Diploma 5-storey residential building with monolithic frame

Contents

Introduction

Section 1. Comparison of variants

Section 2. Architectural and construction

2.1 Plot Plan

2.2 Space Planning Solution

2.3. Architectural and structural solution

2.3.1 Heat Engineering Calculation

2.4. Building engineering equipment

2.4.1 Water supply and sewerage

2.4.2 Electrical equipment of the building

2.4.3 External Telephony Networks

2.4.4 Fire alarm

2.5. Heating and ventilation

2.6. Technical and economic indicators

Section 3. Design and Construction

3.1. Definition of active loads and forces

3.2.1 Calculation of reinforcement of the underground floor column

3.2.3 Determination of anchor length of working rods

3.2.4 Sizing the Foundation Floor

3.2.5 Determination of height of foundation slab part

3.2.6 Selection of working reinforcement of foundation bottom

3.2.7 Checking the strength of the foundation for pressing

3.3. Calculation and design of monolithic slab

3.3.1 Definition of design spans and loads

3.3.2 Determination of calculated forces

3.3.3 Determination of plate thickness

3.3.4 Selection of reinforcement section

3.4. Calculation of secondary beam

3.4.1 Determination of loads

3.4.2 Determination of design forces

3.4.3Define secondary beam section dimensions

3.4.4Section of reinforcement section

3.4.5Assign number and diameter of rods

3.4.6 Calculation of transverse reinforcement

3.4.7 Calculation in Raduga

Section 4. Construction production technology

4.1 Job Instruction for Construction of Monolithic Frame

4.1.1 Scope of application

4.1.2 Selection of installation crane

4.1.3 Procedure and organization of works

4.1.4 Quality Control

4.1.5 Calculation of labor costs

4.1.6 Logistical resources

4.1.7 Safety precautions

4.1.8 Technical and economic indicators

4.2. Job Instruction for Thermal Insulation Device

external walls of the building according to the "RADEX" system

4.2.1 Scope of application

4.2.2 Construction Process Technology

4.2.3 Numerical and qualification composition of the brigade

4.2.4 Logistical resources

4.2.5 Quality and acceptance requirements

4.2.6 Safety precautions

Section 5. Organization of construction production

5.1 Methods of works execution

5.2 Definition of Scope of Work

5.3 Determination of demand for basic construction materials for structures and products

5.4 Justification of decisions on works performance

5.5 Basic technical and economic indicators of scheduling

5.6 Calculation of building plan elements

5.7 Main technical and economic indicators of the construction plan

Section 6. Construction economy

6.1 Local estimate No. 1 for civil works

6.2 Local estimate No. 2 for sanitary works

6.3 Local estimate No. 3 for electrical installation works

6.4 Local estimate No. 4 for equipment installation

6.5 Object Estimate

6.6 Summary Estimate

6.7 Calculation of cost at current prices

6.8 Technical and economic indicators

Section 7. Occupational safety

7.1 Analysis of working conditions

7.2 Production sanitation

7.3 Construction Safety

7.3.1 Operation of construction machines

7.3.2 Evaluation of tower crane stability

7.3.3 Safety of works during soil development

7.3.4 Stone Safety

7.3.5 Safety in case of cargo slinging

7.3.6 Roofing works

7.3.7 Electrical safety in construction

7.3.7.1 Protective sealing

7.3.7.2 Protective bushing

7.3.7.3 Lightning protection

7.4 Fire safety in construction

7.4.1 Fire safety during construction and installation works

7.4.2 Fire resistance degree of the building

7.4.3 Provision of forced evacuation

Section 8. Protection of the population and economic facilities from emergency situations

8.1 Emergency situations specific to the designed facility

8.2 Emergency response measures

8.3 Protection of the population and provision of first aid to victims in emergency situations

8.4 Determination of overpressure in the shock wave front leading to different degrees of destruction of the designed building

Section 9. Energy and resource efficiency of the facility

9.1 General characteristics of the object

9.2 Calculation of energy efficiency parameters of thermal parameters

9.2.1 Design conditions

9.2.2 Calculation of heat engineering parameters

9.3 Energy parameters of the building

9.3.1 Heat loss through enclosing structures

9.3.2 Household heat receipts for the heating period

9.3.3 Annual heat loss of the building

9.3.4 Total annual heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation

9.3.5 Thermal Energy Unit Costs for Heating and Ventilation

Section 10. Nature protection

Conclusion

List of sources used

Project Description

PLANS, SECTIONS, FACADES, PLOT PLAN, PARTS, COLUMN, FOUNDATION, SLAB, PROCESS CHARTS, CALENDAR PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION MASTER PLAN, ECONOMY, LABOR PROTECTION, PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION AND ECONOMIC FACILITIES FROM EMERGENCY, ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT.

