All metal non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment and networks, normally not under voltage, shall be busy (grounded) by connection to the third zero protective wire of the network.

Erection works shall be performed in accordance with SNiP 3.05.0685.

Electrical power equipment

Key technical indicators:

Mains voltage - 380/220V

Power consumption - 63kW

Design current - 112A

Category on reliability of power supply - II.

TN-C-S power supply and grounding system is used in the design:

- three-phase four-wire supply network (phase "L" and combined zero operating and protective "PEN" conductors).

-division of "PEN" conductor into zero working "N" and protective "PE" conductors in input device VR3 (SW).

-Installation of "PEN" conductor at input in VR3 input device.

Electrical receivers of power electrical equipment are plumbing equipment motors, computer systems, splits, refrigeration equipment and lighting boards.

As an introductory device, an introductory device of the VK3 type with an ATS panel, a distribution cabinet of the PR8503 type, is adopted. Electric power is accounted for by three-phase meter installed in BRU. Electrical receivers of the building of the Commercial and Commercial Center are normally provided with electricity from two independent mutually redundant power sources.

The protective and switching equipment and devices of protective shutdown are provided in the osvetitelnosilovy boards ShchO1ShchO5, ShchOA1, ShchOA2, SS. The panels are selected from the hinged version and are installed on the walls at a height of 1.7 m from the floor, but not less than 1 m from the pipelines.

Protection and switching equipment and wiring are selected by operating (nominal) load currents and checked by currents of one and three-phase short circuit and voltage loss.

Switchboard power supply networks shall be provided with three-wire and five-wire (phase "L," zero operating "N" and zero protective "PE" conductors) IWG cables in polyvinyl chloride pipes.

Cable passes through walls shall be made in sections of steel pipes, pipe holes shall be sealed with non-combustible material.

Group power supply networks of three-phase consumers shall be made with five-wire (phase "L," zero operating "N" and zero protective "PE" conductors) IWG cables.

Installation of telephones

The telephone cable is connected from a cable box fixed in the telephone network of the existing city office. The telephone cable is laid in a trench at a depth of 0.7 m from the day surface of the ground with brick covering to protect against possible mechanical damage. At the intersection of the road line, lay the cable in asbestos cement pipes.

Design and structural part

CALCULATION OF GROUND FLOOR COLUMNS

2.1 Initial data

The calculated column of the trading room of the commercial center is made of concrete of class B25, and is reinforced with a reinforcement spatial frame with longitudinal reinforcement of class AIII, and clamps of class A-I. Column of the first floor has height l = 4 m, has cross section dimensions 0.4 x 0.4 m.

Job Instructions

3.3.1 Job Instruction for Construction of Monolithic Walls of the First Floor

Scope of Application

This process sheet was developed for the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete walls of the first floor of the Commercial Center.

The Job Instruction provides for the construction of monolithic structures of the building using the formwork "PERI."

Work is carried out in one shift in the summer. When concreting structures at negative temperatures, traditional winter concreting methods are used.

Organization and procedure of works execution

Perform wall reinforcement work.

Reinforcement works include: acceptance of reinforcement, its sorting and warehousing, pre-assembly of reinforcement elements and their preparation for installation, installation of reinforcement elements and final connection of joints with viscous crosslinking of reinforcement rods of at least forty diameters.

Rebar walls are manufactured directly on the construction site. After the pre-assembly of the elements, they begin to install them.

To comply with the thickness of the protective layer, special fixators are installed on wall grids - "stars," and beacons are welded.

Before the structures are published, the reinforcement shall be cleaned of dirt, dust and rust.

Reinforcement works shall be performed in accordance with SNiP 3.03.0181 "Load-bearing and enclosing structures." Acceptance of the installed reinforcement is carried out before the formwork installation and is executed by the certificate of inspection of hidden works. The acceptance certificate of the installed reinforcement structures shall indicate the numbers of the working drawings, deviations from the drawings, evaluation of the quality of the installed reinforcement. After installation, formwork is given permission for concreting.

Perform wall formwork.

Prior to installation of "PERI" panel formwork the following works must be performed:

- reinforcement frames of walls are connected and installed in accordance with the design (formwork panels can be installed on one side of installed reinforcement structures);

- hole formers are installed;

- leveling of the floor surface at the places of formwork installation and leveling of the surface in accordance with its results;

- on the leveled surface of the slab with paint should be applied hairlines showing the working position of the mounted formwork;

- installation tooling and tools (braces, braces. nuts, locks, tightening bolts, consoles, ladders, hammers, mounting handle, load gripping devices, spacers, cones, etc.);

- the base is cleaned of dirt and debris.

Formwork elements received on the construction site are placed in the crane area. All formwork elements shall be stored in a transport position sorted by grade and size type. It is necessary to store formwork elements under a canopy in conditions that prevent their damage. The shields shall be placed in panels not more than 1.5 m high with locks installed. The remaining elements, depending on their dimensions and weight, are stacked in boxes.

