Repair of 1K62 machine speed box - Diploma work

Contents

Introduction

1. Brief description of mechanical repair shop

1.1 Operation mode of mechanical repair shop

1.2 Number of main and auxiliary workers

1.3 Existing Repair System

1.4 Observed deficiencies in the production process and

proposals for their elimination

2. Machine characteristics

2.1 Purposes of equipment to be repaired

2.2 Purposes of the repaired unit

2.3 Unit Structure and Operating Principle

2.4 Repair characteristics of the unit

3. Preparation for repair

3.1 Technical preparation for repair

3.2 Material preparation for repair

3.3 Organizational preparation for repair

3.4 Pre-defective

4. Machine repair

4.1 Disassembly of the unit

4.2 Cleaning and washing of part

4.3 Detailed Punch List

4.4 Development of roller manufacturing process

4.5 Development of roll recovery process

4.6 Development of equipment assembly process

5. Economic part

5.1 Organization of repair works

5.1.1 Selection of repair cycle structure and repair complexity 39 machines

5.1.2 Calculation of repair cycle duration and overhaul period 40

5.1.3 Construction of cycle schedule of repair

5.2 Calculation of labour intensity of machine repair

5.3 Organization of labor on repair works

5.4 Calculation of the repair crew

5.5 Wage Management

5.6 Calculation of planned cost of machine overhaul

5.7 Calculation of actual cost of repair

5.7.1 Calculation of actual unit repair cost

5.7.2 Calculation of actual cost of machine repair

5.8 Comparative analysis of planned and actual

cost of machine repair

5.9 Calculation of comparative cost of roller manufacture and restoration

5.10 Technical and economic parameters of machine overhaul

6. Health and safety measures in

mechanical repair shop

6.1 Occupational Health and Safety Measures in the Mechanical Repair Shop

6.2 Fire Safety Measures

and fire fighting equipment in the mechanical repair shop

List of literature

Application

Application

Application

THESIS ASSIGNMENT

Thesis Project Topic

Develop a process for repairing the head of the front

1K62 machine.

Methodological part of the diploma project

Methodological manuals for graduate design of the technological and economic part.

Instructions on the content of the diploma project.

I. ON THE EXPLANATORY NOTE

a) narrative

Introduction, characteristics of the repair and mechanical workshop and workshop

repair base. Existing structure and system of organization of repairs in the enterprise.

b) as per calculation and processing part

Repair of the specified unit with description of all works. To develop

Detailed workflows for manufacturing and repairing a single part per assembly.

c) on the economic part

Calculation of technical and economic parameters of anterior butterfly repair

1K62 machine.

d) Safety

Describe safety, health and safety measures

fire safety during repair works.

Health and safety measures in the mechanical repair shop.

II. Content and scope of the graphic part

1. Assembly drawing

2. Working drawing

3. Repair drawing

4. Manufacturing Process

5. Recovery Process

6. Assembly diagram (disassembly)

Introduction

In the main directions of economic development of Russia the most important task of increase in labor productivity on the basis of widespread introduction of the new equipment and progressive technology - CNC machines, rotor, rotornokonveyerny automatic transfer lines automated and robotic complexes, flexible production lines is set for mechanical engineering.

In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to improve repair production, ensuring reliable operation of machines and equipment in all sectors of the national economy. It is extremely important to develop branded repair and maintenance by manufacturers of complex and particularly accurate mechanics, to ensure the need for spare parts for machines and equipment. Determining the limits of economic feasibility of repair, and on this basis - optimal service life of equipment and ways of the most rational organization of repair work, becomes more and more important.

Machine-building enterprises have a large fleet of technological equipment for the production of various products. The quality of manufactured products and labor productivity depend on the accuracy and reliability of its work. Therefore, all types of equipment, including metal cutting machines, must work smoothly. But even parts of machine tools made of the most wear-resistant materials cannot be eternal. Simple equipment due to malfunction and repair, disrupting the production process, can dramatically worsen the economic performance of the enterprise, and reduced accuracy - increase scrap and negatively affect the quality of products.

