Project of the business center building - AR

Introduction

Today, the construction industry is one of the priority areas for the implementation of the industrial - innovative strategy of our country. Given the construction boom that has unfolded throughout the republic, the production of building materials, as well as the mechanism for executing the construction process, requires new technological, design and architectural solutions.

There are many macroeconomics of microeconomic and practical factors that influence the growth of prices in the real estate market. One of them is the outdated mechanism of architectural and construction use. Unfortunately, until now our construction is mostly a costly way, there are many reasons for this. These are both economic aspects and a lack of understanding of the prospects for new industrial methods in construction, not a desire to use the latest technologies on construction sites due to the erroneous idea that the introduction of new methods entails extra costs. And in vain, because the latest technologies, modified materials have many advantages: budget savings, coupled with excellent quality, minimal use of additional elements, high performance, a simplified method of installation, architectural - planning trends that meet modern requirements, etc.

Prefabricated cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structures of slabs and walls of this construction system include thin-walled prefabricated reinforced concrete formwork structures made in factory conditions, as well as concrete of ammonic and reinforcement, carried out in the conditions of the construction site. The system technology is an industrial method of erecting buildings and structures using structural elements of permanent formwork of walls and floors.

Unlike a number of similar construction systems found on the market of Kazakhstan, this formwork structure is both a supporting part of the structures, which is a feature and the main advantage of the system. Formwork structures are primarily expected of structural strength, reliability and durability, and all these factors are inherent in the Filigran system.

The system is profitably distinguished by the thoughtfulness of elementary fastening elements, which, according to a special program, produce structural calculations of individual elements and assemblies, because it is on them that the quality of the surface of the concrete wall production depends, as well as the installation speed.

The unprecedented pace and scale of construction of Kazakhstan cities corresponds to the demand for housing, new administrative structures, trading rooms, office premises. Already, the period of the "city revolution" is clear that it is profitable for a consumer to buy a new building than to invest in the secondary market, therefore, the volume of construction will only increase. Thus, the need to use new technologies and advanced architectural and planning solutions in the construction is obvious, so that Kazakhstan is proud of flowering, modern megacities.

Issues of housing construction and real estate market development.

It is not the first year that the housing program has been implemented. During this time, we were able to fully appreciate her dignity.

In 2005 alone, more than 5 million square meters of housing were introduced for all sources of financing, with three million under the program, which is 1.8 times higher than in 2004.

It is necessary to study very carefully the successes and shortcomings in this work and adjust the housing program.

Incentives should be created for the large-scale development of individual housing.

It is necessary to further develop the system of housing construction savings for citizens income, which do not allow you to purchase housing under the system of mortgage lending.

The country needs to develop the rental housing market, in accordance with world standards, and make it transparent to the state and interesting for business .

Project Composition

Graphic part

Architecturally - a constructive part.

1. Plot Plan (M 1:500; M 1:1000)

2. Floor plans (M 1:100; M 1:200)

3. Vertical sections (M 1:100; M 1:200)

4. Facades (M 1:100; M 1:200)

5. Drawings of architectural and constructive knots and details (M1:10; M1: 20)

Design part (detailed drawings of the given design - based on calculation data)

Task list of the specified process

Schedule of the object under construction

Construction Master Plan

Explanatory Note

General part

Architectural - structural part

Design and structural part

Construction and production part

Economic part

1. Design Solution Options

2. Technical and economic indicators on volume planning solution and master plan

3. Estimates for general construction works

4. Object estimate

5. Main technical and economic indicators of the work execution project

1.4 Space planning solutions of the building

Project Name - "Business Center Building"

Construction area - Shchuchinsk

Building type - "Public"

The length of the building along the axes 1 and 8 is 37 m.

The width of the building along the axes A and D is 18m.

The height of the building is 20.6 m.

The depth of foundation laying is 2.8m.

