Cargo elevator 300 kg

Contents

Introduction

History

Description and operation of the elevator

Elevator Control System

Result

Elevator part diagrams

Analysis of scientific, technical and patent literature on designs of non-volatile installations (using wind energy) for public utilities

HSE during elevator maintenance and installation

List of sources used

Introduction

Passing pre-diploma practice involves collecting information for writing a diploma. This report contains the information I have gathered to write my thesis project. I collected basic information about a cargo and passenger elevator with a carrying capacity of 300 kg

To write a diploma, I needed:

elevator data (elevator winch, lifting capacity, control system)

IF data (connection diagram, IF programming)

All this data is presented in the report.

The history of Pukhovichi Experimental Experimental Plant OJSC dates back to September 1929, when the Pukhovichi industrial plant Progress was formed on the landowner's estate that was before the revolution, and later the carpentry workshop and forge.

At the beginning of its existence, the industrial plant was engaged in grinding grain, carpentry, metal and wooden barrels were made, blacksmith and tin work were carried out for the population. Before World War II, the industrial plant numbered 50 workers.

In World War II, all the equipment of the plant was taken out by the German invaders, and a prisoner of war camp was placed in the premises of the workshops.

After the liberation of Pukhovshchina and the city of Maryin Gorka, the industrial plant began restoration work with the participation of 40 captured Germans, and the production of household items that the population needed in the post-war years.

At the end of 1948, a foundry site was put into operation at the industrial plant, in which agricultural products and aluminum utensils were produced. In the same year, the industrial plant was included in the Ministry of Local Industry of the Byelorussian SSR, with a workforce of 138 people.

In the period from 1956 to 1959, a foundry site was reconstructed with the installation of new equipment, the production of locksmiths and auto pilots was established, and an assembly section and a section for the manufacture of slate were commissioned. The company works with overfulfilling of planned tasks.

In 1969, by the decision of the Minsk Regional Executive Committee, the industrial plant was renamed the Pukhovichi Foundry.

In the period from 1969 to 1974, a mechanical workshop, a boiler room, household premises were commissioned, the foundry site was reconstructed, a mechanization complex was installed and put into operation, as a result of which the plant's production capacity increased 7.6 times. The plant supplies its products to almost all regions of the Soviet Union.

On May 21, 1984, by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Byelorussian SSR No. 161, the Pukhovichi Foundry was transferred from the Ministry of Local Industry of the BSSR to the Belarusian Republican Research and Production Association Complex, with

The purpose is to create a production facility for the manufacture of experimental and non-standardized means of mechanization and automation of production processes developed by NPO Complex.

On September 8, 1987, by order of the Belarusian Republican NGO Complex, the Pukhovichi Foundry was renamed the Pukhovichi Experimental Experimental Plant and its Charter was approved.

In 1987, by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the BSSR, the Complex scientific and production association was tasked with the development and production of cast-iron tubing for the Ministry of Metrostroy. The plant begins to install equipment and master the machining of tubing. In November 1989, for the first time in the Republic, the plant supplies a tube ring for the needs of the Ministry of Metrostroy.

For the creation and development in the production of high-efficiency equipment, progressive technology and new materials, six workers of the plant - Konchenko A.V., Kuzmichev S.V., Maksimovich A.M., Matveev A.I., Opalyuk N.F., Shukevich V.A., awarded the Council of Ministers of the BSSR.

In the same 1989, the leadership of the NPO Complex planned to build, for the needs of factory workers, a 109 apartment building. However, the "perestroika" begun in the Soviet Union crossed out all construction plans. In 1992, the Pukhovichi Experimental Experimental Plant became the customer for the construction of a residential building. To the credit of the plant management, although with great financial difficulties, the construction of a 109 apartment building was completed in 1998, and the workers, veterans of the plant received the long-awaited housing.

Since 1995, the plant mastered its own tubing casting and switched to fully meeting the needs of the Ministry of Metrostroy with its own production.

