Diploma project REPAIR WORKSHOP FOR FARMS WITH A FLEET OF 75 TRACTORS

Contents

CONTENTS

Project Task

Introduction

Source Data

1. Architectural and structural part

1.1 Space-planning solution of the building, TEP

1.2 Design Solution

1.3. Calculations

1.3.1 Heat Engineering Wall Calculation

1.3.2 Heat Engineering Calculation of Insulation Thickness in Coating

1.4 Information on Exterior and Interior Decoration

1.5 Specification for Architectural and Structural Drawings

1.6 Process

2. Process Part

2.1 Calculation of scope of work

2.2 Engineering of Job Instruction

2.2.1 Scope of application of Job Instruction

2.2.2 Operation procedure

2.2.3 Calculation of labor costs

2.2.4 Need for machinery, equipment, materials, workers by profession

and qualifications

2.2.5 Calculation of TEP as per Job Instruction

2.2.6 Quality assurance of construction and installation works, safety precautions

2.3 Schedule Design

2.3.1 Selection of motor codes and methods of works execution with their justification

2.3.2 Determination of labor costs, m/shift, resource requirements

2.3.3 Selection and calculation of mounting mechanisms

2.4 Construction plan design

2.4.1 Calculation of storage areas

2.4.2 Calculation of the number of employees and determination of areas

administrative - domestic premises

2.4.3 Calculation of temporary water supply and power supply

2.4.4 Safety and fire safety measures

2.4.5 Environmental Protection

3. Economic part

3.1 Determination of estimated construction cost

3.2 Calculation of cost-effectiveness of design solutions

3.3 Technical and economic indicators of the project

Literature

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

(ROSEDUCATION)

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

TYUMEN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Admitted to protection.

Head of Department

G.P. Sukhodoeva

REPAIR SHOP

FOR FARMS WITH A FLEET OF 75 TRACTORS

EXPLANATORY NOTE TO THE DIPLOMA PROJECT

Introduction

Currently, industrial buildings are being built in Russia. Most of them are built according to model projects. Typing is based on the selection of the most efficient volumetric and structural solutions for this period, which give the best economic result in the construction and exploitation of buildings and structures, as well as ensuring comfort in their use. The typification of buildings forming a building does not exclude the creation of individual projects. The development of the construction of industrial buildings is practically connected with the history of the development of the material culture of human society.

The human home has gone a huge way from caves and primitive huts to multi-storey, modern houses, equipped and landscaped. Currently, the aesthetic side of the architecture of industrial buildings and complexes is of great importance. The problem of the harmonic architectural and planning environment is one of the most important creative tasks of modern architecture and urban planning.

Experience has shown that when skillfully taking into account the natural features of the area, using traditional and modern materials and techniques, including individual buildings built according to individual projects, urban areas acquire unique architectural expressiveness.

Architectural - structural part

Volumetric - planning solution, TEP

The workshop has a rectangular shape with a plan size of 24.5 by 60 meters.

The height of the building is 9.4 and 5.7 m.

Step - 6 m.

Span - 18 and 6 m.

Fire resistance rating 2

Degree of durability 2

Degree of capital 2

Construction volume - 12204m3

Building area - 1470m2

Total area - 1470 m2

Constructive solution

The foundation is monolithic individual.

External longitudinal walls - bearing, are made of facing and finishing, thickened bricks of KPU100/25 brand according to GOST 53095 on cement-sand mortar M 50, thickness 250 and 120 mm and 140 mm of insulation - polystyrene foam between them.

Internal walls - made of hollow, thickened ceramic bricks of KPU100/15 brand according to GOST 53095, on solution M 50.

Partitions - made of brick KPU75/15 as per GOST 53095, on solution M 50.

Spatial rigidity and stability are provided by arrangement of longitudinal bearing walls with pilasters and their connection with beams of coating.