The diploma project presents the main architectural and construction drawings. Using the software complex "RadugaBeta," a multi-storey frame was calculated and a column and a middle row foundation were designed. Process instructions for the construction of a monolithic framework, an insulation device according to the Radex system have been developed. A schedule for the construction of the facility has been developed. An assessment of the development of the situation on the construction site was carried out and a construction master plan was developed for a certain period. An object estimate for the construction of the building was drawn up, a consolidated estimate of the construction cost in base prices was given, and recalculation was made to the prices of the current period. Measures have been developed for health and safety, for the protection of the population and facilities from emergencies. The energy passport of the facility has been compiled. Environmental protection measures have been developed .

Introduction

This diploma project on the topic "Five-story residential building of a frame type" was developed by a student of the 05PRAz 3 group Kulik Igor Sergeyevich under the leadership of Kremneva Elena Genadyevna.

The choice of the theme of the graduation project "Five-story residential building of the frame type" is due to the fact that housing construction is one of the priority areas in the social policy of the state. This building solves the task of quick and high-quality repair of construction equipment, since it concentrates material and labor resources aimed at repair and maintenance of equipment.

The diploma project consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note has developed 10 sections:

1. Variant design.

This section compares the technology of erection of prefabricated stand-alone and monolithic stand-alone foundations. The section includes 1 graphic part sheet.

2. Architectural - building section.

This section includes 3 sheets of the graphic part and an explanatory note describing the general plan, space planning and architectural solutions of the building, description of the structures and engineering equipment of the building.

3. Calculated - structural section.

It contains 3 sheets of the graphic part and an explanatory note with calculations of the monolithic column and foundation, as well as the floor slab.

4. Construction technology.

This section provides Job Instructions for:

- erection of monolithic frame;

- heat insulation device.

5. Organization of construction.

In the section the methods of works execution, network schedule of construction, construction master plan are developed.

6. The economy of construction.

This section contains estimates for civil, sanitary, electrical, installation, equipment installation, consolidated estimate calculation, conversion of construction cost to current prices.

7. Occupational safety.

This section contains instructions on safety during works, measures on fire safety and electrical safety of works.

8. Protection of the population and economic facilities from emergency situations.

This section proposes measures to protect the population in emergency situations.

9. Energy and resource efficiency of the facility

This section contains calculations of total annual energy consumption, specific energy consumption, as well as an energy passport of the facility.

10. Nature conservation.

This section discusses measures to protect nature during the construction of the facility.

Variant Design

1.1 Selection and analysis of possible variants of space-planning and

structural solutions during the construction of the facility

The selection of options is carried out, ensuring their comparability in purpose (consumer properties, usable area, sanitary and hygienic conditions, etc.), as well as on the basis of comparing two or more similar design solutions, or methods of work. Only competitive and realistic options are analyzed. It is necessary to match the options identical in their properties. The option is accepted, which is calculated as the best (according to which an economic effect is achieved). In this section the economic analysis of the monolithic foundation under the columns with the prefabricated one is carried out.

Architectural and construction section

1.1. Master Plan.

The designed object is located in the Uruchye3 microdistrict, Minsk.

The project provides for the construction of a 48m apartment building with built-in attached consumer service rooms: a cash center, a pharmacy, a hairdresser, a dairy kitchen distribution point, a store, an underground parking garage for 56 cars and a roof boiler room.

Conditions for design and further construction are as follows:

- climatic construction area refers to 2 temperature zone-design outside air temperature not lower than 30 С;

snow area 2b;

wind area -1;

design seismicity of the building up to 6 points;

construction class -2;

fire resistance rating of the building - 7;

- the relief of the construction area is calm.

- surface drainage is carried out according to the natural slope of the terrain, existing and designed rain sewage;

- according to engineering surveys, the geology of the construction area is represented by bulk soils, as well as sands of medium size;

- provision of construction with electricity and water is provided from existing utilities in accordance with SNIP 3.01.0185;

- transportation of goods to the facility is accepted to be carried out by road transport;

-the object is supplied with structures, products and materials based on CAS.