In connection with the changed economic conditions in the Republic of Belarus, on February 14, 2001, the plant was transformed into the open joint-stock company Pukhovichi Experimental Experimental Plant (OJSC POEZ).

In 2006, the plant was reconstructing the foundry site, which currently allowed processing and sending up to 1,000 tons of tubing per month. The main consumers of the plant's products are Minskmetrostroy, Moscow metrostroy, Chelyabinsk metrostroy and other enterprises of the Russian Federation.

In various years, the enterprise was led by Volkovich Nikolai Alexandrovich, Vysochin Vasily Ilyich, Samuilov Nikolai Nikolaevich, from 1989 to the present - Konchenko Alexander Vladimirovich.

The history of Pukhovichi Experimental Experimental Plant OJSC dates back to September 1929, when the Pukhovichi industrial plant Progress was formed on the landowner's estate that was before the revolution, and later the carpentry workshop and forge.

At the beginning of its existence, the industrial plant was engaged in grinding grain, carpentry, metal and wooden barrels were made, blacksmith and tin work were carried out for the population. Before World War II, the industrial plant numbered 50 workers.

In World War II, all the equipment of the plant was taken out by the German invaders, and a prisoner of war camp was placed in the premises of the workshops.

After the liberation of Pukhovshchina and the city of Maryin Gorka, the industrial plant began restoration work with the participation of 40 captured Germans, and the production of household items that the population needed in the post-war years.

At the end of 1948, a foundry site was put into operation at the industrial plant, in which agricultural products and aluminum utensils were produced. At this time, the company employed 138 people.

In 1987, the company was tasked with the development and production of cast iron tubing for the Ministry of Metrostroy. The plant begins to install equipment and master the machining of tubing. In November 1989, for the first time in the Republic, the plant supplies a tube ring for the needs of the Ministry of Metrostroy.

Since 1995, the plant has mastered its own tubing casting.

In 2006, the plant was reconstructing the foundry site, which currently allowed processing and sending up to 1,000 tons of tubing per month. The main consumers of the plant's products are Minskmetrostroy, Moscow metrostroy, Chelyabinsk metrostroy and other enterprises of the Russian Federation.

From 1989 to the present, the director of the enterprise is Alexander Konchenko.

History

Modern multi-storey buildings are equipped with vertical vehicles to facilitate and accelerate the movement of people and goods to various levels in height. Their main advantage is the small area occupied by its equipment in the building. Of all the types of lifts used in residential, administrative and industrial buildings, elevators are the most common. An elevator is a stationary intermittent lift with vertical movement of the cab or platform along rigid guides in a shaft fenced on all sides.

As the number of buildings increases, the requirements for the quality of production, installation and operation of buildings increase, which are crucial for the normal functioning of buildings.

Elevators supply coal to boiler bins, cast iron to foundry cars, transport paper rolls in printing houses, products, goods, lift cars in multi-storey garages, transport passengers and cargo on river and marine vessels, and lift tourists to towers. Elevators are widely used in modern airliners. Further development of elevator building will allow even wider use of elevators in various areas of the national economy.

The first mention of the elevator is in the records of the ancient Roman architect Vetruvius, who in turn referred to Archimedes, who built the hoisting apparatus, probably back in 236 BC. e. Later references to elevators with a cabin suspended on a rope and manually driven or by the force of animals, date from the middle of the 6th century (elevator of the Sinai Monastery in Egypt), the first quarter of the 13th century (in France) and 17th century (elevator of Windsor Castle in England and Weiler's Flying Chair in one of the Paris palaces).

In 1853, E. Otis elevators with catchers appeared in the United States. The first "catching" device worked only when there was a free fall, that is, a break in the ropes. This device, used in all modern elevators in a more advanced form, significantly reduced fears for falling cab with people even when ropes were broken, which contributed to the wider spread of elevators. During this period, elevators, as a rule, were driven by a steam engine, and lifting ropes were wound up and wound off the drum.