Base soil - slurry

Building class - II

Durability - II

Degree of fire resistance - II

Wind head speed - 45 kgf/m

Architectural and structural solutions of the building

2.1 Foundations.

Foundations should be strong, stable, durable, frost-resistant, resist the effects of groundwater and aggressive waters, economical and industrial. The foundations are monolithic, made of concrete of grade M 100. The depth of the foundation shall correspond to the depth of the soil layer, the quality of which can be taken as the natural base for this building. Data on the ground freezing depth are given in the Building Codes and Rules on a schematic map, on which lines of the same standard freezing depths are drawn. Foundation depth is = 2.8m.

2.2 Walls

Walls perform load-bearing and enclosing functions. The cost of the load-bearing and internal walls of the civil building reaches 25-30% of the total cost of the building. The durability of walls depends on their frost, vlago and bio-resistance. To reduce the cost of the wall, it should be built from local materials. The walls of the building are made of masonry, with dressing of seams, the material for erecting walls is artificial stone - brick of standard size. The thickness of the outer wall was accepted according to the thermal design of the wall, and amounted to 640 mm (2.5 bricks). The thickness of the inner wall was 380 mm (1.5 bricks). When selecting partitions, it is necessary to take into account the technical and economic indicators not only in terms of the cost of their installation and labor costs, but also the possibility of reducing the construction time and using local materials. For the designed building, partitions made of small-sized materials (brick), 120 mm thick, were applied.

2.3 Overlaps.

The cost of ceilings of a civil building reaches 20% of its total cost. Floors shall meet the requirements of strength, rigidity, fire resistance, durability, sound and thermal insulation. Floors are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, grade PS 6015 and PS 3015. When designing structures of elements of precast reinforced concrete floors, it is necessary to enlarge them in order to reduce the number of installation operations and butt joints .

2.4 Stairs

Stairs as a means of communication between floors must meet the requirements of throughput, fire safety and hygienic, guaranteeing the low fatigue of people when climbing them. Stairways are intermediate, between floors. Since the floor of the first floor is 600mm above ground level, a short basement march is made to climb it. The bias of a ladder march according to standards is accepted within 1:2÷1:1.75. For the convenience of using the stairs, the height and width of the steps should be taken taking into account the normal step of a person, which is approximately 60 cm when walking on a horizontal surface and 45 cm when moving on a staircase. The march was adopted by prefabricated reinforced concrete with folded stages, which have the best technical and economic indicator .

2.5 Roof.

The roof is combined, with attic-free covering. The combined roof design includes the following layers: 1. roofing roll carpet (technoelast); 2. leveling layer or brace (1520 mm thick cement grout); 3. insulation layer (isover); 4. steam insulation from one layer of ruberoid on bitumen mastic, to protect structures from wetting with water vapour; 5. bearing layer (reinforced concrete slab). Slope of combined roofs with roll roofing carpet is assigned within 10%, and makes i = 0.015. It is recommended to use a combined roof with blowouts. Gutters on the roof are placed along the longitudinal axis of the building. Triangular slopes, envelopes or straight glands with a slope of 11.5 ° are arranged between the funnels.

2.6 Windows.

In addition to lighting rooms, windows are designed for ventilation and insolation, as well as for visual communication with the outside environment. Windows shall reliably isolate rooms from external noise and meet the requirements of thermal insulation. The size and shape of the windows are determined based on the required level of lighting of the premises and general architectural solutions, since the windows have a significant impact on the external composition of the building and its interior. The ratio of the light openings of all rooms of the building to the floor area of these rooms shall not be less than 1:8 and not exceed 1: 5.5 .

Window areas of all rooms of the building shall provide temperature conditions within the range of 18 - 20 °. In accordance with this, windows of the brands OS 1214, OS 1814, OG 1216m were selected. For the II climatic region, double-glazed window blocks were chosen. Sash window binding, according to the method of opening in different directions. The distance between the outer and inner binding in accordance with GOST is taken to be 130 mm. The material for window bindings is plastic.

