DP as per STOA - bus assembly reconstruction

Contents

Introduction

1 Analysis of production and financial activities of Avtomir LLC

1.1 General characteristics of the enterprise

1.2 Organization of production processes

1.3 Analysis of the condition of fixed assets and their use

1.4 Analysis of works performed on maintenance and repair of rolling stock

1.5 Labour Productivity and Wage Utilization Analysis

1.6 Analysis of the cost of work, profit and profitability of the enterprise

1.7 Characteristics of the busbar section

1.8 Rationale of thesis design topic and task

2 Reconstruction of busbar section

2.1 Automotive Services Market Marketing Analysis for Bus Assembly

2.1.1 Determination of Avtomir LLC STOA type

2.1.2 Input Data for Market Capacity Assessment for Bus Installation Services

2.1.3 Estimating Demand for Car Service Services in the Region

2.2 Determination of Annual Scope of Work of Specialized Bus Assembly Section

2.2.1 City stations

2.2.2 Road stations

2.3 Calculation of the number of production workers

2.4 Calculation and selection of equipment

2.5 Calculation of areas of STR zones and sections

2.6 Calculation of car waiting parking

2.7 Procedure of busbar works in the area

2.7.1 Tyre and wheel maintenance

2.7.2 Installation, removal of tyre

3 Design part

3.1 Description of the developed device

3.2 Process calculation

3.3 Strength calculation

3.3.1 Check calculation of pin for cut

3.3.2 Calculation of maximum tightening force of fastening bolt

3.3.3 Check calculation of locking bolt for crushing

3.3.4 Design calculation for stability against overturning

3.4 Method of determination of lateral and radial run-out of tyre and wheel rims

3.4.1 Test requirements

3.4.2 Preparation for testing

3.4.3 Testing

4 Occupational safety

4.1 Requirements of labor protection during busbar works

5 Environmental safety

6 Rationale for cost-effectiveness of proposed solutions

6.1 Determination of economic feasibility of reconstruction of the bus section of Avtomir STOA Vyshny Volochek

6.2 Cost-effectiveness of design development

Conclusions

List of literature

Application

Introduction

The structure of the car fleet of the Russian Federation, depending on the type of car, is as follows: in Russia as a whole, cars account for at least 80% of the total number of cars (in absolute units this value is about 21.6 million cars). The share of trucks is approximately 13% or 3.51 million units. There are significantly fewer buses in Russia - about 2% of the total fleet or about 0.54 million units.

Over the past decade, the fleet of cars in Russia has doubled and continues to grow at a rate of 8% of its volume per year.

Average age of the Russian car is, according to GAI (Traffic police), 10.8 years. The age structure of the Russian passenger car fleet is as follows:

- up to 5 years - 21%

- from 5 to 10 years - 32%

- over 10 years - 47 %/33/

Currently, freight road transport in Russia is experiencing a difficult time of transition from one management system to another. Instead of centralized sectoral management, a new system of state regulation of vehicles is gradually being formed, adequate to market conditions. It is characterized by a combination of administrative and economic management tools based on licensing and certification mechanisms. The state does not pretend to be an active entrepreneur, but at the same time it must create favorable, equal and safe conditions for users of transport infrastructure, guarantee services in unprofitable segments of the transport services market, ensure the smooth and reliable operation of transport in general.

Over the past 15 years, the monopoly of state-owned enterprises has actually been eliminated on motor vehicles. The number of small enterprises with fewer than 10 cars on the balance sheet is constantly growing. Such road transport units already account for about 70 per cent of the total number of truck owners. Currently, about 90% of the total volume of goods transported by road is carried out by non-state sector actors. Over one third of the country's more than three million trucks are owned by individual entrepreneurs and newly established small motor vehicle firms ./5/

Such firms often do not have the capacity to maintain and repair vehicles on their own in a quality and timely manner, and they do so in car services and maintenance stations. Also, given that the number of cars in Russia is increasing annually, it is necessary to develop car maintenance stations.

In particular, the annual increase in the number of cars on the roads, the quality of roads and seasonality (winter, summer), does not allow car maintenance stations, car services and bus installation to fully meet the demand for bus installation services.

Improving traffic safety and achieving significant economic efficiency by reducing fuel consumption and increasing the need for tires, significant achievements in modern technical diagnostics. Currently, the importance of technical diagnostics has increased, which allows using instrumental methods to fairly objectively determine the technical condition of vehicle assemblies and assemblies with sufficient accuracy in a short time without disassembling them.

3 Design part

3.1 Description of the developed device

The theme of the diploma project is the reconstruction of the tire assembly section of Avtomir STOA Vyshny Volochek with the development of a device for measuring tire beats and wheel rims.

The main reasons for vibration of the wheel when the car moves on a flat road are:

- ovality of the tyre;

- uneven circumferential stiffness of the tyre;

- wheel disk bent or oval.

Two factors can cause vibration of the tire or wheel: imbalance or beating.