In 1867, hydraulic elevators appeared, which had a number of advantages over cable cars. These elevators managed to achieve a high cab speed of up to 3.5 m/s, but due to the significant initial cost and operating costs, they had to be abandoned.

In 1878, a speed limiter was invented that allows you to turn on catchers when the nominal speed is exceeded.

In 1880, the first Siemens electric elevator appeared in Germany with a rack lifting mechanism. By the beginning of the 20th century, electric elevators became widespread, gradually displacing elevators with other types of drives.

At the end of the 19th century, winches with cable-carrying pulleys appeared, these were winches with a double pulley girth.

In the 20s of the 20th century, winches appeared with a single girth of a cable-driving pulley, which are widely used in our time.

In our country, elevator building began to develop only after the 1917 revolution, when, along with cargo and general-purpose passenger elevators, special types of elevators began to be manufactured. After World War II, that is, at the end of the 40s, serial production of typical general-purpose and high-speed elevator designs was mastered in our country.

In 1955-1956, VNIIPTMASH, together with the elevator union trust, created a typical series of passenger elevator structures for residential buildings and public buildings with a carrying capacity of 320 to 1000 kg, as well as a typical series of freight elevators with a carrying capacity of 100 to 5000 kg and a hospital elevator with a carrying capacity of 500 kg. The most developed domestic elevator building was in 1963, when the Central Design Bureau for Elevators was organized. TsPKB in elevators in 1966-1967 developed a new parametric series of passenger and freight elevators, presented by 36 models and 62 versions.

With the growth of large cities, the advent of multi-storey buildings in recent decades, the country's elevator park has significantly increased.

With an increase in the number of elevators produced, their design is also improved. In recent years, elevators have appeared the principle of operation of which is based on chips and microelectronics. Despite the significant variety of types and designs of modern elevators, all of them consist of basic elements of fundamentally the same importance.

ELEVATOR DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

Composition, arrangement and operation of the elevator.

Elevator consists of components arranged in shaft and machine room. The machine room and elevator shaft form the building structures of the building (brickwork, concrete blocks and hell)

The main components of the elevator are: winch, cab, counterweight guide cabins and counterweight, shaft doors, speed limiter, pit units and parts, electrical equipment and electrical wiring.

Transportation of passengers and cargo is performed in the cabin, which moves along vertical guides.

Movement of cabin and counterweight is performed by winch installed in machine room, using traction ropes. Speed limiter, control device and input device are also located there.

In the lower part of the shaft (pit) there is a tensioning device of the speed limiter rope connected by means of the rope 6 to the speed limiter, as well as buffer devices of the cabin and counterweight.

To enter and exit the cabin, the shaft has a number of openings closed by the doors of the shaft. Opening and closing of doors is performed by means of drive installed on the cockpit. The shaft doors open only when the cabin is on this floor. If there is no cabin on the floor, opening the shaft door from the outside is possible only with a special key.

The components of the elevator in the building part are placed in a certain relationship relative to each other, ensuring their coordinated interaction.

The general principle of elevator operation is as follows:

When the ringer button is pressed, an electrical pulse (call) is sent to the elevator control electrical equipment. If the cab is at the stop from which the call was received, the doors of the cab and shafts at this stop open, if the cab is not present, a command is issued for its movement. Voltage is supplied to winding of winch electric motor and to brake electromagnet coil, brake shoes are expanded, and motor rotor starts to rotate, providing rotation of cable-driving pulley by means of worm reduction gear, which drives cabin and counterweight due to friction forces.

When the car approaches the desired floor, the elevator control system switches the winch motor to work with a reduced rotor speed. The speed of the cab decreases and at the moment when the threshold of the cab floor coincides with the threshold level of the shaft door, the cab stops, the door drive turns on, the cab doors and shafts open.

When the button of the button post order located in the cockpit is pressed, the doors of the cockpit and shaft are closed, and the cockpit is sent to the floor, the button of the order is pressed.

Upon arrival to the required floor and exit of passengers, the doors are closed, and the cabin is at a stop until the button of any ringer is again pressed.

