Location of a public object in a reconstructed building - course

Contents

Introduction

1. Characteristics of the reconstruction object and its location conditions

2. Goals and objectives

3. Design architectural and planning proposals

4. Design Design Proposals

5. Proposals to restore the historical appearance of the building

6. General conclusions

List of used literature

Introduction

Currently, the definition of "architectural monument" is not used in current Russian legislation - either an "object of cultural heritage" or "historical and cultural monuments" equivalent to it are used. An architectural monument is an immovable remarkable object of material and spiritual creativity, which is of national or international importance.

Over a long period of operation, the structural elements of architectural monuments are dilapidated and worn out, which leads to the destruction of structures and their loss of unique architectural details. You can extend the "life" of a historical building, as a structure with multilateral value, with the help of timely reconstruction. The restoration is carried out according to a clear plan with compliance with the sequence of all stages and safety rules.

Reconstruction of architectural monuments is a responsible process that requires a significant amount of financial investment, careful collection and analysis of data on the building, a clear sequence of work. The main goal of modernization is not only the preservation of a historically significant building, but also the possibility of its operation in the living conditions of a modern city. New developments in the field of equipment and materials not only contribute to the extension of the "life" of the architectural monument, but also avoid additional costs for re-repairs, which should not be subjected to the historical building once again.

The structures, now considered as monuments, were once erected for a certain purpose, which they successfully served for a certain time. However, in the future, a change in the social structure of society and living conditions led to the fact that the old buildings ceased to meet practical needs. Sometimes the function for which they were created was lost (feudal castles, palaces and many other types of structures), sometimes planning, technological, sanitary and hygienic and other requirements changed so significantly that the buildings turned out to be unsuitable for traditional use (hospitals, production buildings, many residential buildings, etc.). As a result, prerequisites were created for the reconstruction of old buildings, their scrapping, poor care, which, in turn, led to rapid destruction. The process of losing monuments to the possibility of being used for their intended purpose in our time was especially accelerated. Hence the urgent need to give architectural monuments (almost most of them) a new function. The correct choice of a new function is the first task of preparing for use, the further fate of the monument depends on it most of all. In solving this problem, of course, local needs for the placement of certain institutions, available areas, transport opportunities and much more are taken into account, but the socio-cultural value of the monument and the requirements for its preservation as a holistic architectural organism remain decisive.

If, when designing a new building, its volumes and layout are as if set by the function, then when deciding on the use of the architectural monument, it must be taken into account that its planning features, dimensions and connection of rooms constitute an unchanged structure, and the function corresponding to the conditions of the monument must be selected. The problem is complicated by the fact that the punching of new openings in the monument, the re-arrangement of additional floors, stairs, etc. are usually unacceptable and can take place only by exception, and not in the main, but in secondary, mainly previously heavily rebuilt parts of the building.

For architectural monuments, the choice of a function that has the prospect of expansion is excluded, since the volume of the monument should continue to remain unchanged. This is an additional reason, along with ethical considerations, for which the use of monuments to house production is prohibited. An important requirement is also the integrity of the functional purpose of not only a separate monument, but also such an architectural ensemble, which in the past had a single use (estate, monastery, etc.).

In order for the old building to be fully used for the new function, its adaptation must be carried out, that is, a complex of works on its partial reconstruction, but one that would take into account to the maximum extent its significance and features as an architectural monument.

Adapting monuments to modern use is primarily a means of preserving them. Therefore, the prerequisite for adaptation should be absolute respect for the adapted monument, the inadmissibility of its damage. The requirement of the physical preservation of the monument, especially the preservation of all elements valuable in artistic or historical terms, must be fulfilled. The concept of physical safety includes the creation of operating conditions that maximize counteraction to the destructive effect of time. In addition to physical preservation, it is necessary to ensure the preservation of the conditions of perception of the monument, not only allowing distortion of its appearance, but also distortion of the interior, in any case, those rooms whose interior has a certain artistic integrity. This should be taken into account when allocating rooms to their functional purpose. On this basis, contradictions often arise between the interests of the monument and the regulatory requirements for the placement of institutions of a certain purpose. In this case, it is usually necessary to find compromise solutions, to overstate the area, to partially depart from the norms in order to preserve the monument. Respect for the monument should be manifested not only in choosing a function corresponding to its cultural and historical significance, but also in determining the purpose of its individual parts, which should take into account their relative artistic value and functional role in the past.