Formwork for walls "PERI" consists of shields, corner elements, remote inserts, locks, ties, protective cones, tightening bolts and struts (braces). In vertical position, formwork shields are fixed by means of braces. Formwork is equipped with hinged consoles with flooring. The structure of the formwork boards provides for the possibility of their installation and connection to each other, both in vertical and in horizontal position. Shields are connected to each other by means of fast-acting locks installed on side or frontal sides of shield frame. A wedge in the lock is hammered by a hammer. Corner elements (external and internal) are connected to boards also by means of locks. Nuts for attachment of braces, leveling elements and cantilevers by means of tightening bolts are welded into crossbars of shields.

Installation of the formwork should begin with laying along the entire outline of the lighthouse rivers. The outer face of the rack must coincide with the outer face of the concreted wall. After the lighthouse rivers are reconciled, hairlines indicating the boundary position of the formwork boards are applied with bright paint. Then formwork is mounted with crane, which is pre-assembled from separate elements into blocks (paintings) with area of up to 40 m, according to the publication scheme. Formwork blocks are slung using "PERI" special grips. According to the scheme, formwork elements are installed .

Formwork of walls, after installation of reinforcement grids and frames, is installed in two stages: first, formwork of wall or columns of one side is mounted, fixing it in vertical position with the help of braces, then formwork of the second side is mounted. Two holes for anchor rods are provided for attachment of braces to concrete in their support plates. Length of brace bars is adjusted by screw. Both rows of formwork are connected to each other with the help of ties, nuts, spacers made of plastic tube with cones installed at its both ends so that the outer size corresponds to the thickness of the concreted structure. The tie is passed through this tube. The tube subsequently remains in the body of concrete.

Perform wall concreting work.

The following works shall be performed before the concrete mixture is laid:

- correct installation of reinforcement and formwork was checked;

- all detected defects are eliminated;

- the presence of retainers ensuring the required thickness of the protective layer of concrete was checked;

- cleaned of dirt, debris, strains of concrete armature and formwork;

- protective lubricant is applied on the formwork;

- check of all mechanisms operation, serviceability of accessories, tooling and tools. The concrete mixture supply to the place of laying in the structure is provided in two versions:

- crane in silos;

- using concrete pump.

Walls are concreted in separate sections. Concrete mixture is laid in horizontal layers. 4050 cm thick. Each concrete layer is carefully compacted with a depth vibrator. The dip depth of the vibrator when compacting the newly laid concrete mixture into the previously laid layer 510 cm. Vibrator rearrangement pitch should not exceed 1.5 of its range. In corners and at struts of formwork concrete mixture is additionally compacted by means of bayonet with hand holes. Do not touch the vibrator during compaction of concrete mixture to reinforcement and formwork. Vibration at one position ends when concrete subsidence stops and cement milk appears on the surface. Remove the vibrator during rearrangement slowly, without turning off the engine, so that the void under the tip is evenly filled with concrete mixture. The interval between concreting shall not exceed two hours. Vertical concreting speed is not more than 3.0m/h.

Perform wall decompression work.

It is allowed to remove the formwork only after the concrete reaches the required strength, as per SNiP 3.030187 "Load-bearing and enclosing structures," and from the laboratory conclusion.

- slabs and arches with span up to 8m - 50% of design strength;

- beams and runs with span up to 8m - 70% of design strength;

- slabs and arches with span from 2m to 8m - 70% of design strength;

- bearing structures with span of more than 8 m - 100% of design strength.

The walls are expanded as follows:

- working flooring is removed;

- "PERI" grips held by sling until lifting are installed on formwork unit;

- remove locks between formwork blocks or separate shields by knocking out wedges by hammer;

- braces between shields are removed;

- with the help of adjustment bolts the deck is separated from the concrete surface. The use of cranes to break the formwork panels from concrete is prohibited;

- removal of anchor bolts from support plates of braces;

- formwork panel is lifted;

- concrete care is carried out in accordance with SNiP (concrete care must ensure that the proper hardening temperature is maintained and freshly laid concrete is preserved from rapid drying). Freshly laid concrete is primarily covered from the effects of sunlight and precipitation. Movement of people on concreted structures and installation of scaffolding and formwork on them for erection of overlying structures is allowed only after concrete reaches strength of at least 12 kg/sq .

After the formwork is removed, it is necessary to:

- visual inspection of the formwork;

- clean all formwork elements from concrete strains;

- repair the formwork (if necessary).

- perform mandatory lubrication of formwork;

- Sort the formwork elements by tags and size types.

After completion of construction and installation works, concrete surfaces are ground, concrete strains are removed, cones are removed and holes from under the weights are soaked. Surfaces are surrendered by act.