Description and operation of elevator components.

Winch

The winch is installed in the elevator machine room and is designed to drive the cab and counterweight.

The main components of the winch are: reduction gear, brake, frame, engine, cable pulley.

All winch elements are mounted on the frame, which rests on the slabs of the machine room through shock absorbers.

Worm cylindrical reduction gear is designed to reduce rotation speed with simultaneous increase of torque on output shaft.

Oil level is controlled by rod oil indicator. Oil is drained through the hole in the lower part of the housing, closed with a plug.

Block brake of normally closed type is intended for stopping and keeping in stationary state of elevator car at non-operating winch engine. Brake consists of electromagnet, levers with friction linings fixed on them. The required braking torque is created by springs. A retractable handle is used for manual release.

Asynchronous two-speed motor with short-circuited rotor. Temperature protection sensors are installed in stator winding.

Cable-carrying pulley converts rotary motion into translational motion of traction ropes due to friction force generated between rope and pulley streams under action of gravity of cabin and counterweight.

Cabin. Suspension.

Elevator cab is suspended on traction ropes in shaft and is intended for transportation of passengers.

Elevator cab consists of upper beam, ceiling, floor, cab door flaps, door drive and lower beam.

The following are installed on the beams: catchers, cab suspension, shoes.

The ceiling is the top of the cabin. On the ceiling there are lamps and a box with blocks of clamps for connecting wires, as well as a button for unlocking shaft doors, when pressed, which can move the cab in revision mode.

Natural ventilation is provided through the cockpit vents.

Suspension is used for ropes attachment to the cockpit. Each rope is passed through wedge holder, after the wedge is enveloped, the rope is attached to its bearing part by clamp.

Holder is connected by axle to upper balance bar, which is connected through rod to lower balance bar, cabin weight through upper beam, shock absorber, rod fixed to lower balance bar, rods, upper balance bars and holders transfer it to ropes.

To control tension of ropes, frame and switch of rope weakness control are installed on beam.

In case of loosening or breaking of one, two or three ropes, the balancer presses on the frame, which acts on the switch, the electric motor is turned off, which causes the cab to stop.

At simultaneous breakage or weakening of all traction ropes, the tightening ring, descending through the rod, presses the frame through the rod, which acts on the switch.

Catchers.

Catchers are designed to stop and hold the cab on guides when the speed of the cab moves downward and when the speed limiter operates.

Catchers - wedge, under spring, smooth braking. Catchers are designed to work together with a speed limiter and are one of the responsible units that ensure the safe use of the elevator.

Catchers consist of four jamming mechanisms of the same design and catchers actuation mechanism

The jamming mechanism consists of a brake shoe moving vertically relative to the shoe, approaching the guide, the main elements of the brake shoe are a spring and a wedge installed in the body.

Mechanism of actuation consists of two levers of wedges fixed on shafts, shafts are connected to each other by means of tie-rod, on which return spring is located, adjusting nuts, lever by means of rope connects speed limiter with mechanism of catchers actuation.

When speed limiter is actuated, movement of rope fixed to lever of catcher actuation mechanism stops. With further movement of the cab down, the lever turns the shaft, and through the rod, the shaft turns, the rotation of the shafts is accompanied by the rotation of the levers, which turn on the jamming mechanism.

When the brake shoe moves upwards, after touching the working surface of the guide head, deformation of the spring occurs, which provides the necessary braking force when tightening the wedge, the movement of the brake shoe is limited by the adjusting pin, whereby the clamping force of the guide head and, accordingly, the braking force during braking are not changed; after the power of the moving cabin is extinguished, it stops, the bar on the rod presses on the switch roller the contacts of which are opened and a signal is sent for disconnection of the winch motor.

To remove the cockpit from catchers, lift the cockpit, brake shoes under the influence of their own weight and springs are lowered and catcher mechanisms return to their original position.

Cabin door.

The automatic door of the cabin guarantees the safety of use of the cabin. The position of the flaps (extended or closed) is controlled by an electric switch.