Equipment repair and maintenance management is one of the most complex areas of industrial production management. The variety of repair facilities, their structural and technological complexity, the absence of stereotyping in the work performed, the combination of design, technological and production functions in one service make the work of the engineering and technical personnel of the repair service very complex and responsible. In modern conditions, as mechanization and automation of production processes increase, the economic results of enterprises increasingly depend on the quality of organization of repair and maintenance of equipment, on the work of the repair service of the enterprise.

Many issues of improving the organization of repair and maintenance of equipment can be solved only through experimentation in production conditions. Therefore, the success of further work on the creation of the theory of planned preventive repairs and the science of equipment repair depends to a large extent on the initiative that workers of the repair services of the plants will show, on how actively the repair services teams will participate in this work, on the degree of interest in this work of the repair personnel of the plants.

1.3 Existing Repair Organization

At the Sysert plant "UralelectrotyazhmashUralhydromash" there is a mixed repair management system. Under this system, the service of the chief mechanic, which is part of the main funds management, is responsible for the serviceability, maintenance and repair of technological equipment (machines, stands intended for the manufacture of the main products of the enterprise) and for lifting and transportation equipment (cranes, monorails, loaders, etc.).

In the service of the chief mechanic there are the following units:

- equipment department;

- Bureau of planned preventive repairs;

- Design Technology Bureau;

- mechanical repair shop.

The Equipment Department is responsible for the acquisition, receipt and commissioning of new equipment.

The Bureau of Planned Preventive Repair keeps records of equipment, plans together with the departments for maintenance, maintenance and overhaul, prepares reports for the chief mechanic for the operation of equipment and inspects this equipment according to technical condition.

The Design Technology Bureau is engaged in the preparation of design technological documentation for the repair and maintenance of equipment. Performs functions on compliance of equipment with its technical characteristics in accordance with labor protection rules. He is engaged in the development of schedules and instructions for checking equipment for technological accuracy. It develops technological routes for the restoration of parts, and also has typical technological processes for the repair and maintenance of equipment.

He is engaged in designing the organization of work on the relocation of equipment and its installation. On the instructions of the management, they carry out design work on equipment modernization, develop drawings of metal structures and monitor the manufacture of these products, design monorails and individual lifting devices for technological equipment, trolleys and containers.

The plant's mechanical repair shop and repair bases, which are created in large workshops of the main production, ensure the performance of work on scheduled repairs and the manufacture of those stocks of parts that cannot be purchased by the enterprise as a central supply.

In accordance with the current machine maintenance and repair system, the following types of equipment maintenance are provided: scheduled inspection, ongoing repair, major and emergency repairs.

Equipment overhaul is performed by the following units of the association:

Process and Lifting Equipment - Mechanical Repair Shop; the exception is especially bulky heavy equipment, which is not advisable to transport to the repair and mechanical workshop. This equipment is repaired on site by the teams of workshop repair bases, and individual equipment units can be transported for repair to the repair and mechanical workshop, due to the lack of necessary equipment.

Emergency repairs are carried out by the repair and mechanical workshop and workshop repair bases.

Work on the repair of electrical devices and power networks is carried out by electricians of the electrical repair section.

Repair and maintenance of electronic devices, numerical control machines is carried out by personnel of the workshop for repair and maintenance of equipment with numerical program.

Repair of universal accessories to technological equipment (cartridges, chalkabs, grips, clamping devices, mandrels) is carried out by tool shop fitters.

Repair of accessories is not included in the scope of repair of equipment performed by the mechanical repair shop and workshop repair bases.

The mechanical repair shop performs a comprehensive standard modernization of equipment at the request of the workshops.

The repair and mechanical workshop performs medium and ongoing repairs of equipment of small workshops that do not have a workshop repair base.