Safety Instructions

When performing construction and installation work on the construction of walls from cast-in-situ reinforced concrete using the formwork "PERI," it is necessary to follow SNiP 12032001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General Requirements, "SNiP 12042002" Occupational Safety in Construction. Part 2. Construction production. "

Work safety shall be ensured by:

- selection of appropriate rational technological equipment;

- preparation and organization of work work places;

- use of means of protection of workers;

- medical examination of persons admitted to work;

- timely training and verification of knowledge of working personnel and ITR on safety during construction and installation works.

Methods of slinging structural elements should ensure their supply to the installation site in a position close to the design one.

The elements of the structures to be mounted during the movement shall be kept from swinging and rotating by flexible braces.

It is not allowed to find people under the mounted structures until they are installed in the design position and fixed.

Installation and dismantling of the formwork can be started with the permission of the technical construction manager and must be carried out under the direct supervision of a specially appointed person of technical personnel.

Do not touch the reinforcement by the vibrator.

Only persons who have a certificate of the right to work on this type of machine are allowed to control the car concrete pump.

When operating at a height of more than 1.5 m, all workers must use safety belts with carbines.

Disassembling of the formwork is allowed after the concrete is set to decay strength and with the permission of the work manufacturer. In the process of breaking off the formwork, the concrete surface should not be damaged.

Welders' workplaces shall be protected by special portable enclosures. Before starting welding, it is necessary to check the insulation of welding wires, electric holders, as well as the connection density of all contacts. In case of interruptions in operation, electric welding plants must be disconnected from the network.

Cleaning of the tray of the concrete mixer and the loading hole from the remains of the concrete mixture is carried out only with a fixed drum.

It is prohibited: operation of the car concrete pump and car cranes without remote supports.

3.3.1 Job Instruction for monolithic flooring device

Installation of slab formwork

Installation of slab formwork is performed after complete dismantling of wall formwork.

Floor formwork consists of tripod for installation and fixation of uprights vertically adjustable in height, heads and heads with falling heads, stops, main and secondary beams, laminated plywood.

The floor formwork is mounted as follows:

- racks with tripods are installed according to the layout diagram. The pitch of the posts, main and secondary beams is assigned depending on the load.

- main beams are installed in falling heads of posts, then retaining stops are installed on their upper belt. Stops are used to fix position of secondary beams and to keep them from possible overturning. Places of stops installation correspond to noise of secondary beams installation;

- secondary beams are laid on the installed stops;

- with the help of adjusting nuts on the struts, all installed struts are aligned with the required height;

- intermediate racks are installed;

- a deck of plywood sheets is laid across the laying of secondary beams. If it is necessary to adjoin walls and columns individually by means of veneer firing to the surface of walls and columns and docking to the floor deck;

- the deck is covered with protective grease.

Reinforcement of floors.

Reinforcement of floors is performed after installation of formwork to the position corresponding to the design.

Before starting reinforcement it is necessary to:

- carefully check compliance of formwork with design dimensions and quality of its execution;

- perform geodetic survey of the deck and eliminate the identified defects;

- make a deck acceptance certificate;

- prepare rigging equipment, tools and electric welding equipment for operation;

- clean the fittings from rust and dirt;

- close the openings in the floor with wooden shields or install a temporary fence.

Reinforcement of slabs shall be performed in accordance with the design. Butt and tie the work rods. The length of the overlap should not be less than 40 diameters of the jointed reinforcement. The pitch is tied in two to the third staggered. Put the lower mesh on special retainers "chairs" to obtain the necessary value of the protective layer. Knit grids with run of at least 1m. Limit the fill boundaries to a trimmed grid.

Concreting floors.

Slabs are concreted for the entire thickness and area of the slab.

Concrete mix is compacted by depth vibrator and site vibrator.

Concrete is accepted in two ways:

- concrete pump;

- hoppers with a capacity of 0.72m3;

Removal of slab formwork.

Dismantling of slab formwork is performed only after concrete reaches the required strength, as per SNiP 3.030187 "Load-bearing and enclosing structures" and with laboratory permission.

Decompression of floors is performed as follows:

- intermediate posts are removed;

- with the help of falling heads the deck (beams with shields) is lowered;

-The secondary beams fixed by the stops extend along the installation line until one end of the beam hangs, then they are removed. Beams under the joints of plywood sheets remain until they are removed;

- plywood sheets are removed;

- the remaining secondary beams are removed;

- the main beams are raised above the heads and removed;

- are removed from the tripod;

If it is necessary (not sufficient strength of concrete) to support the concreted slab, in the process of dismantling the formwork, in some points, according to the calculation, intermediate posts with removed caps are installed in support.

After removal of slab formwork it is necessary to:

- inspect formwork elements;

- clean formwork elements from stuck concrete;

- Sort and store formwork elements.

After completion of construction and installation works, concrete surfaces are ground, concrete strains are removed, cones are removed and holes from under the weights are soaked. Surfaces are surrendered by act.