1.3 Calculations

1.3.1 Heat Engineering Wall Calculation

1. Compile and draw the design diagram (we accept depending on the structural solution of the enclosing structures)

cement-sand bracing

glossy facing brick

expanded polystyrene

finishing brick

2. We write down the original data. We accept by SNiP 23-01-99

Air temperature of coldest days, ° С, availability

Air temperature of the coldest five days, ° С, availability

Air temperature, ° С, security 0.94

Absolute minimum air temperature, ° С

Average daily amplitude of the coolest air temperature

Duration, day, and average air temperature, ° С, period with average daily air temperature

Average monthly relative humidity of the coldest air

Average monthly relative air humidity at 15 hours most

Average wind speed, m/s, for the period with average daily temperature

1.3.2 Thermal calculation of the coating

Source Data:

industrial building;

walls - complex railway panels, p = 2500 kg/m3;

insulation - polystyrene foam, p = 40 kg/m3;

the average temperature of the coldest five-day coverage of 0.92 applies - 380 С;

duration of the period with average daily air temperature below or equal to 80 С - 225 days;

average air temperature - 7.20 С.

Humidity zone - dry;

humidity mode of rooms - normal;

operating conditions - A.

Based on sanitary and hygienic, comfortable and energy saving conditions, we accept insulation from polystyrene foam, 100 mm thick, p = 40 kg/m3.

1.4 Information on Exterior and Interior Decoration

Exterior finishes:

Masonry of walls with selection of brick surface, brickwork stitching. Masonry is made of facing brick.

Interior trim:

Stitching, plaster, mashing, oil and water emulsion coloring.

1.6 Process

The central repair shop for farms with a fleet of 75 tractors is designed for diagnostics, maintenance and maintenance, tractors, combines, cars, agricultural machines and equipment of livestock farms.

Diagnostics and maintenance of machines are performed in an isolated room at a universal post.

The main works on TR related to assembly operations are performed at 6 universal posts of the repair and installation section. The current repair is provided for by the aggregate method.

The central repair shop is designed for farms with a repair and maintenance base of type "B" all equipment is operated on the central farm estate.

The production activity of the workshop is provided for in cooperation with the repair enterprises of the Gosagroprom and the garage of the repair service base.

Process Part

Job Instruction Design

The Job Instruction was developed for the installation of the coating of the 1-storey tractor repair shop, 9.4 m high with self-propelled crane SKG40BSN with geese

2.2.1 Scope of application

The Job Instruction is used in designing, organization and execution of installation works by longitudinal method of load-bearing structures.

Linking the process plan to local construction conditions consists in refining the graphic diagram, scope of work, mechanization tools, material resource requirements.

2.2.2 Operation procedure

The following works shall be performed prior to installation of the frame structures:

- Foundations were erected for brick walls and their position in plan and height was checked;

- Sinuses of foundations are covered;

- Underground channels and trenches built;

- Temporary roads have been laid;

- Directly in the span there are movement paths and working parking of the crane;

- The necessary installation devices, equipment, tools and installation crane were delivered to the installation site;

- Boards and structures of the frame are imported and laid out according to the installation diagram;

- Hairlines of laying axes on foundations and columns are applied.

The works considered by the map include:

- Installation of roof rafters;

- Installation of coating plates;

2.2.4 Need for machinery, equipment, materials, professions and qualifications

Installation of coating slabs shall be performed only when concrete reaches the joint of beams with pilasters of design strength. Installation is performed with SCG40BSN crane with geese using four-wind sling. First of all, connecting plates and wall plates are mounted, followed by ordinary ones. Connecting members are installed on beams, welding embedded parts of plates to embedded parts of beams.

Corrosion protection of welds and individual parts sections is performed during installation of structures after welding works.

After checking the correctness of installation of structures and acceptance of welds, connecting and anti-corrosion protection, the joints of the concrete mixture are thoroughly ground on a fine aggregate.

Works on installation of coating plates are performed by links of the following composition:

Installer of the 5th category - 1 person;

Installer of 4 categories - 1 person;

Installer of the 3rd category - 1 person;

Installer of 2 categories - 1 person;

Welder 5 category - 1 person;

Welder of 4 categories - 1 person.

Maintenance of the installation crane is performed by the driver of the 5th category, which is not part of the link.

Work on the grouting of the slabs and slabs with a concrete mixture is carried out by a link consisting of two people of the installation structure.

Installer of 4 categories - 1 person

3-level installer - 1 person

All links working on the installation of structures in all shifts are combined into a comprehensive team of final products.

The complex team performs installation of the structures in the design position, their final reconciliation and fixation, finishing and delivery of the mounted structures according to the technical readiness certificate.

