TSP Earthworks

Contents

Contents

Define Source Data

2. Define Scope of Work 

2.1 Determination of scope of plant layer removal works

2.2 Determination of Vertical Planning Scope of Work

2.3 Distribution of mass haul volume by vertical layout

2.4 Determination of pit and trench volumes

2.5 Determination of backfilling scope

2.6 Preparation of mass haul balance

3. Selection of sets of machines for earthworks

      3.1 Selection of earth-moving machine for plant layer removal

      3.2 Selection of earth-moving machine for vertical site planning

      3.3 Selection of excavators for excavation in the pit and trenches

      3.4 Type selection and calculation of the number of vehicles for the transport of soil

      3.5 Selection of soil compacting machines for vertical planning

      3.6 Selection of mechanisms for backfilling

      3.7 Selection of earth-moving machine for plant layer restoration

4. Calculation of labor costs and cost of work

5. Techno-economic comparison of earthworks mechanization

6. Excavation technology and diagrams

      6.1 Patterns of production and movement of soil by bulldozer

      6.2 Diagram of production and movement of soil by scraper

      6.3 Soil Development Diagrams by Single Bucket Excavators

      6.4 Backfilling and sealing diagrams of foundation sinuses

7. Preparation of the excavation schedule

8. Safety precautions for earthworks

9. Bibliography

1.Define source data.

Site Plan - 3

Vegetable layer thickness - 25 cm

Main soil type - bulk

Soil condition - dry

Building length - 108 m

Number of flights - 4

Column grid - 6x9 m

Building width - 36m

Foundation dimensions - 2.1 * 2.1 * 2.4 m

Foundation laying -2.55 m

Dimensions and layout of utilities:

         Sewerage: depth of laying - 1.8 m

                                  Diameter 0.25 m

Technology of construction processes: earthworks; scope of work; calculation of labor costs and wages; a scraper; bulldozer; excavator; soil sealing machine; technical and economic indicators.

The goal of course design is to develop the technology of earthworks: cutting the vegetation layer, performing vertical planning, developing the pit, backfilling and compacting the soil in the pit after the installation of foundations.

As a result of the work on the project, a set of mechanisms for the work was selected based on a comparison of technical and economic indicators. The terms of earthworks, total cost and labor intensity are calculated. The process plan for excavation works has been completed.

Definition of Scope of Work

2.1 Determination of scope of plant layer removal works.

The vegetation layer is removed throughout the site, which is taken for the construction site, before the start of vertical planning work.

Scope of plant layer removal works is determined by expression

 Selection of a set of machines for earthworks

3.1 Selection of earth-moving machine for plant layer removal.

Cutting of the vegetal layer of soil is usually carried out by bulldozers.

For the most complete preservation of the vegetal layer of soil, the following process diagram and organization of work are recommended:

The construction site is divided into 2 grabs with a width of 100 m.

Two bulldozers develop and move plant soil to the middle of the grip: Lper = 50 m.

After the removal of the plant layer is completed, the bulldozers switch to the second grip.

At the first gripping plant soil is loaded by excavator onto truck dump trucks with subsequent removal outside the construction site.

According to this process scheme, when removing the plant layer, the maximum length of movement is 50 m, therefore, medium-capacity bulldozers are used to remove the plant layer. The traffic pattern is straight.

Excavation Process Diagrams

6.1 Patterns of production and movement of soil by bulldozer .

For the most complete preservation of the vegetal layer of soil, the following process diagram and organization of work are recommended:

The construction site is divided into two grabs with a width of 100 m.

Two bulldozers develop and move the vegetal soil to the middle of the grip. In this case, the travel range does not exceed 50 m, so bulldozers develop and move soil without an intermediate shaft.

After finishing the removal of the vegetable layer, the bulldozers switch to the 2nd grip.

Soil development is carried out by a DZ8 type bulldozer based on the T100 tractor.

To remove the plant layer, the development is carried out in a layer-by-layer manner.

At layer-by-layer method soil is developed by layers for thickness of removed chips in one pass of bulldozer successively over entire width of recess.

The length of the bucket filling path of the stapler is less than the length of the recess, therefore, an ellipse scheme is used.

To perform vertical planning at the zero work line, we use the eight scheme.

With the vertical layout of the site, the staplers will work according to the following schemes: on the "ellipse," on the "eight."

Self-propelled rollers on pneumatic tires of DU - 29A grade are used for compaction of soils during vertical layout of the site. The number of penetrations of soil compacting machines or the number of impacts of ramming is determined by the data of laboratory tests that are carried out in special test areas. In accordance with the given compaction factor and soil properties, optimal soil humidity and compaction technology are determined. 

Backfilling and foundation

  sinus sealing diagrams

Soil supply for backfilling of foundation sinuses along the pit perimeter is performed by bulldozer according to cross-parallel scheme.

The soil supply inside the pit is provided by an excavator equipped with a grab bucket.

Soil filling in the sinus is carried out in horizontal layers, the thickness of the filled soil depends on the type of sealing machine and the characteristics of the soil.

In natural conditions, it is not possible to use dimensional equipment, and soil compaction is carried out by a hydraulic mill of type SP71.

In the spans between the foundations, filled soil is leveled with small bulldozers and rollers.

The number of penetrations of soil compacting machines or the number of impacts of ramming is determined by the data of laboratory tests that are carried out in special test areas. In accordance with the specified compaction factor and soil properties, optimal soil humidity and compaction technology are determined.

Excavation Schedule

The excavation schedule clearly shows the process sequence of the individual processes and their relationship to each other when performing the complex of works on the site.

8.Technics of safety during earthworks.

Safety instructions as per SNiP

12032001 "Occupational Safety in Construction"

The work site shall be cleaned of boulders, trees and construction debris.

Pits and trenches developed on the streets, driveways in the yards of settlements should be fenced with a protective fence taking into account GOST 23407.Ramps are arranged for safe descent into the pit.

 It is not allowed to develop soil in pits and trenches by "dig." Soil removed from the excavation must be placed at a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of this excavation.

During operation of the excavator, it is not allowed to perform other operations from the side of the face and be within the range of the excavator plus 5 m.

During the development, transportation, unloading, planning and compaction of soil by two or more self-propelled or trailed machines (scrapers, graders, rollers, etc.) running one after the other, the distance between them must be at least 10 m.

In case of mechanical impact tillage, it is not allowed to find people at a distance closer than 5 m. from the loosening site.

Dump trucks during unloading on embankments, as well as during backfilling of excavations, should be installed no closer than 1 m. from the edge of the natural slope; unloading from racks without protective bars is prohibited.

Temporary power supply lines to heated areas of soil should be performed with insulated wire, and after each movement of electrical equipment and wiring transfer, they should be visually checked for serviceability.