MWF Diploma Project

Introduction

The most important task of any society is to meet the need of the population for high-quality food, among which livestock products play an important role.

Animal husbandry in Russia gives about 54% of gross agricultural output. However, at present, animal husbandry in Russia is in a state of crisis: the production of all types of livestock products has plummeted, and the material and technical equipment of the industry facilities has catastrophically decreased. Supplies of basic equipment for livestock industries decreased by 1020 times.

As a result of the weakening of the material and technical base in the industry, work on the integrated mechanization of livestock production slowed down and, as a result, labor costs for servicing animals and obtaining products increased. The main sources of reduction of total costs are reduction of unit costs of manual labor due to mechanized execution of processes and operations, as well as increase of service personnel production, reduction of unit cost of machines, tools, buildings due to improvement of equipment structures, improvement of building area usage, etc. With complex mechanization, when the main, labor-intensive and auxiliary processes and operations are simultaneously mechanized, a reduction in the unit costs of living labor is achieved.

Cattle breeding is one of the most important sectors of animal husbandry, since it produces such valuable food products as milk and meat, as well as raw materials for light industry; from animal husbandry, agriculture receives manure - valuable fertilizer, without which it is impossible to achieve high yields.

The problem of farms at present is the low profitability of production due to the difficult economic situation in the country's agriculture. Many farms cannot absorb production costs. Therefore, one of the tasks of farms is to reduce the cost of production by finding hidden reserves to increase the efficiency of livestock production, since in our northern zone this is one of the main industries.

Simultaneously with the development of low-cost technologies, it is necessary to develop new generations of technology, including multifunctional machines, intelligent equipment.

Cow's milk is a product that contains all the substances necessary for life in a easily digestible form and the most favorable combination.

The reconstruction of the farm, the transfer of livestock to an unrelated method of maintenance, comprehensive mechanization, the establishment of an animal-friendly microclimate will significantly increase the productivity of livestock, and strengthen the material and technical base of the economy.

1. Characteristics of the farm

1.1. Basic information about the economy

The territory of the farm belongs to a wet forest zone. The seasons of the year are clearly expressed: long moderately cold winters, short spring with unstable temperatures, short summers and long, raw autumn.

To provide plants with heat, the economy refers to enterprises located in the strip of early and middle-early temperate crops.

Stable snow cover lies for 160170 days. The height of the snow cover is 600... 700 mm, and unstable throughout the winter, the annual rainfall is approximately 800 mm.

The average temperature for the year is + 1.41.6 0С. The average temperature of the coldest month, January, is 12.4 0C, and the warmest, July, + 16.9 ° C. The frost-free period lasts an average of 115120 days. The duration of the period with an air temperature above 15 ° C is on average 55 days. However, in any winter month there may be temperature increases to the thaw, lasting 3-5 days.

The moisture supply of plants is normal (the annual rainfall is 542.9 mm) in some years it is possible to depress plants from lack of moisture in the soil (droughts).

1.9 Rationale of thesis project topic

After analyzing the production activity and cattle maintenance technology in OJSC Vologda Potato, the Ustye branch, it can be concluded that the existing animal maintenance technology (tethered content) includes a large number of maintenance personnel (milkmaids, cattle), which entails high costs for the production of a unit of production.

The farm has a good feed base, the farm procures hay, silage, combined feed, which are the main components of the feed mixture.

The livestock industry is the only one in the economy whose products have a constant demand in the market and are profitable. Therefore, in order to obtain profit (commercial production of milk), it is necessary to apply all available reserves in the economy for the development of dairy livestock. This can be achieved in several ways: increasing the number of animals and increasing the productivity of animals, while placing more animals in the same area. The problem must be addressed in an integrated manner:

- increasing the number of animals requires an increase in livestock;

- increase of productivity - separation of cattle herds into groups by productivity and physiological cycle, selection of balanced diet for each group, delivery of all components of diet in the mixture, which ensures high feed eatability, motion is necessary;

-technical re-equipment of the farm (milking plant, feed distributor, refrigeration equipment).

The transfer of livestock to a more modern - unrelated way of maintaining and reconstructing the farm will significantly increase the rate of production and reduce costs.

2. Literary review.

2.1 Types of reconstruction and re-equipment of farms

Classification of farm reconstruction.

Deepening specialization: without changing specialization; Partial change of specialization Conversion for other uses.

Increase in production capacity: increase in room capacity; increasing animal productivity; increased capacity of rooms and increased productivity of animals.

Change in the method and system of keeping animals: with the preservation of the methods used and the system of keeping animals; partially changing the system or method of keeping animals; with a complete change in the method of keeping animals.

In terms of the level of renewal of functioning fixed assets: small (partial) reconstruction - the ratio of renewal of fixed assets - up to 0.2; average reconstruction - fixed assets renewal ratio - 0.21... 0.4; complete (complex) reconstruction - fixed assets renewal ratio - more than 0.4.

Classification of technical re-equipment of farms.

Updating of machinery and equipment: technical re-equipment of individual processes (milking, feeding, manure harvesting); radical rearmament.

Nature of reconstruction of existing buildings and structures: redevelopment; completion and extension of buildings caused by work on technical re-equipment of production; increased capacity or capacity of individual objects.

Of all the above, I choose reconstruction with a complete change in the method of keeping animals and updating machines and equipment (re-equipment of the processes of milking, feeding and manure harvesting).

2.2 Existing methods of keeping livestock

In cattle breeding for cattle of dairy and combined breeds, maintenance systems are used: year-round stubble (pasture-free) and stall-pasture and two methods of maintenance - tethered and unrelated.