The repair and mechanical workshop also performs overhaul of the backup equipment of the workshops, for which the labor force of the workshop repair base is not designed.

2.1 PURPOSE OF EQUIPMENT TO BE REPAIRED

Repairable equipment turning-screw-cutting machine model 1K62. The machine is designed for finishing and semi-finished various turning works in small-scale and individual production. Threads can be cut on it: metric, inch, modular, pitched and Archimedean spiral. Spindle is rotated by AC motor through gearbox. Closed type feed box. To cut accurate threads, you can turn on the lead screw, bypassing the feed box mechanism. Spindle and caliper feed revolutions are adjusted by switching gear wheels of speed gearbox and feed box by means of handles.

Movement of the rear head along the bed guides and extension of the pinol are performed manually from the flywheel.

Purpose of the equipment unit to be repaired

The front head serves to change the number of revolutions of the spindle by switching two handles. Also for reversing the main movement of the machine using a friction multi-disc clutch and a "parasitic" gear. Using the band brake, the spindle stops.

The head mechanism of the front allows:

- select different cutting modes, the range of which lies in the aisles of 12.52000 rpm;

- perform thread cutting with increased pitch by 4 and 16 times, transfer ratio between feed chain and spindle increases by 8 and 32 times;

- Cut right and left threads;

- cut multi-start threads with division into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 and 60 entries.

2.3 STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE UNIT

The front head is fixed to the left on the bed.

Its installation along the lines of centers in the horizontal plane is carried out by two installation and two counter screws.

Rotation of friction shaft is transmitted from motor of main drive through V-belt gear. From the shaft, motion is transmitted through a friction multi-disc clutch of direct and reverse rotation and a gear mechanism of the main drive to the spindle and supply chain.

2.4 REPAIR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNIT

During operation of the machine, various faults can occur in the front head, some of which can be eliminated during technical inspection, and some faults only during overhaul. So, if there are plays in bearings, wear of the working surface of gear teeth and wheels, wear of splines, it is necessary to bring the machine to overhaul. In this case, worn parts must be either manufactured or restored.

The initial parameters of the parts specified in the drawings are restored based on the requirements of the front head design.

Special attention should be paid to:

- pressing of bearings so that there is no skew,

- installation of gears,

- make sure that the rotation of the shafts takes place freely from the hand.

The correct assembly of the machine ensure the accuracy and reliability of its operation after repair .

After assembly, checks are carried out for:

- End run-out of support bead of front head spindle must not exceed 0.02 mm

- Parallelism of spindle axis in direction of caliper longitudinal displacement, along upper generatrix 0.03mm, along side generatrix 0.012mm

- Parallelism of the direction of movement of the caliper slide of the front head spindle axis is 0.03 mm.

Preparation for repair

Production preparation for repair includes technical, material and organizational preparation.

3.1 TECHNICAL PREPARATION FOR REPAIR

The purpose of technical preparation is to ensure the complete technical, technological readiness of the enterprise to restore a given range of parts with a set level of quality and minimum labor and material costs.

The following process documentation is required:

Drawings of general types of assembly units.

Kinematic, hydraulic, electrical diagrams.

Lubrication diagrams.

Specifications.

Calculations, BOM

Operating Manual.

Equipment passports.

Installation drawings.

Also, this includes the development of technological processes, repair drawings, roadmaps and operational maps, the design of new products and the improvement of the structures of previously produced products, the development of progressive technical standards of processing labor intensity, material consumption standards, and tools.

Technical training is carried out by the Design Technology Bureau by the Department of Chief Mechanics

3.2 MATERIAL PREPARATION

Material preparation should ensure the creation of a constantly renewable stock of replaceable parts stored in storerooms.

Parts with a significant service life are not stored in the storage room, but ordered in advance taking into account the length of the production cycle of their manufacture and the timing of the start of repair. The stock of purchased parts, assemblies and equipment consumed in large quantities is determined by analogy with the stocks of materials and purchased semi-finished products for the main production.