2.2.5 Calculation of TEP as per Job Instruction

1. Construction time reduction factor - 0.88

2. Uneven movement coefficient of workers - 0.74

3. Shift factor of works - 1,411

4. Work alignment factor - 1.57

5. Duration of work - 106 days

2.2.6 CMP quality assurance, safety

Operational Quality Control

The quality of construction products is the main factor affecting the cost of construction, affecting the economy and profitability of the facility completed by construction in operation, ensuring its reliability and durability.

The quality of construction products in the form of completed construction objects (or their parts) is determined by the quality of the project, construction materials, semi-finished products and products, as well as the quality of construction and installation work.

The main reasons for the poor quality of construction and installation work are: deviations from the design technology; the use of obsolete machines and an imperfect tool; lack of proper control by ITR, etc.

In modern conditions, quality is controlled by visual inspection, natural method by measuring linear dimensions, natural method of testing, mechanical or destructive (destructive) and physical or non-destructive (destructive) method.

Organizational, economic and educational measures have a great influence on improving the quality of products. High quality of construction and installation works is ensured by systematic monitoring of performance of each production process.

Deviations from projects and hydroelectric power plants made by builders to the detriment of quality should be recorded in a timely manner, and not at the stage when the elimination of shortcomings requires a lot of labor and material resources.

All customer comments are recorded in the "Work Log." A special section of the log indicates the measures to eliminate the detected defects and the timing of their elimination.

Safety requirements.

During installation of building structures

During installation works the following basic safety rules shall be observed.

Workers of all specialties working at height must be equipped with checked and tested safety belts, without belts, workers should not be allowed to work.

It is forbidden to find people under the lifting load.

When lifting elements, all conditional signs are supplied to the crane operator by one person-foreman of the installation team or rigger.

Do not release raised and installed elements from slings until they are fixed.

Electric welding in rainy weather (in open areas) is prohibited. When working at night, the mounting platform is illuminated by a spotlight or lamps.

During roofing works

When performing work on the roof, workers must be provided with safety belts, work clothes, special shoes in accordance with standard industry standards.

It is allowed to fold piece materials, tools and containers on the roof only if measures are taken against their falling (sliding) along the slope or blowing by the wind, as well as against swelling of mastic from the roof.

The area of possible fall from the roof of materials, tools, packagings and mastic drain shall be fenced.

At the end of the shift, as well as during the break in operation, all remnants of materials, accessories and tools must be removed from the roof or securely fixed.

It is forbidden to perform roofing works during ice, thick fog, wind of 6 points or more, rain, thunderstorms and heavy snowfall.

Do not drop materials and tools from the roof.

During loading and unloading operations

Loading and unloading areas shall be planned and shall have a slope of 5 °.

In the appropriate places it is necessary to establish the inscriptions: "entry"; "departure"; "reversal," etc.

Lifting machines, load-grabbing devices. The containers and packagings used in handling operations shall meet the requirements of state standards or their technical specifications.

Cargo connection shall be performed with inventory slings or

special load-gripping devices manufactured according to the approved design (drawing).

Slinging methods shall exclude the possibility of falling or sliding of stacked cargo.

Installation (laying) of goods on vehicles shall ensure stable position of goods during transportation and unloading.

During loading and unloading operations, it is not allowed to sling cargo, which is not in stable position, as well as displacement of slinging devices on raised load. Loading and unloading operations with pulverized materials (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.) must be carried out in a mechanized manner. Manual work when unloading cement, as an exception: it is allowed to perform at its t = 40 ° C, not higher.

During plaster works

Internal plaster work, as well as installation of prefabricated eaves and stucco parts inside the premises shall be carried out from scaffolding or mobile tables installed on floors or on solid flooring along floor beams.

It is allowed to use ladders-ladders only for small plaster works.

External work is carried out from inventory rack and suspension scaffolding, as well as from mobile tower scaffolding.

When performing work on stairways, special scaffolds (tables) with different length of support posts installed at the stages should be used. The working flooring shall be horizontal and have a fence and board.

The use of harmful pigments (lead sucker, lead chromium, copper, etc.) for solutions of colored plaster is not allowed.

Before starting each shift, check the serviceability of solution pumps, hoses, dispensers, cement cannons and other equipment.

Repair and cleaning of equipment mechanisms is performed after pressure relief and their disconnection from the electrical network.