Year-round stall maintenance system. For dairy cows, daily two-kilometer walks are organized, for repair bulls and bulls - producers - an active motion along the ring corridors. This maintenance system is mainly adopted on farms with a population of 600 cows or more when milking according to an offset schedule. With such a livestock, it is irrational to keep animals on pastures, since pastures can be removed over significant distances, it is also impossible to organize summer camps. In these cases, stall maintenance of animals with walking is used at sites located directly near livestock premises, and feeding of beveled green mass in tins.

Stoylovo - grazing system of maintenance best corresponds to physiological condition of animals, as it allows to maintain at a high level natural resistance of organism, productivity and reproducing functions. Active animal motion is provided. During pasture, especially on cultural pastures, animals receive full-fledged proteins, vitamins and trace elements with green grass. During the pasture period, animals normalize their metabolism, improve their general condition, increase productivity, and restore productive function. With a good grass condition on cultivated irrigated pastures per animal, 0.30.4 hectares of artificial pasture area or up to 1 hectare of natural is required. This maintenance system is most rational for cow 200400 farms.

The tethered method of maintenance is convenient for servicing animals, providing them with standardized feeding in accordance with productivity, makes it possible to monitor their physiological condition. Under such conditions, the daily rhythm of animal life is determined by man. With this method of maintenance, each cow is tied in a stall. The stall is placed in rows (in each row no more than 50). For each row of stalls (sections) there is a place for rest, a defecation zone (manure passage), a feeder with fodder passages adjacent to it. Two adjacent rows have common process passage. Usually this is a feed passage, it facilitates and accelerates the distribution of feed to cattle, allows more economical use of the production area of ​ ​ the room. The technology of milk production with a tied content in collective farms is designed for 100,400 cows and in farms for 10,100 cows.

An unrelated method of keeping provides for keeping animals in groups on a deep or periodically replaceable bedding, on completely lattice, partially lattice (combined) floors without bedding or in individual boxes or combiboxes. This method makes it possible to use flow elements in the production process, increase labor productivity, reduce labor costs when distributing feed and singing animals, use automated milking in milking halls, which provides better hygienic care for udder and milking equipment. In addition, free movement, sunlight and fresh air benefit the health of animals. At the same time, milk is less in contact with the external environment, because it immediately enters the cooling tanks, has good sanitary quality.

The unrelated content of cows on the deep bedding has a number of advantages: deep bedding provides a warm bed in winter, which reduces or completely eliminates the cost of energy for heating rooms and heating plenum air, feed production is significantly facilitated due to the use of mobile or stationary feed dispensers and manure removal using bulldozer canopies. However, the unrelated method of keeping on the deep bedding also has drawbacks - the consumption of the bedding increases by 2-3 times compared to the tethered content, and the consumption of feed - by 1015%, the main technological processes (feeding, milking, rest) occur in various places of the room or even in different buildings, hence higher requirements for planning and construction solutions of the animal location area.

Advantages of non-visobox content: high labor productivity, favorable hygienic and physiological conditions for obtaining products, high motor activity of animals. The disadvantages of unrelated - boxing content: the complexity of control, sanitary-veterinary and hygienic care for animals, individual feeding taking into account productivity, high injuries, especially limbs, high labor costs for animal runs, the need for large stalls, hierarchical fights and stresses in the herd during feeding and milking, unfavorable working conditions for individual groups of maintenance personnel.

Thanks to the use of new progressive technologies, it is possible to reduce the cost of servicing one cow per year to 6080 people. (up to 1,82.3 people - h. per 1 tz of milk), energy consumption - from 1100 to 970 kW - h. In Europe and the USA, these figures are 1.53.5 times lower than currently in Russia.

Summing up, for the process of re-equipment and modernization of the farm, the best option for reconstruction will be the transfer of the Ustye farm of the Ustye branch of OJSC Vologda Potato to a more modern level of production of livestock products with an unrelated method of keeping animals, that will provide cows maintenance and milking in the milking hall with the use of automated milk milking systems to preserve and maintain the highest quality of milk and obtain the greatest economic results, for further growth and expansion of production.

2.3 Cow Drinking Equipment

For singing, drinkers of various structures are used: individual, group, stationary and mobile. On cattle farms of tethered content, individual ones are used, and with unrelated content, group drinkers are used. According to the principle of action, the dryers can be valve and vacuum, and valve, in turn, pedal and float.

Automatic pilots PA1A and AP1A ensure the singing of two animals when they are tethered in a cow of any type in which there is a water main.

Group autopilk with electric heating AGK4A are used for drinking animals in winter at open areas, as well as indoors.

The unified water distributor UUZA is designed to take and transport water to livestock farms, pastures and summer camps.

Group autopilk VUK3 provides drinking for animals in summer camps on pastures remote from the water source.

Automated water lifting plants of the VU type are designed to supply water to trusses and complexes from surface sources and shallow mine wells (VU5ZOA, VU-10-ZOA, VU1628A, VU-26-24), as well as from tubular wells (VU765, VU-10-8085, VUU U 16-16

Electric heaters of the VEP60 type are used to heat water in the internal water supply networks of cows in zones with low air temperatures.

Electrolysis plant "Stream" serves for disinfection by direct electrolysis of drinking water with chloride content of at least 20 mg/l in water supply systems of livestock farms.

Water points are equipped for drinking animals on pastures, which, depending on local conditions, may include water sources, water intake and water lifting equipment, spare and regulating tanks, water treatment, disinfection facilities, water troughs and sites.