The pantry stores finished parts if they can be installed without any completion and adjustment, in a pre-processed form, if they are installed during repair with completion and adjustment, or in the form of a blank, if the exact dimensions of the part are not known.

The standard stock of parts in storage rooms in monetary terms is set by equipment types per repair unit, depending on the type of production.

For the storage of spare parts and repair materials, a factory storeroom, subordinate to the department of the chief mechanic, and shop storerooms in large workshops are organized. The shop pantry stores spare parts for units available only in this shop, or consumed in this shop in large quantities. High-quality repair at minimum labor and material costs along with technological operations is achieved by rational organization of labor, determined by a set of measures including separation and cooperation of labor and recreation, provision of required sanitary and aesthetic working conditions.

3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL PREPARATION FOR REPAIR

Organizational preparation consists in legal formalization of relations with services and workshops engaged in equipment repair. The legal department carries out this part of organizational training.

The wage and salary department is responsible for determining the form of remuneration and the method of control.

Training of personnel, formation of a brigade, organization of works and workplaces is carried out by the head of the repair and mechanical workshop.

3.4 PRELIMINARY DEFECT

Prior to commissioning, the equipment shall be inspected at the place of operation to determine the technical condition by a commission consisting of: a mechanic (power engineer of the customer unit), a representative of the OTC, a workshop foreman performing repairs, a foreman of mechanics and repairmen. Based on the results of the inspection, as well as on the basis of the equipment technical status log, a survey of repair and production personnel, a preliminary punch list is drawn up, in which defects to be eliminated during the next repair are recorded. Inspection before overhaul provides for an increased volume of work, in comparison with the usual one. During this inspection, parts to be replaced during overhaul are identified, and small disassembly of units is allowed for more complete definition of defects and sketching of individual parts. A preliminary punch list, usually drawn up two to three months before the scheduled repair, serves as an organizing document for the preparation of the next repair.

Machine repair

Plant subdivisions shall hand over the equipment for repair within the timeframe established by the scheduled preventive repair schedule developed by the department of the chief mechanic and approved by the main mechanic of the association.

The Contracting Authority shall perform the following works before handing over the equipment for overhaul:

- ensure equipment disconnection from all power networks;

- clean the equipment of all production wastes and contaminants;

- drain lubricating, cooling and other liquids from all equipment tanks;

- make room near the vehicle entrance equipment;

- process accessories and accessories shall be removed from the equipment.

Delivery of equipment for repair and repaired equipment to the place of operation is carried out by the workshop performing repairs.

The machine is removed from the foundation using a lifting mechanism (crane-beam) and delivered by the tractor to the repair and mechanical workshop for subsequent disassembly and repair. Work station is prepared for repair. The workplace is part of the production area and equipment on which repairs are carried out. The workplace is organized in accordance with the list of operations of the repair process and its labor intensity. At the workplace, when repairing this unit, it is necessary to have: tools, accessories and equipment that will be needed during the repair work.

When repairing the speed box at the machine, check the parallelism of the spindle axis with the bed guides. A deviation of more than 0.02 mm indicates that, in addition to repairing the speed box, it is necessary to pile and grind flat guides or restore parallelism in another known way.

4.1 DISASSEMBLY OF MACHINE

Equipment disassembly is a process specific to repair technology. In relation to the assembly, this is the reverse process, during which the machine is divided into units and under units, and then (especially during overhaul) and into parts. Starting the repair, they get acquainted with the preliminary defective list drawn up during the inspection that preceded this repair.

Disassembly of the machine begins with the removal of individual parts connecting or fixing units, then the units themselves are removed, if possible unparted. If there is no kinematic scheme of the machine, it should be created during disassembly. When disassembling a complex machine, the design of which is not familiar, in parallel with the kinematic scheme, the assembly scheme of the machine as a whole or individual, most complex, its units must also be composed.

Disassembly is carried out in a repair and mechanical workshop on a special site.