2.7 Doors

Doors and their dimensions should provide not only a convenient connection between the premises, but also a safe evacuation of people during a fire. The doors are designed from the location, number and size based on the number of people in the room, the view of the building, and other factors. The doors are made blind, single-sided by the number of canvases, 0.8 m wide. Door grades are adopted by DD 3023, D 1223, D 1021, D9-21. The gap between the door box and the wall is closed with a platter.

2.8 Floors

The cost of floors in civilian buildings is from 6 to 10% of the cost of the entire building, and in terms of labor costs for their construction is 2-4 times higher than the structure of the supporting part of the floor. At floor arrangement over soil coating is laid on underlying layer distributing load on base. When the floors are arranged along the floor, the base is the bearing part of the floor, there is no underlying layer. The floor structure also includes a layer of sound insulation from material transfer of sound, as well as a waterproofing layer. Floors should have a beautiful view, harmonize with the architecture of the interior, provide the possibility of their easy and quick repair. Floors in wet rooms (bathrooms) shall also be water resistant and waterproof. Like all other structures, floors should be economical and, if possible, industrial. It is almost impossible to choose a material that possesses all the qualities presented by floor coating. Therefore, the question of choosing the type of sex is decided in such a way that the requirements that are most significant in this case are satisfied .

In the bathrooms, the floors are finished with ceramic tiles 10-13 mm thick, and laid on a concrete base on a 1:3 layer of cement mortar with a thickness of 1015 mm. The floors of the rooms and working rooms are made of linoleum, which are elastic, silent, little heat conducting, well resistant to abrasion, easy to clean. Linoleum floors are the most economical in the device than other types of floors .

2.9 Wall Finishes

Interior decoration - a complex at the event to give the premises an attractive appearance. Internal finishing includes preparation of surfaces for plastering, rough and finished plastering of surface, painting of plastered surface, finishing with wooden or plastic panels, finishing with ceramic tiles, as well as combined finishing. Internal finishing is carried out after completion of the main construction works and engineering communications. Finishing is done in a certain order - first, ceilings are finished, then walls, and after the floor. The final stage of the interior decoration is the painting or pasting of the walls with wallpaper. Interior decoration is required for all types of premises of residential, domestic, warehouse or public.

The designed buildings of the business center use lime and silicate wall painting to finish the walls of the hall, staircase, corridor, as well as ceramic tiles in the latrines. In offices, as well as in working rooms, the walls are glued with wallpaper.

External decoration - a complex at the event to give the external surface of the building a decorative and aesthetic appearance, as well as to protect it from external effects of the atmosphere and extend its service life. Materials for exterior decoration are specially developed for facing stone materials, concrete, wooden surfaces and other materials. The main requirements for the exterior decoration of the building depend on the class, operational characteristics, and service life of the building. External decoration should protect the building and its structures from the effects of atmospheric precipitation, direct sunlight, be used for a long time, as well as partially satisfy the sound and heat insulation characteristics of the building.

The main part of the surface of the external walls is painted with special facade paint. The pylon and protruding elements are lined with highly elastic acrylic plaster providing high protection against cracking, which increases the waterproofness of the surface, with subsequent painting of the surface of the walls. The basement is lined with ceramic tiles for a natural stone of dark brown color.

2.10 Engineering Equipment

Heating - central water supply from the external network. The heating system consists of a hot and return water pipeline, heating devices and an expansion vessel. Coolant temperature is 7095 ° С.

Ventilation - arranged exhaust with natural traction. Sun units have exhaust ventilation directly from the room. All exhaust channels are combined in attic into common attic box through which loaded air is supplied to exhaust shaft. Ventilation channels are arranged in inner walls.

Water supply - household drinking water from the external network. Design head at input 42m.

Sewerage - household to the external network.

Power supply - category II from local low-voltage networks with voltage of 380/220 V.