The adaptation of the monument to the modern function provides for the provision of it with the necessary engineering equipment that provides comfortable living conditions. And in this case, the requirement for the preservation of the monument should prevail. The engineering networks of the building - an architectural monument should, to a minimum, violate both the aesthetic and structural integrity of the building, which leads to the need to search for atypical solutions and to recognize the possibility of a more flexible approach to compliance with standards mandatory for new construction. Significant restrictions on the adaptation of the monument are imposed on punching and fines of walls, arches and ceilings. They should not only be kept to a minimum, but also concentrated in places where they are able to least disrupt the valuable elements of the monument. Special requirements arise when there are stencils, stucco and other valuable finishing elements in the structure. In these cases, it is necessary to create a mode that provides optimal temperature and humidity parameters for their preservation.

At present, the problems of preserving and using the historical and cultural heritage are becoming more acute, and the topic of provincial manor construction is generally not sufficiently disclosed in modern domestic science.

Traditionally, the interest of researchers is chained primarily to large palace-park ensembles, historical monuments concentrated within the city, which are rightfully considered the "calling card" of the city, become the object of display for guests and tourists. Therefore, outside the framework of research there are a large number of provincial, including small-scale estates. Namely, here, in suburban noble estates, the world of Russian man, his individuality, life, morals are most clearly reflected. It is here that the taste of antiquity is so acute, the connection of times is felt. Only a careful attitude to such pearls of architecture, an understanding of their value and uniqueness can give hope for understanding the current situation.

A feature and the main advantage of all estates without exception can be considered their picturesque location. Therefore, natural conditions have always been an important factor in choosing a construction site - almost all estates are located near water sources - from large rivers to small lakes, ponds, springs. Not without reason, the nature and atmosphere of manor life were an inexhaustible source that fed the work of the famous owners and the writers and poets, artists, musicians who visited them. The formation of the artistic appearance of the estate as a work of architecture directly depended on the personality of the owner himself. This explains the wide variety of styles in which manor houses and other buildings of estates are made.

No wonder many researchers call the estate a kind of phenomenon of Russian culture. "The manor structure," writes Yu.G. Sternin, "could be closer to either rural freedom or metropolitan regulation, it could be associated either with the" philosophical desert "or with" arrogant Moscow. " The estate was an integral part of provincial culture and at the same time belonged to the urban culture, thus, participating in the mutual exchange of these two poles, contributed to their enrichment and strengthening.

Provincial noble estates are the most important component of the domestic architectural heritage, part of our history, so it is so important to preserve them for descendants.

The course project is dedicated to the reconstruction of the Altufyevo estate, located in the Lianozovo area, southwest of the Altufievsky highway. The reconstruction of the estate is aimed at preserving it as an architectural monument and at the same time, for more full use, to adapt to modern conditions, giving it a new functional significance, while ensuring the requirement of physical safety; Restore, reinforce or replace building features (foundations, floors, etc.). During the reconstruction, the estate building is converted into a hotel.

Characteristics of the reconstruction object and its location conditions

Altufyevo Manor with the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord is a complex of monuments of manor architecture of the 18th-19th centuries in Moscow .

The modern territory of the Altufyevo estate from the north is limited by the Moscow ring road, from the south by the Vologda passage, and from the east by the Altufyevsky highway, along which until 1991 the border between the Kirovsky and Timiryazevsky districts of Moscow passed. The image of Altufiev when approaching from the metro is a large reservoir, behind which church domes are visible in the park. This is Altufievsky pond, which got its name from the estate. Its other name is Gravity. So in the old days they usually called any pond with running water

Part of the northern shore of Altufievsky pond in the 1990s - early 2000s. fenced with a lattice fence with two tower-shaped volumes stylized as baroque (in the right there is a church shop, in the left in 2003 there is a chapel of Ouara) and eclectic gates in the center that do not fit into this style.

Behind the fence is the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord - a monument to the mature Baroque of the middle of the XVIII century. The church was active almost all the time of Soviet power with the exception of a short break in 1941 (in 1980 the bailiff throne of Tryphon was consecrated in it) and was significantly damaged already in the post-Soviet era. In 19911995 During the reconstruction according to the project of architect N.V. Nadezhdin, the area of ​ ​ the temple more than doubled, but he lost his proportions and interior decoration of the XIX century. and "crushed" the nearby manor house of the estate, having lost most of its value as an architectural monument.