Operators applying plaster solution to the surface using a nozzle. And workers who spray the solution manually are provided with protective glasses.

When using a gas calorifer, the distance between it and the gas cylinder must be at least 1.5 m, and from the cylinder to the electrical wires. Sockets and switches - not less than 1 m.

Working gas heaters shall not be left unattended.

During earthworks

To ensure the safety of earthworks, it is necessary to constantly follow the current rules and norms.

Prior to excavation, it is necessary to study the location of underground communications and obtain permission to carry out work.

If mines of ammunition, explosives and harmful gases are detected during earthworks, work shall be stopped and people removed from the hazardous area.

The tracks shall be prepared for safe movement of earth-moving machines and transport; lighting, at night, sections of work and roads.

You should monitor the state of the cut slopes, as well as

fixing vertical walls of pits and trenches, taking

on time measures. Excluding the possibility of their destruction

It is necessary to systematically check the technical condition of excavating machines, requiring excavator drivers to comply with safety measures, both in the face and during the movement of the machines.

It is forbidden to find people under the boom of excavators. And also in the working zones of other earth-moving machines. Excavators and other machines shall have sound and light alarms.

To lower people into recesses and wide trenches, reliable ladders with railings should be used, as well as narrow trench stairs, etc.

Construction fire protection

For the purpose of fire protection, fire breaks between buildings are provided at the construction site, a fire hydrant is provided on a permanent network, and a fire shield. Pockets are provided on temporary roads for fire safety.

Schedule Design

2.3.1 Selection of CMR production methods and mechanisms

Earthworks

Planning of the construction site and cutting of the vegetal layer of soil of group 1 is carried out by bulldozer DZ6, on the basis of transformer 1100, thickness of the vegetal layer is 250mm.

After the planning works are completed, the main axes of the building are broken down.

The excavation of the pit and trenches is carried out by a hydraulic single-bucket excavator on a caterpillar track with a bucket capacity of 0.5 cubic meters, with loading of soil into a dump.

Trenches are divided by transverse and parallel passages. Backfilling is performed by bulldozer.

Soil compaction is carried out using a roller.

Formwork

Prior to installation of the formwork, the following works shall be performed:

Removal of groundwater and surface water is organized;

Excavation work was completed and ladders were installed to lower people into the pit:

The axes were divided over the foundation installation site;

Access to workplaces was arranged and formwork shields and elements of their fasteners were brought in in an amount that ensures uninterrupted operation of carpenters;

Electricity was supplied and lighting of workplaces was arranged;

Foundation formwork consists of wooden boxes installed on each other. Each box, in turn, consists of a pair of embedded and a pair of covered panels. Any shield consists of boards connected to each other by drain films. The nails are clogged into boards and drain films on the side of the shield facing the concrete.

Installation of valves

Prior to installation of reinforcement elements, the following works shall be performed:

Formwork of lower stage of foundations is installed and adjusted;

Entrances for the installation crane and storage areas for reinforcement grids, frames and blocks are installed;

Crane, welding transformers, tools, accessories and equipment are prepared for operation;

Preparation for foundations is cleaned of dirt and debris; Foundation reinforcement is installed from nets and frames made in advance in the reinforcement shop.

Due to the great labor intensity of transportation and the large size of the mesh, they are not made entirely on the foundation, but from two different parts. Installation of reinforcement elements of foundations is carried out in the following order. Concrete linings measuring 70x70mm are staggered on the prepared base through 0.71.0m, which provide the necessary thickness of the protective layer of concrete. After checking, the first half of the bottom stage grids of the foundations are laid, and then the second half of the grids is laid in the overlay and their welding is carried out. Then the frame is mounted with its electrical attachment to the grid. The frame is installed according to a template consisting of two racks assembled T-shaped. On the lower rack there are hairlines for fixing the installation of the foundation frame of various widths.

Foundation concreting

Prior to concreting of foundations the following works shall be performed:

External water supply for concrete watering was installed during its strength gain;

Inventory supports and conveyors, feeders and vibrators are installed;

Correctness and reliability of formwork installation, attachment, hinged platforms were checked;

Acts on hidden works on preparation of bases and laying of reinforcement have been drawn up;

Formwork and fittings were cleaned of dirt, debris, rust.