Lighting - fluorescent, incandescent lamps.

Low-current networks - fire alarm, telephone input

2.12 Heat engineering calculation of enclosing structures.

γ - thermal conductivity of the material;

S - heat absorption of material;

R is the thermal resistance of the material ;

Rotr - required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures, except for filling of light openings;

n is a coefficient taken depending on the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures with respect to the outer air;

tv is the design temperature of internal air;

tn is the calculated winter outside air temperature taken with regard to thermal inertia;

∆tn - standard temperature difference between internal air temperature and internal surface temperature of enclosing structures;

αβ - heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing surface;

αн - thermolysis coefficient for winter a condition of an external surface of an enclosing structure;

Rc - thermal resistance of the enclosing structure;

R1, R2, R3 … Rn is the thermal resistance of the individual layers of the enclosing structure;

S1, S2, S3 … Sn is the calculated heat absorption coefficient of the material of the individual layers of the enclosing structure;

Construction production technology

4.1 Excavation technology.

The construction "zero cycle" begins with earthworks: clearing and releasing the drainage strip from trees, shrubs, turf cover, stones, geodetic breakdown and digging of trenches and pits for the construction of foundations, laying of pipelines and cable networks, transportation of soil, backfilling and embankment devices with compaction.

Earthworks are very laborious and are carried out mechanically. Manual soil development is allowed under special conditions (digging in places with laid underground communications, limited maneuverability of machines, etc.). Depending on the type of construction, the specific weight of earthworks in the total labor intensity of construction work on the site is from 5 to 15%.

The choice of the method of excavation work depends on the volume and properties of the soil, the type of earth structure, hydrogeological conditions of the work and other conditions.

Digging of pits, trenches, road excavations, canals, embankment arrangement consists of working processes:

- digging and unloading of soil on the edge of excavation and vehicles .

- transportation of soil to dump or embankment.

- leveling and compaction at the unloading site.

-Trim slopes, clean up, and plan the bottom.

During backfilling of trenches and pits the attachment shall be developed. The development of soil in trenches and pits in case of crossing any underground communications by them is allowed only if there is a written permission of the operating organization, while the soil should be developed manually near the communication.

The foundation is a connecting link between the structure and the base and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. The foundation must provide sufficient strength for the construction, resist the influence of groundwater, the area of ​ ​ frost resistance. For the foundation, the depth of their laying is important. Tape foundations are erected from prefabricated reinforced concrete blocks. The optimal shape of the section on the perception of load from the structure is a trapezium. It does not occur, dangerous tensile chipping stresses on the side faces of the foundation to the vertical with solid masonry do not exceed 30 °, but for concrete 45 °.

The work of the zero cycle ends with the drawing up of the following acts:

- correctness of buildings and construction on the site;

- to check the quality of soils in the bases of the building and structure;

- laying of foundations;

- for hidden works on all types of works of zero cycle;

- delivery of underground communications to the relevant organizations.

4.3 Stone Work Technology

The construction of stone buildings has a centuries-old history, during which their constructive solutions were improved, the rationality of using various materials increased.

Masonry is a structure consisting of stones laid on mortar in a certain order. Masonry can carry loads from its own weight, from the weight of the structure, as well as perform heat-insulating and sound-insulating functions.

Any type of masonry is applied depending on the purpose of the structure and the condition in which it is located. Masonry is used to erect foundations, walls, pillars, partitions, and other buildings and structures. Each of these masonry has its own specific properties (strength, thermal conductivity, water resistance, frost resistance), which determine the scope of its application in construction.

Rules for cutting masonry. The first rule of cutting requires that large faces of stones are perpendicular to the forces acting on the masonry, and the stones in the masonry are located in rows. In each masonry row, the stones must be laid so that no shift occurs.

Hence, the second rule, which requires separation in a certain order of the masonry massif by vertical planes parallel to the outer surface of the masonry (longitudinal seams), and planes perpendicular to the outer surface (transverse seams).