During the reconstruction, the "ringing" turned into a light drum was destroyed: for this they punched the vault of the church, cut the crossbars on which the bells hung, glazed the openings of the ringing, turning them into windows, the vault of the former "ringing," which became the vault of the temple painted. Thus, the church in Altufiev ceased to be a church "just under the bells." The church headquarters of the early XIX century. (According to the metric of 1887, it was covered with iron and painted blue, the cross at the head was wooden, sheathed with iron, painted with yellow-golden paint) and its high stands, resembling an empire tombstone, were replaced by a head and a tribune, made in completely different forms... A small 1986 brick refectory with semicircular windows, replacing the dilapidated wooden and adjacent narthex, were dismantled and replaced by a new large refectory above the entrance to which the bell tower was built (it stands not on a separate foundation, but on the floors of the first floor). The old altar was demolished and replaced by a new, larger area (new elements of the complex are stylized as an old church building). The rest of the church was reinforced with steel belts. To top it all off, the decorative elements of the complex were painted red, which is uncharacteristic of the buildings of the mid-18th century. In this form, the Altufevskaya church is imprinted on the coat of arms of the Lianozovo district of the North-Eastern administrative district of the capital.

The most interesting and striking monument of Altufiev is the wooden one-two-story manor house located northwest of the church. It is almost the earliest example of the application of the Russian style in manor architecture and in this regard can be considered as a rare and interesting monument, and key for researchers of civil architecture of this period. The terem architecture of the building, overloaded with details, is made in eclectic forms with the predominance of historicism motifs in the form of stylization for the construction of the XVII century. Despite its asymmetric spatial composition largely due to the complicated configuration of the plan, in general the building is very picturesque, all facades are individual, techniques as stone Old Russian architecture are used in their external processing (pitcher-shaped pillars of the gallery, etc.), both wooden (kokoshnik with subzors, large platter in the center of the southern park facade, etc.). Lost in Soviet times, the high belvedere tower gave completion to the building and echoed the church.

At the end of the XVIII century. the building was rebuilt, as a result of which a western wing was added to the former manor house. In the middle of the XIX century. (circa 1851) were added: a brick gallery to the western facade, a strongly protruding semi-rotunda and a rectangular erker to the southern facade; to the northern facade - the entrance vestibule; a wooden mezzanine with a belvedere was built over the central part. By the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. A one-story brick extension was added to the building from the east.

Currently, the building is a brick one-story with a wooden mezzanine. In plan, it has a complex shape. The external walls of the first floor are brick solid, the external walls of the mezzanine are wooden from vertically set logs. All facades are plastered and painted. The main architectural monuments of cultural heritage located on the territory of the ownership of Altufyevo are: the Lord's House, the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord (17601763g), a brewery and a park.

The brewery is a small classicist building of the late XVIII century, built under S.B. Kurakin and testifying to the gastronomic interests of the owner. The main eastern facade of the brewery is decorated with a false arcade with window openings and corner rusticated pilasters (there is reason to assume that the manor house at that time had a similar treatment of the facades). The western wall of the building is blind, the southern wall is completely shifted at the turn of the XIXXX centuries.

The park in Altufiev was originally a regular. That is how it is described in the documents of 1767 1800. However, over time, the park became landscape. Only the open stalls on the south side of the house remained from the regular layout, but it has long been launched. In the park at the beginning of the twentieth century. They were arranged for the inhabitants of the boarding house, which was located in the estate of the playground, including the lountennis and croquet. But they also did not survive. Laying a ring road, destroyed the northern part of the park. Before that, there was a linden alley from the central part of the northern facade of the manor house.

Currently, the park is mainly linden. In addition to the linden in the park, Canadian poplars also grow, only slightly reaching a meter in barrel diameter. There are also large American maples and Pennsylvania ash. These "overseas" trees have become so familiar to us in Moscow that they are no longer perceived as "strangers." In the northern part of the park, a giant specimen of silver maple grows, rarely found in the city. This plant is imported from North America, cold-resistant, lives up to 80100 years. At the pond itself, a decorative group of birches, rakits and winds.

The estate of Altufyevo, brought to a deplorable state by firms, in 2002 was transferred along with the outbuilding to the parish of the church and was partially repaired.