The foundations are concreted according to the following scheme:

Dump truck - vibration feeder - transmitter - design.

Feeder conveyors are installed on inventory rearrangements. To facilitate the unloading of concrete mixture from the dump truck body, the latter is equipped with vibrators. Concrete mixture shall have mobility corresponding to cone settlement not more than 60mm. The conveyor belt shall be loaded with concrete mixture as thick as possible, the belt shall be equipped with onboard

fencing,

Works on foundation concreting are organized by the in-line method. Concrete laying in foundations is carried out in two stages. The first stage is the concreting of the shoe. At the same time concreting is carried out in layers with a thickness of 0 4 m, the second stage is the laying of concrete above the shoe. After concrete mix is laid, concrete mix is compacted by depth vibrators. During vibration, make sure that the vibrator does not touch the working reinforcement. The vibration time at one place is determined by the cessation of subsidence of concrete; mixture and appearance of cement milk on concrete surface. The cement film is removed by a water-air jet under a pressure of 0.55MPa immediately after the cement setting is completed and the concrete reaches a strength of 24kg/cm2. Care for freshly laid concrete in hot weather is carried out by covering open surfaces with mats, baggage, sawdust or sand with watering water. At an air temperature of 15 ° C and above, water is watered in the first 3 days of the day, every 3 hours and once at night, and in subsequent days at least three times a day.

Installation of coating plates

All types of prefabricated planar coating elements are mounted "by weight" using a crane. During installation of coating elements of single-storey buildings with boom cranes, slabs are laid in stacks. Preparation for installation of plate elements of coatings mainly consists in cleaning and straightening of embedded parts. Four-branch flexible sling, four-branch flexible sling with crossbeam are used as sling devices. Following laying of slab elements of coatings, all anchor anchorages are installed and welded, followed by their sealing with concrete or solution mixture. Embedded parts on the girders shall be welded immediately following the laying of each plate in order to secure them by welding at least in three corners. In the coverings of one-story buildings, one of the extreme slabs is laid first, for which scaffolding is used, from which beams were laid on columns. Subsequent slabs are laid from previously laid ones.

Brickwork

Prior to brickwork, the following works shall be performed:

The zero cycle has been completed with the execution of an act for the performance of work;

The installation crane has been selected, brought, installed and tested with permission for its operation;

Before the start of masonry of the walls of the first tier, it is necessary to break down the axes of the building, clean the workplace from garbage, snow, supply bricks to the place of work of masons, install solution boxes in the required amount.

Construction of concrete floors

Before installation of concrete floors the base surface is cleaned of debris, thoroughly wetted with water and ground with cement milk.

Monolithic concrete floors are made single-layer with thickness of 2550mm. Concrete is laid in strips with width of 2.5Zm. limited lighthouse racks. Concrete mixture is leveled by rule and compacted with vibration racks.

Surface of concrete coatings is ground by grinding machines. Grinding begins not earlier than reaching concrete strength, at which it is excluded

Thermal insulation device

Heat insulation is made of slabs. The plates are glued with a hot bitumen mastic or, this method is allowed, laid dry. When laying insulators in any way, the density of their abutment to the base is monitored,

Before laying the slabs, it is necessary to attach wooden racks and plugs in places of future attachment of metal crutches for overhangs and protective aprons

Before laying the slabs, it is necessary to protect the heat insulation slabs from damage when the workers walk along them and transporting the necessary materials, the slabs should be laid "on themselves."

The sequence of laying of heat-insulating plates is as follows: first, bitumen or bitumen mastic is applied to the surface of the profoil and immediately leveled with a thin layer .

Heat-insulating plates are laid on leveled layer of hot bitumen and bitumen is pressed. In cases where the sides of the slabs are uneven and the seams between the slabs may exceed 5 mm, it is necessary to pre-cut the slabs or fill such seams with strips of the same heat insulating material before laying. Improperly laid slabs (swinging or deflecting) are re-glued.

Roof arrangement

The first elephant is glued onto a dry base. Base primer is sprayed with cold primer composition by means of pneumatic unit. Primer is made on gripper with width of 34m. The surface is turned with a continuous layer, without omissions. The drying time of the primers is about 12 hours. Before the sticker, the rolls are rolled out onto the roofs, dry, and the boundaries of the sticker of the panels are drawn with chalk. The sticker of the panels is led parallel to the skate, starting from the roof cornice. The carpet is glued in layers: first, 1 layer is littered throughout the area, after its inspection, acceptance, 2 and so on. Mats are glued with bitumen mastic.