All decisions taken during the design of the building comply with the requirements of environmental, sanitary, fire and other applicable norms and rules and ensure safe operation of the facility for life and health of people, subject to the measures provided for in the working drawings.

It is envisaged to remove and temporarily store a fertile soil layer throughout the site with further use for landscaping.

The improvement project provides for the construction of the necessary transport passes, footpaths and sites.

As landscaping, it is proposed to arrange a lawn, place groups of shrubs and trees.

1.4 Building Engineering Equipment

1.4.1 Water supply and sewerage.

The project of internal water supply and sewerage systems provides for the construction of an internal water supply system combined with a fire-fighting water supply, a hot water supply system and a domestic sewage system.

The source of water supply is the city water supply network. Connection of internal water supply systems is performed from the designed water supply input. Water metering unit according to typical series 5.9011 is installed at the water supply inlet. The gauge of the meter is designed to pass the flow rate of water for fire fighting and household needs.

In accordance with Table 1 of SNiP 2.04.0185, for this type of building and this volume, an internal fire extinguishing system is provided for the calculation of fire extinguishing with one stream at a flow rate of 2.5 l/s. Fire extinguishing is provided from fire cranes with a diameter of 50 mm, a nozzle diameter of 16 mm and a hose length of 20 m. Fire cranes are installed in fire cabinets (see the NPP set) located in the corridors at the evacuation exits. The total number of installed fire cranes in the building is 9 pcs.

The water supply system of the building was adopted by the utility, combined with the fire water supply. The diagram of the water supply system is accepted as dead end.

As sanitary devices, devices with a lower inlet are installed.

To wash the harvesting equipment, a wash with a mixer is provided in the storage room of the harvesting equipment.

Watering cranes are provided for watering the area adjacent to the building in the external walls.

The design water flow rates are shown on the "General Data" sheet of the VK grade drawing set.

The water supply system is installed from steel water-gas galvanized light pipes as per GOST 326275.

Installation and installation of sanitary and technical devices and attachments to them shall be performed as per standard series 4.90010. Water supply system emptying during repair works is provided through the water metering unit into the ramp. Main pipelines of water supply and risers are isolated with steam insulation device.

The project provides for the installation of a centralized hot water supply system.

The source of hot water supply is a water heating plant located in a furnace located in the building.

Hot water supply scheme is accepted as circulating one with water circulation along main lines. pipelines. The main provisions for the hot water supply system arrangement are given in the "Water supply" section and on the "General data" sheet of the VK grade drawings set. Emptying of the hot water supply system is provided through drain valves located on the water heating plant in the ramp of the heat station.

The project provides for the organized removal of rain and meltwater from the roof of the building. Rain and meltwater is collected on the roof in gutters and then through risers, branch pipelines and outlets are discharged to the courtyard closed network of rain sewage. The placement of gutters and branches on the roof of the building is accepted taking into account its relief and the construction of the building. Laying of risers of external drains is provided on the facade.

Gutter and riser units have been developed in the construction part of the project. Connection of troughs to funnels and risers is provided by means of compensating funnels with sealing of joints with elastic mastic.

The project provides for the construction of an internal domestic sewage system with the diversion of effluents to the yard network of household sewage.

As sanitary devices in the building installed:

oblique-release toilets;

ceramic washbasins;

steel shower pallets;

ceramic urinals

baths.

Sewage networks are installed from cast-iron sewage pipes according to GOST 6942.380.

For inspection, repair and cleaning of the sewage network on pipelines, inspections and cleaning are provided.

Ventilation of the sewage network is provided through ventilation risers with a diameter of 100 mm, brought up to 0.5 m above the roof of the building.

1.4.2 Electrical equipment of the building

Power supply to the shopping center is carried out on the basis of technical specifications No. 124 of 14.12.2008, issued by the Minsk electric networks.

In accordance with the specifications, the project provides for the installation of a complete transformer substation of the pass-through type with cable I/O inputs and n/a cable leads of the type KTP PASK/K160/6/0.4-99U1, produced by the electrical plant named after V.I. Kozlov, Minsk.

The design provides for the arrangement of the external grounding circuit of the designed FTP.

High-voltage cables of the AAB U brand to flog 3 x 120 are laid in Fiber glass OTGKTP142 and PS soil at a depth of 0.7 m from the Earth's surface with a covering a brick.