Masonry made of brick or stones is usually made in horizontal rows. Bricks or stones in a series of masonry that form the surface of the structure are called versts. Versts distinguish between external ones located on the side of the building facade and internal ones located on the inside of the room. Depending on how the bricks are laid, verses are stamen and spoon.

Production of stone works. To correctly position the horizontal rows of masonry, a berth (a cord with a diameter of 23mm) is used, which is a guide when laying mile rows. It is installed on both sides of the wall.

Practice has established two most typical methods of laying bricks: bricks lay out flames along the wall: for a spoon mile - one at a time, for a stamen - in stacks of 2 bricks;

brick is laid in stacks of 2 bricks along the wall for a spoon mile and perpendicular to the wall axis - for a stamen. The second layout method is more convenient for both the mason and the utility room .

Loosening the solution. When laying in a wasteland, the solution is spread with a bed width for spoon rows of 7-8 cm, for a stamen row of 2022cm. The thickness of the bed at the highest point is 2.53cm .

When the seam is fully filled, the solution is spread with an indentation of 11.5 cm from the edge of the wall. Under the bottom, the solution is spread solid with tape.

The masonry solution shall be plastic and free of lumps or stones. Scoops, buckets, shovels are used to spread the solution. A solution shovel of the LP type has been widely used.

4.5.Technology of installation works

Installation of building structures of the main complex-mechanized process of building assembly from elements and structural units of factory manufacture. Installation works - a complex of interconnected mechanized operations and processes, the final account of which is the mounted technological structure. Installation of structures takes place in a short time due to the application of the optimal number of the most advanced mechanisms, enlargement of the structure into a block .

Reducing the number of mounting elements is the main reserve for reducing labor input and installation time. The project determines how structures are enlarged into blocks. Therefore, the proposals of the installation organization for the consolidation of structures into a block should be agreed by the design organization and transferred to the structure manufacturer.

Installation methods are characterized by a set of organizational and technological characteristics:

- development directions of the front

- sequence of installation works

- degree of assembly elements enlargement

- dividing the progress of installation works (into lines and stages) and structures (into grips, units).

4.6 Roofing procedure.

The roof protects buildings and structures from atmospheric precipitation, temperature effects, solar radiation and other environmental factors. The roof arrangement is the final stage of erection of the building structure, after which it becomes possible to carry out finishing work on all floors of the building. Roofs shall be waterproof, water resistant, frost resistant, unproductive and strong enough to withstand snow loads and mechanical effects during snow cleaning and repair. The composition of the roofing process depends on the type of roofing material used.

Roll materials are used for arrangement of roll carpets of coating. The basis for roll roofs in reinforced concrete bearing structures is a leveling layer (brace) laid on a layer of insulation.

Leveling layer is made of cement-sand mortar of grade not lower than 50 (composition 1:3). Prior to the start of the roof carpet sticker, the base is cleaned of debris and dust using compressed air and covered with a primer. Primer is applied by means of cruspult and nozzle-fishing rod. Roll materials for the roofing device are supplied to the roof by any lifting mechanism available on the object.

Before laying, the rolls are rolled dry on the roof, the boundaries of the overlapping of the panels are 70 mm wide. When laying roll materials on hot mastic, the layer sticker can be made not sequentially, but simultaneously. Note here that every subsequent layer displaces relative to underlying layers by 1/3 of roll width. Compared to a sequential sticker, a simultaneous sticker improves productivity by reducing the number of drops of mastic hoses and pipes. In addition, the quality of the roof is improved as a result of improving carpet rolling.

Roll materials, as a rule, should be glued mechanically using machines. Protective layer is arranged along laid upper layer by pouring hot mastic with simultaneous infusion of gravel heated to 90 ° C. The roll roof must have reliable waterproofing from rotten-resistant roll materials - waterproofing, ruberoid on a non-blowing base.