Construction Plan Design

2.4.1 Calculation of storage space requirements

Structures, products, materials

Ed. measurements

Total demand Qgl

Duration of materials stacking in structure T, days

Highest daily consumption QmT

Number of stock days n

Uneven inflow factor a

Consumption unevenness coefficient k

Stock in warehouse Qzap

Storage rate per 1m2 area q

Usable storage area F, m2

2.4.4 Safety and fire safety measures

Safety precautions are a combination of organizational and technical measures and means to prevent exposure of the workers to hazardous industrial factors, i.e., those whose impact on the workers results in injury or other sudden deterioration of health.

Safety rules and regulations applicable to construction, installation and special construction works, regardless of the departmental subordination of the organization performing these works, are contained in SNiP 3-4-80 "Safety in construction."

In accordance with the current norms and rules, the construction administration must organize training, study and verification of the knowledge of workers and technical personnel in the field of safety in the prescribed time frame with its mandatory documentation. These activities are carried out in accordance with the "Standard programs for training workers in safe working methods and testing the knowledge of engineering and technical workers in construction safety." New construction workers can be allowed to work only after they have received safety induction and safety training directly at the workplace. In addition, within a period of not more than three months from the date of admission to work, they must be trained in safe methods according to the approved program. Safety training shall be carried out when transferring to a new job, as well as when working conditions change. Safety knowledge of both workers and engineers should be tested annually. Employees in hazardous and harmful conditions should be given individual protective equipment - preventing the occurrence of accidents, and workwear that protects the body from the influence of harmful environmental factors. Persons who do not have appropriate personal protective equipment, including overalls and overcoats, are not allowed to work. For the purpose of better assimilation of safety rules, memos are issued for workers of various professions.

A significant effect on injury prevention is provided by visual agitation in the form of catchy posters hung near workplaces in domestic premises.

The most important set of measures in construction is compliance with fire safety rules. Builders are obliged to strictly comply with fire safety requirements at all stages of construction, starting with preparatory work.

To this end, temporary buildings and structures erected in the preparatory period should be built strictly according to the construction and work organization projects, having previously agreed with the fire protection authorities.

On construction sites it is necessary: to ensure proper warehousing

materials and products in order to prevent flammable and combustible materials from burning, to protect welding sites, to clean up construction debris in a timely manner, to allow smoking only in designated places, to strictly observe other fire safety rules. And also contain in constant readiness all fire extinguishing equipment (water supply lines with hydrants, fire extinguishers, fire alarm devices).

For organization of fire protection, execution of fire safety measures and

maintenance of fire extinguishing equipment at the construction site shall be the responsibility of the site manager or work manufacturer. Labour protection is supervised and monitored by State supervision bodies and inspectorates.

2.4.5 Environmental Protection

Environmental protection at the construction site is mainly reduced to removal of the vegetation layer with its further use during landscaping; preservation of trees and valuable artisanal species; removal of construction waste with improvement of the territory for recycling, prevention of clogging of natural reservoirs with construction waste.

At the construction site, it is necessary to ensure the correct storage of materials and products in order to prevent the ignition of flammable and combustible materials, to enclose welding sites, to remove construction debris in a timely manner, to allow smoking only in strictly designated places, to keep all fire extinguishing equipment (water supply lines with hydrants, fire extinguishers, alarm devices, fire equipment) in constant readiness.

In the first stage of control, the foreman, master and public inspector for labor protection of the brigade participate. Every day before the start of the shift, they check the safety of construction and installation work and compliance with sanitary and hygienic services for workers. Special attention is paid to the organization of work with increased danger. If a deviation is detected, the wizard must take urgent action.