During disassembly of the units, the parts are labeled. The label is used to fix the correct mutual position of the mating parts in the assembly. The mark is made with a steel stamp (letters, numbers, core or paint).

A label indicating that these parts are mating is placed arbitrarily; if it is necessary to maintain the exact mutual position of the parts, the mark is set so that it determines this position .

After disassembly of the unit, the parts are sent for cleaning and washing.

4.2 CLEANING AND WASHING OF PARTS

When repairing equipment, the following methods of washing parts are used: manual washing, washing in tanks, in washing chambers and machines.

Manual flushing is carried out in organic solutions (for example, kerosene) poured into a vessel. The parts are lowered into the vessel, held there for some time, and then cleaned with brushes and wiping materials. Dirt retained in deep cavities of parts is removed by means of rods and hooks of appropriate sizes. This method of washing, which does not require special equipment, however, is not safe for the health of workers, is low in production and causes a significant consumption of expensive solvents. Washing is carried out twice: first preliminary in one vessel, then finally in another. Washing can be carried out in baths divided into two parts by a mesh. Water is poured into the lower part of the bath (slightly below the grid), and the rest of the volume is filled with kerosene, which is not mixed with water. The dirt that remains after washing the part passes through the mesh and settles to the bottom of the bath. Kerosene is significantly less polluted. During cleaning, kerosene is first lowered through the drain hole, then water with dirt, the bath is washed and poured again with water, and then with kerosene.

Cleaning of parts is carried out in the following ways: thermal, mechanical, abrasive, chemical and ultrasonic.

To wash the parts, it is advisable to use the OM22609 submersible washer and labomid203 technical detergent. This preparation exhibits an inhibitory effect, reduces stationary values ​ ​ of steel corrosion rates compared to water at 20 "C by almost 20 times. Part washing is 1030 minutes. This agent is fireproof and does not release pairs harmful to human health. In the washing machine, washing is carried out by supplying the washing solution to the parts with jets under pressure.

4.3 PREPARATION OF DETAILED PUNCH LIST

The punch list is made up of the repair foreman, the representative of the OTC and the designer of the department of the chief mechanic.

At the beginning of repair, during disassembly of the repaired machine, an updated list of defects is compiled. During equipment disassembly into units and parts during overhaul, parts are monitored and sorted into the following groups:

- suitable, without damage and having dimensions within the permissible deviations;

- requiring repair, with wear or damage, the elimination of which is technically possible and economically feasible;

- unsuitable, to be replaced.

The list takes into account all preliminary data indicated for preliminary defect and details the defects of the machine as a whole, each unit separately and each part to be restored.

The final results of the inspection and sorting of parts with indication of the repair method are entered in the "Punch List," which is the main document determining the scope of repair work. The issued "Punch List" is approved by the chief mechanic (power engineer). All data on equipment repair are with the chief mechanic. During the repair process, the representative of the OTC checks with the defective statement the progress of work and makes the corresponding marks in the list .

The following operations are performed during the defect. External inspection, touch check, piercing reveal external defects. Then, a universal and special measuring tool is used, the geometric parameters of the parts are determined. Special devices and devices are used to detect hidden defects, check for tightness, elasticity, and check the mutual position of parts elements.

There are several ways to defect parts:

1. External inspection makes it possible to determine the presence of cracks, nicks, shells, bends, deviations from molds on the part, etc.

2. Measurement allows you to determine the amount of wear that deviates from the correct geometric shape and mutual arrangement of surfaces.

3. Quenching, the part is quenched by a soft hammer or hammer handle, which allows you to detect the presence of cracks, as evidenced by the drab sound.

4. Hydraulic (pneumatic) test, used for body parts. The part is assembled, plugs are placed in all holes except one and liquid (air) is pumped into it under pressure.

5. Hardness check allows you to detect changes in the material during operation due to the influence of high temperatures, inclination, aggressive media, etc.