Vibrations occurring at speeds less than 64 km/h are usually caused by beating. Vibrations at speeds of more than 64 km/h when driving on the highway can be caused by both imbalance and beating. Before starting the repair, it is necessary to carry out running checks and thorough inspection to identify the following defects:

- significant run-out of tyre and wheel;

- significant run-out of the drive shaft;

- deviations from optimal tyre pressure;

- height deviations from optimal longitudinal inclination;

- bent wheel discs;

- garbage accumulated on tyres and wheels;

- unreliably tightened nuts or their absence;

- incorrect tyre fit on the rim;

- tyre damage, such as tyre deformation, delamination or thickening due to impacts. Small dents on the sides of the tyres do not negatively affect the quality of the tyre and do not affect movement.

Balancing is the simplest type of repair. If vibration occurs, it must be carried out first. First, dynamic double-plane balancing must be performed with wheel removal. This will eliminate the imbalance of the tyre and wheel assembly, but it is important to limit the radial and axial run-out of the wheel since only a properly shaped wheel makes sense to balance.

Final balancing of the wheel on the car is also necessary. This ensures balancing of brake drum, disc and wheel decorative cap. If balancing does not eliminate vibrations at high or low speeds, then the most likely reason for it is the beating of the wheel. Beating can be caused both by defects in tires, wheels, and improper attachment of the wheel to the car.

Reduced vibration of wheels improves safety and reduces wear of suspension parts.

Measurements of wheel run-out at free rotation without load are performed without its removal from the car. Most convenient for this measurement is a watch type indicator with a roller at the end. The peripheral beat (side to side) should be measured as close as possible to the shoulder region of the tread. Radial run-out shall be measured centrally on the longitudinal rib of the tread. The design features of some treads necessitate the use of adhesive tape. For better contact of the indicator with the tread, it is necessary to tightly wrap its central circumference with adhesive tape. The total run-out of the tyre and wheel assembly shall not exceed 1.5 mm.

If the radial or axial run-out exceeds 1.5 mm during measurements, the tyre and wheel assembly shall be mounted on the dynamic wheel balancing device and the run-out values shall be re-measured. Install the wheel on the balancing device with the central base hole.

Measure the tire and wheel run-out and the location of the maximum indicator reading. Then measure the value of the wheel run-out separately. If it exceeds the specification, it should be replaced. If the radial or axial run-out exceeds 1.27 mm on the tyre tread, the tyre and wheel should be adjusted so that the largest run-out of the tyre coincides with the lowest run-out of the disc. Then re-inflate the tire and install the wheel on the balancing device. Repeat measurements. In many cases, this adjustment reduces the run-out in the assembly to less than 1.27 mm.

If the run-out value on the wheel removed from the vehicle is within acceptable limits, while the measurements on this wheel without removal show a value exceeding this limit, then the reason for the method of fixing the wheel on the hub should be sought. Turn the wheel assembly on two studs and measure the run-out again. Repeat this operation several times to find the optimal position of the wheel on the hub.

Patent studies and substantiation of the design of the development object.

Patent research refers to studies of the technical level and trends in the development of objects of technology, their patentability and patent purity.

In this thesis, studies of the technical level and trends in the development of the object of technology, in the field of the device for measuring the beats of tires and wheel rims, were carried out.

Subject of search - devices for measuring beats of tyres and wheel rims (struts, indicators and others).

The main type of information used in patent research is patent information as reflecting the world level of technology and containing the latest information that may appear in other sources in a few years, as well as scientific and technical literature.

Conclusions and recommendations

An analysis of the production and financial activities of Avtomir LLC showed that the customers of Avtomir LLC STOA are enterprises, individuals from the city, district, neighboring areas (Udomlya, Torzhok, Bologoe, Firovo, Spirovo, Esinovichi). Being on the federal highway is provided by Avtomir LLC STOA with transit customers. In general, the enterprise has significant reserves to increase the volume of maintenance and repair of cars, including the volume of tire repair work.

Profit and profitability analysis shows that the enterprise is profitable and profitable.

Thus, one of the directions of improving the production and financial activities of Avtomir STOA is the reconstruction of the tire assembly section for the organization of maintenance and repair of truck wheels, which is the goal of graduate design. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were achieved:

- Marketing analysis of tyre installation services market in Vyshny Volochek;

- Determined the annual and daily scope of work of the specialized tyre-assembly section, taking into account urban and transit vehicles;

- equipment was selected, the number of production workers was calculated, layout and layout of the bus assembly section was made;

- the technology of busbar works on the site has been developed;

- in the design section, a device for measuring the radial run-out of the tire and the lateral run-out of the wheel rim has been developed;

- in the section on labor protection the requirements of labor protection during busbar works are developed;

- Environmental safety assessment at Avtomir LLC enterprise and proposed measures to improve it;

- Technical and economic evaluation of the proposed actions in the draft was carried out.