The second stage, held once a week, involves the head of the site and the chairman of the labor protection commission, mechanic and electrician. They check:

the state of safety and industrial sanitation; operation of the first stage; execution of the work execution project;

serviceability and safety of used machines, mechanisms, power plants and vehicles; timely issuance of workwear and protective devices; fulfillment of labor protection obligations, proposals and comments recorded in the inspection log at the first stage. All detected violations and deviations are recorded in the log. The third stage, conducted once a month, involves a chief engineer, chief mechanic, chief power engineer and safety engineer.

implementation of planned measures, decrees and orders to ensure safe working conditions and living conditions; correct registration and reporting of accidents; observance of the established deadlines and organization of tests of individual protective equipment, devices and other devices subject to periodic tests; operations of the first and second stages.

The results of the inspection are discussed at the meeting. The adopted decisions are drawn up in the form of an order.

Environmental protection. Incineration at the construction site of waste and remnants of materials intensively polluting air is not allowed. Waste and garbage dumping from the floors of the building is possible only with the use of storage bins. Contaminated water must be trapped to prevent contamination of surface and above ground waters. All industrial and domestic effluents shall be cleaned and neutralized.

It is not allowed to discharge water from the construction site directly to the slopes without adequate protection against erosion. On the territory of the site, it is not allowed to reduce wood-shrub vegetation and fill root necks and trunks of growing trees and shrubs with soil, which is not provided for in the design documentation.

Economic part

Before starting construction, it is necessary to determine the amount of money that will be required for its implementation in accordance with the project - estimated

construction cost.

The following project documentation shall be prepared for its determination:

- consolidated estimate of construction cost;

- object and local estimates;

- estimated calculations for individual cost elements;

as part of the working documentation:

- object and local estimates;

The basis for determining the estimated cost of construction is the project and working documentation, including drawings, CIW quantities, specification and equipment list, the current estimate base.

The cost of construction in the estimated documentation can be carried out at two price levels:

- basic

- current

There are several methods of costing:

resource; resource index; basic index; basic compensation; based on the data bank.

Based on the estimated cost, the book value of the assets in operation for the constructed buildings and structures is determined.

3.1. Determination of estimated construction cost

Local estimates

Local estimates are the first estimated documents and are drawn up for individual types of work on buildings and structures for site-wide works based on the volumes determined as part of the detailed documentation.

local estimates are made for the following types of work:

- construction works;

- Internal sanitation:

- internal electric lighting;

- electric power plants;

- installation and purchase of process equipment:

- low-current devices;

- purchase of devices;

Local estimates are carried out in sections based on the process sequence. After each section, the local cost estimate determines the total cost of the section and carries out accruals.

Local estimates are used to determine the estimated cost of construction and construction.

The estimated cost of CMR consists of direct costs (FP), overhead costs (HP) and estimated profit (JV).

Direct costs are directly related to the production of specific CMR types. The value of direct costs is determined by direct invoice based on physical quantities for structural types of works, estimated norms and prices. Direct costs consist of material costs, machine operation costs, including the driver's salary, and basic wages.

Overhead costs - indirect costs associated with construction management, organization of construction production and maintenance of its workers.

Estimated profit - the profit of contracting construction organizations, which goes mainly to the development of the production base and the social sphere of the contractor.

Estimated cost is the sum of direct costs and overhead costs.

The local estimate for electrical installation works is used to determine the estimated cost of electrical installation works.

Accruals for these types of estimates are carried out in the same way as accruals for local

3.2 Comparison of two design options

When developing organizational and technical measures to reduce costs by introducing progressive and individual materials and structures, as well as advanced

methods of organization of work recommended aluminum and wooden windows

Conclusion: The advantage of aluminum windows over wooden ones is obvious. The cost and labor intensity of aluminum windows is much less. They perfectly protect against noise, cold. They have a long service and easy care. Do not need painting. Aluminum windows are a reasonable investment of money with the growing audacity of thieves and burglars. Modern technologies embodied in the aluminum system make it possible to realize almost any design

Literature

A.F. Gaeva, S.A. Usik. Course and degree design.

Ataev S.S. and others. Technology of construction production. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1978.

Buga P. G. "Civil, industrial and agricultural buildings - M: Vysh. Shk., 1987 Gosstroy of Russia "GESN2001 for finishing works," Collection 15, Moscow 2000.

Gosstroy of Russia "GESN2001 for earthworks," Collection 1, Moscow 2000.

Gosstroy of Russia "GESN2001 prefabricated railway products," Collection 7, Moscow 2000.

Gosstroy of Russia "GESN2001 floors," Collection 11, Moscow 2000.

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