Low-voltage networks of 0.4 kV are made by cable of ABBb ShV grade - 4 x 50 to the filling station inlet device. Cables were performed on voltage loss, technical resistance and on single-phase short-circuit currents.

Lighting of the area of the filling complex is performed by LCD type lamps with DNaT lamps installed on reinforced concrete supports of OGA type. Lighting is supplied from the filling station inlet unit by AVVG cables laid in the ground.

Lightning protection of structures is performed according to category II in accordance with RD 34.21.12287 and is carried out by lightning receptors installed on the outdoor lighting support. The lightning protection zone includes: fuel tanks, columns and the space around them with a radius of 5 m.

Mains voltage - 380/220 V.

Electric power supply of current collectors is provided from the designed input distribution device. Electric power metering is provided at BRU.

Supply and distribution networks are made by AVVG cables and APV wire, which are laid by cable open and in profile and wire - in polyvinyl chloride pipes in floor preparation.

Lighting networks are made by the EAP wire hidden under the plaster layer and by the AVVG cable open or behind the sheet ceiling. Wire cross-section is selected by long-term permissible current load with wiring for permissible voltage loss. Lighting networks are protected from overload. To protect against electric shock, protective grounding is provided for all metal non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment that are not normally energized, but may be under current when the insulation is damaged.

Grounding is carried out by metal connection to the working zero wire of the network and to the sockets of an additional third force of the wire, starting from the shield.

1.4.3. External telephony networks.

External telephony networks are made on the basis of technical specifications No. 05/748 of 8.12.2008 issued by the Minsk RNPS.

The project provides laying of the TPPEP distributive cable 310 x 2 x 0.4 from ShR454 in the existing and designed sewerage to the gas station building.

The project provides for telephony, loudspeaker communication and fire warning.

The building radialization provides in accordance with the specification, VKV4M radios. The telephony network is carried out by a 2 x 0.4 TRP wire behind the set ceilings and along the walls.

For loudspeaker communication, sound speakers are installed under the canopy, communication is carried out from the operator.

Warning network in case of fire is performed by 1 x 2 x 0.8 RVPM wire with installation of loudspeakers with dismantled volume regulators. The method of notification is voice, manual, for which the amplifier and tape recorder are installed in the operator's room.

1.4.4. Fire alarm.

The MAESTRO1600KP1001/8 safety and fire control device is installed in the operator's room on a non-combustible base.

As automatic fire detectors - thermal IP 10401, smoke IP 21202 (AC02) and manual - IPR1 are used, Fire alarm networks are made with a 2 x 0.6 HDL wire behind the suspended ceiling and open with braces.

Install sensors after installation of lamps at a distance of not less than 0.5 m from the latter. In case of fire alarm the supply and supply ventilation shall be switched off.

1.5. Heating and ventilation of the building.

1.5.1. Heating.

The design provides for a heating system with mechanical circulation of coolant.

The heat supply source is the city heating pipeline network. Temperature schedule of heat supply at design heating temperature of outdoor air - 25C is 9570 ° С.

The heating scheme is adopted as a single-tube horizontal with the breakdown of the system into separate branches, interconnected hydraulically.

The project provides for the disconnection of each branch and drain from it. water during repair works.

SPM steel heating radiators are installed as heating devices.

Heat removal of heating devices is controlled with the help of control valves of KRDP15 type installed on the return connections to the devices.

The placement of control cranes on heating devices is accepted in those rooms where it is required to regulate the heat transfer of the device according to sanitary standards.

For exhaust during filling of the heating system and operational maintenance in the upper plugs of the radiators there are microairwaves.

Drainage of heating system mains is provided through KShDU drain valves to the furnace ramp. Drainage of individual branches and risers is provided through drain valves using a rubber hose to the pavement near the building or to the nearest washbasin of the bathroom.

Main pipelines of the heating system laid in the channel and in places of possible freezing are heat insulated. The design of thermal isolation is given in a set of drawings of the OV brand.

1.5.2. Ventilation.

The design provides for the construction of plenum mechanical and natural ventilation systems of the building.

Plenum air parameters, indoor air exchange and indoor air temperature are adopted in accordance with the current regulatory documents for the design of buildings for various purposes and NSC 4.02.0103 "HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING," NSC 2.04.022000 Construction climatology

Fans of "CONDI" company are accepted as ventilation units for installation.