6. Check of mating of parts allows to determine presence and value of clearance, density and reliability of connections and functional suitability of connection .

7. Magnetic and ultrasonic flaw detection makes it possible to detect hidden defects (cracks, shells) of steel and cast iron products. Action is based on different magnetic permeability of solid metal and metal having defect.

8. Luminescent method allows detecting external cracks. A luminescent solution is applied to the surface of the part, after 10-15 seconds the surface is rubbed and dried, a thin layer of powder (talc, carbon dioxide magnesium) of the absorbing solution from cracks or pores is applied, then the part is examined in a darkened room in ultraviolet rays. Location of cracks is determined by luminophore glow .

9. A kerosene sample, the part is immersed in kerosene for 10-30 minutes then carefully rubbed and covered with chalk, kerosene protruding from cracks moistens chalk and gives clear contours of cracks .

4.6 DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Assembly quality affects durability and reliability. The less errors are allowed during assembly, the higher the operability and better the performance of the machines. During repair, partial or complete disassembly is performed, and after correction of defects and replacement of worn parts - assembly. The labor intensity of dismantling and assembly work in the total volume of repair work is significant and reaches 60-70% for some machines.

The assembly of the machine to be repaired begins with the installation of the base part, which is usually served by the bed. The bed is installed and verified. Making sure that the guide surfaces are correctly installed and accurate, it is attached to the foundation or bench, after which they begin to install units and parts. Prior to assembly of repaired machine units, they are assembled. Assembled in units suitable, repaired and new parts. Parts are assembled in accordance with the defect list, and the basic repaired part is of great importance, on which other parts are selected and fitted.

The main checks to be performed during assembly are as follows:

check of mutual perpendicular surfaces;

check of mutual parallelism of surfaces;

check of coaxialities of axes of units.

Assembly of the tailstock is carried out by repairman locksmiths completely at one assembly post. All parts and subassemblies required to assemble the product go to this post. At the same time, a large amount of racing work is carried out, parts are adjusted in place. At the same time, assembly work is usually carried out using universal devices such as a hammer, prick, screwdriver, wrench, as well as lifting devices.

During assembly, it is necessary to check the positions of the axle of the tailstock and spindle. Reconciliation is performed after all assembly units are installed and fixed.

The assembled machine is accepted by the commission consisting of the mechanic of the customer's subdivision, the OTC foreman, the head of the RMC section and undergoes acceptance tests in the following sequence (in accordance with the certificate): external inspection, idling test, load and operation test, process accuracy test. Acceptance tests are carried out at the site of equipment operation. It is allowed to check the process equipment for accuracy in the RMC. After elimination of defects, the machine is primed and painted.

Economic part

5.1 ORGANIZATION OF REPAIR WORKS

The general structure of the enterprise is separate components of the production process, separated spatially in the form of separate divisions of interconnected, taken together. The main production unit is the workshop. A workshop is an administratively separate unit that performs a certain part of the overall production process. The following types of workshops are distinguished: main, auxiliary, side, auxiliary.

In industrial enterprises, there are three main types of organization of repair work: centralized, decentralized and mixed.

The centralized organization of repair work, providing for the performance of all repair work at the plant by the forces and means of the department of the chief mechanic (hereinafter called OGM) and its repair and mechanical workshop, is typical for enterprises with a small amount of equipment.

The decentralized organization of repair works consists in the fact that all types of repair works: inter-repair services, periodic repairs, including major repairs; are produced under the guidance of workshop mechanics by the so-called workshop repair bases, which include repair teams. In the repair and mechanical workshop, subordinate to the main mechanic, only overhaul of complex units is carried out. In addition, it produces and restores for workshop repair bases those parts of the assembly units, the manufacture and restoration of which requires the use of equipment that is absent from the repair base.

The mixed organization of repair works is characterized by the fact that all types of repairs, except for capital repairs, are carried out by workshop repair bases, and overhaul is carried out by a repair and mechanical workshop with appropriate compartments.