Drive of cabin doors by means of which doors are opened consists of worm reduction gear, on slow-moving shaft of which lever is installed. Drive on rubber shock absorbers is installed on cab door beam.

When electric motor is switched on, rotation of its rotor through V-belt gear is transmitted to worm shaft of reduction gear and through worm engagement to slow-motion shaft. Lever arm with roller describes semi-circle during movement and, resting by roller against stop fixed on carriage of cabin door, makes carriage move along ruler together with flap.

This movement is transmitted through the rope to the second flap, which moves in the opposite direction. Cabin and shaft doors open simultaneously.

The angle of rotation of the lever depends on the installation of cams, which must be set so that when the doors are open, the lever stops in the horizontal position ± 5 mm, and when closed - as raised as possible to stop the pin against the relief on the stop. It is not allowed to fit the lever on stops in normal operation mode of the drive. The cams are rigidly fixed on the lever bushing and, rotating together with the lever, at the required moment act (alternately) on the switches and supply pulses to disconnect the electric motor.

The drive has a special device that switches the electric motor to the reverse if, when closing the doors in the doorway, the passenger or some object is clamped by the flaps.

The device works as follows: When the door drive is turned on for closing, the lever restrains the movement of the flaps, the closing of which is carried out in the cabin doors by spring force, and in the shaft doors under the influence of the mass of the shaft door flaps.

When an obstacle occurs in the path of movement of the flaps, they stop, but the lever continues to move. Note here that clearance is selected between stop bevel and pin to slide over stop bevel, to fit into lever roller bushing and to press lever arm. Spring is compressed, clearance between second arm of lever and frame acting on microswitch is selected.

At frame deflection under lever action it is released

A microswitch pin that gives a pulse to switch the door drive motor back. The door reopens. At closed doors of the cab door in the maximum raised position of the lever, the pin serves as a locking device that does not allow to expand the doors of the cab door. Besides, detachable stop is installed, which is additional safety element, which prevents opening of doors from the cockpit. When the passenger is evacuated from the cabin, the spring is pressed, the stop is turned.

Mine door.

The shaft doors are designed to exclude access to the shaft. The shaft door is sliding, automatic, driven by the cabin door consists of a beam, a crossbar, posts and a threshold. Beam and crossbar are attached to upper part of posts, and threshold is attached to lower part. On the beam there are rulers installed, on which there are carriages with flaps fixed to them by means of studs. Each carriage moves along the ruler on rollers. Bearings exclude possibility of lifting and displacement of carriages from lines. The inclination of the lines ensures that the doors are closed by their own weight.

In closed position each carriage is locked by lock. The stop for the latch roller is a plate fixed on the base of the control unit, in which there are elements of electric control of the door operation - two microswitches, two rockers and a bar. The lock locks the carriage only when the flaps are closed.

The position of the shaft door mechanisms shown corresponds to the position of the closed and locked doors. When the cab is located in the stop area, the lock rollers are located between the cheeks and taps of the cab door. With the start of the drive, the locks of the shaft door open. Further rotation of drive lever, cabin door and shaft is synchronous.

When the lock is unlocked, the arm of the rocker, with which it rested on the tooth of the latch, moves downward and, thereby, releases the microswitch pusher, the contacts of which break the control circuit, excluding the launch of the cockpit when the lock is unlocked.

As carriage movement begins, bracket is released by rocker which lowers and releases pusher of second microswitch. Thus, the opening of both flaps is simultaneously controlled. Closing of the door and locking of locks takes place in the order opposite to that described.

Cabin buffers and counterweight.

Cockpit buffers and counterweight are located in pit, which is located below level of lower stop elevation. Buffers are designed to soften the impact of the cabin or counterweight in the event of their release or fall. Buffers made in the form of springs are installed directly on guide cabins, and hydraulic ones are installed along the middle of lower beam of cabin.

At cabin speed 1.4 m/s; 1.6 m/s hydraulic cockpit buffers and counterweight are installed instead of spring buffers.

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