In the plenum unit P1 in winter, the air is heated by an electric heater.

Air ducts of plenum ventilation systems

provided metal from galvanized thin-sheet

roofing steel and in building structures.

Air is supplied and removed from the rooms by adjustable ventilation grilles of type P according to the typical series 1.49410.

Air ducts are adopted of round and rectangular section according to VSN 353 and TU 3673678.

Laying of air ducts along the corridor is provided in the suspended ceiling.,

Construction technology

4.1 Job Instruction for Construction of Monolithic Frame

4.1.1 Scope of application

The process plan was developed for the construction of a monolithic framework (column, floor) of a five-story residential building from C20/25, C16/20 class concretes in a large-panel formwork. Work is carried out in two shifts in the summer.

4.1.3 Procedure and organization of works

Work on the previous floor shall be completed prior to the start of formwork installation; prepare the formwork set for operation, clean the formwork surface from concrete residues and lubricate with emulsion; prepare for operation and check lifting equipment, accessory and tool.

Formwork of columns is installed by pre-assembled boxes on each column. The formwork box is assembled at the pre-assembly site and delivered to the facility in a ready-to-install form. The formation of the column begins with the installation of a frame, which is pressed against plugs laid in advance in fresh concrete.

The frame is installed in such a way that the axes applied to it during manufacture coincide with the axes drawn on the concrete of the structure, and the surface of the quarter into which the box is installed is at the same level as the risks at the reinforcement outlets.

The assembled formwork boxes are installed in frames and fixed in two mutually perpendicular directions by inclined pads, which are nailed to the lags laid in a stripe between neighboring columns.

The vertical alignment of the conduits is performed using a frame plumb.

Formwork shields and clamps missing in the column formwork box are installed after the reinforcement of the columns is tied and the floor formwork is installed. The exact position of the clamps is indicated on the box. The clamps are attached by wedges until they are fully adjacent to the surface of the shields.

After the column formwork is installed, scaffolding along the top of the formwork is arranged. Grease is applied to formwork surface.

Large-sized formwork surfaces are used for concreting floors. Formwork consists of horizontal shield and support frame. The frame is moved along the floor of the underlying floor on wheels. The shield is set to working position and screwed with screw jacks.

The reinforcement can be installed only after the formwork is checked, the acceptance certificate for the formwork is signed and the as-built diagram is drawn up on it. It is necessary to check installation of embedded parts, pipes and other elements remaining in the concrete.

Fittings are installed by specialized fittings links. The sequence of fittings installation shall be such that previously installed elements do not hinder subsequent installation and stability of fittings is ensured ./14/

For arrangement of protective layer between reinforcement and formwork there installed are gaskets from concrete. When reinforcing the upper zone, the mesh is laid on light spatial bent frames of the required height. Separate grids are joined to each other in a lap.

Column armocarkas are mounted in formwork box from above. Separate rods of reinforcement bars are installed in design position in place.

The reinforcement frame of the monolithic reinforced concrete structure is assembled directly at the construction site from separate rods connected by wire. At the same time, all operations, except for feeding grids with a crane with sling grips, are carried out manually.

Concrete mixture with 6-8 cm cone settlement and aggregate size up to 20 mm is used for concreting columns.

Before concreting the columns, it is necessary to clear the joints and lay a layer of cement mortar with a thickness of 3-5 cm.

The columns are continuously concreted to the entire height. Concrete mixture is loaded from above and compacted with internal vibrators lowered into formwork on ropes.

Work seams should be arranged at the level of the foundation top, at the bottom of the capitals or at the bottom of the floor.

Slabs monolithically connected to columns are concreted not earlier than 1-2 hours after completion of column concreting. The slab is concreted taking the smallest concreting front. The mixture is fed at several points along the front. Concrete shall be fed towards concreting. Mixture in plates is compacted with site vibrators. Concrete is especially carefully vibrated in places where the slabs adjoin the columns, as well as in places with frequent reinforcement.

Slabs are concreted by beacons. Their surface is smoothed with irons and rules. Working seams in flat plates are arranged anywhere, but necessarily parallel to their smaller side.

Concrete care means the provision of normal temperature and humidity conditions for its hardening. The duration of care should be at least 7 days. The time of care is increased in hot and dry weather.