In addition to the listed maintenance methods, GOST 18322-78 provides:

- in-line maintenance performed at specialized workplaces in a certain process sequence;

- maintenance by operating personnel, i.e. personnel working on this equipment during its operation;

- maintenance by specialized personnel - workers specially prepared for objects, object brands, types of operations and types of maintenance;

- maintenance by a special organization with which the relevant contract is concluded;

- maintenance by the manufacturer.

The repair plan of the equipment is the repair schedule. It is developed before the beginning of each next year by employees of the bureau of planned preventive repair of the department of chief mechanics. The schedule covers all existing equipment and is drawn up with the participation of workshop mechanics on the basis of the established duration of the repair cycle and the inter-repair period, data from the register of equipment operation in the hours worked and technical inspection of the equipment.

Before drawing up the annual schedule, the date of the next repair is determined for each model of existing equipment. To do this, you need to know the date of the last repair and its place in the duration of the repair cycle, the duration of the repair cycle and the inter-repair period, the number of hours worked by the machine per month with the existing shift, the actual annual fund of the equipment operation time.

In the same way, the date of the current repair is determined. Based on the repair schedule and time standards in hours per unit of repair complexity, the capacity of the annual repair plan is established.

Also, the enterprises use a planned preventive repair system, which provides for preventive inspections and types of planned repairs of each unit after it has worked a certain number of hours. The greatest economic effect is its use in the repair of equipment operating in mass and large-scale production with a sufficiently high load and taking into account the time worked by it. There are three PPM systems: periodic repair, post-inspection repair and standard repair.

Punch list is one of the first documents to be drawn up when the machine is handed over for repair. It is compiled by a mechanic by interviewing a worker working on the machine, and records of locksmiths on duty in the log can also be used.

ORGANIZATION OF LABOR IN REPAIR WORKS

At the present stage of production development in conditions of wide mechanization and automation, co-operation and specialization of labor processes, there is a need to apply rational forms of collective labor organization, which would ensure maximum responsibility of employees employed in related operations for the highest final results, effective use of expensive equipment, high quality of products with minimum expenditure of material and energy resources.

The increase in the technical level of production should be accompanied by a corresponding increase in its organizational level.

A production team is a primary labor team that unites workers of one or different professions and qualifications to jointly perform production tasks with collective responsibility for the result.

Brigades are:

Specialized - with a narrow specialization.

Complex - can cover the entire process.

Replaceable - when the entire technological process occurs in one shift.

Through or interchangeable - for service of continuous production.

A workplace is a zone equipped with the necessary technical means, in which the performer or group of performers who jointly perform one job or operation is engaged in labor activity.

Rational organization and maintenance of the workplace affect the efficiency of the use of the workplace, and equipment

The organization of the workplace is a system of measures for equipping it with means and objects of work and their placement in a certain order.

Organization of workplace services means providing it with the means, objects of work and services necessary for the implementation of the labor process.

When designing a workplace, it is necessary to take into account: its specialization, availability and correct placement of the necessary equipment, equipment and documentation, and timely maintenance procedure.

The use of rational forms of organization of labor is the most important reserve for the growth of its productivity .

Machine-building enterprises use a brigade form of labor organization, the combination of professions, multi-station service.

The combination of professions is such an extension of the labor functions of a worker, in which he performs the functions of two or more professions. The combination of professions is dictated by the requirements of technological progress, it ensures the fullest use of working time, leads to increased productivity and wages of workers, creates conditions for the organization of integrated teams and multi-site services.

Multi-station maintenance is the simultaneous operation of a worker or crew on several machines. Multistage maintenance is very efficient, since as a result of its implementation, the need for workers decreases, and labor productivity increases. Operation on machines is always multi-station, but multi-station service can be organized on ordinary machines, for example lathe, turret.

When organizing multi-site work, it is necessary to ensure the fullest use of working time and the fullest load of equipment.