Open surfaces of freshly laid concrete are covered with a bag, horns, wet sawdust or sand and begin to be moistened no later than 1012 hours, and in hot and windy weather - 2-3 hours after completion of concreting. It is recommended to moisten concrete by spraying the jet through a sprayer. In hot windy weather, it is necessary to water concrete at least after 1.52 hours, in overcast - after 3 hours and at least two or three times a night. It is less necessary to moisten the concrete surfaces in the formwork. When the formwork is removed, the decayed surfaces are also watered.

Slabs are covered with polyethylene film. Concrete is not watered at temperatures below plus 5 ° C.

4.1.7 Safety precautions

The framework consists of three types of work: formwork, reinforcement and concrete.

Work on the installation and dismantling of the formwork on the construction site is carried out in strict accordance with SNiP Sh-4-80 * "Safety in construction."

Only employees who have reached the age of 18 who have attended safety training and passed the appropriate exams are allowed to work. The formwork shall be accessible to persons who are familiar with its design and the project of work on the object under construction.

When handling formwork, use helmets, work gloves, work shoes and suitable work clothes.

Large-sized panels and formwork blocks assembled from small boards must be installed using a crane in accordance with the following rules: the installed elements must be securely attached;

It is allowed to release the installed element from the hook of the lifting mechanism after fixing the element with permanent or temporary connections to check the reliability of their attachments;

workers are strictly forbidden to be on panels, formwork units, cantilever and hinged scaffolding during their movement by lifting mechanisms;

it is forbidden to find people under mounted elements.

When operating at a height of more than 1.5 m (if it is impossible to arrange fences), workers are equipped with safety belts with carbines and places of reliable fixation of the chain or cable of the safety belt are indicated .

Flooring of scaffolding and ladders located above 1.1 m from the ground level or floor is equipped with a railing with a height of at least 1.0 m, consisting of horizontal railings with a section of 150 x 35 mm and a board with a height of at least 150 mm. The side boards should be installed on the flooring, and the railing elements should be attached to the struts from the inside.

Scaffolding and side protection (board and railings) shall be in perfect condition (not rotten, not shaky or damaged). Scaffold flooring should not swing and tilt.

The state of scaffold structures, including their joints, fasteners and fences, must be systematically monitored. Scaffold status should be checked daily before the start of the shift by the master who manages the relevant work area on the site.

Storage of materials and cargo on scaffolding is strictly prohibited. Carrying capacity of cantilever hinged scaffolding is not more than 150 kgf/m2 of flooring. It is allowed to be on cantilever scaffolding not more than 2 working ones at the same time.

Disassembly of formwork begins only with the permission of the work manufacturer or foreman. Before disassembling the formwork, the construction laboratory must check the strength of the concrete. Inspection and piercing must ensure that there are no cracks and other defects that can cause unacceptable deflections or collapse of the structure when the formwork is removed.

At high wind speed more than 12 m/s it is necessary to additionally provide for attachment of separate formwork panels with adjustable struts against overturning.

Preparation and application of any lubricants on the surface of the formwork must be carried out in compliance with all sanitary and safety requirements, since many lubricants based on petroleum, nigrol, autol, solar oil cause irritation to the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, and have a harmful effect on the skin of the hands.

Valves are stored in specially designated places (canopies), end parts of valves in places of common passages are covered with shields.

Special devices are used to cut reinforcement.

Badges for concrete mix are taken in accordance with GOST 2180776. The badges move only with the shutter closed.

Concrete unloading from the bucket is carried out from a height of not more than 1 m.

When compacting the concrete mixture with electric vibrators, they are moved behind special handles. In case of interruptions in operation or transitions from one place to another, vibrators are de-energized.

4.1.9 Technical and economic indicators

Duration of work in days:

Total capacity: 674.51 people-days

35.24 machine men.

Labor intensity per unit of production: 0.54 people - day ./m3.

Production of workers: 1.8 m3/person-day .

4.2. Job Instruction for the device of thermal insulation of the external walls of the building according to the RADEX system.

4.2.1.Application area

In the diploma project, the technological map was developed for the device of thermal insulation of the building with external walls made of piece materials according to the technology of the research and production company RADEX using modified dry mixtures, based on the supplement to the manual 2.04.02-96 to SNiP 3.03.0187 "Temporary recommendations. Design and execution of works on thermal protection of external walls of buildings and structures. "RADEX" system. "

Protection of the external walls of buildings and structures according to the RADEX system is a universal heat insulation system and serves for insulation and decoration of facades above zero elevation, provides effective protection against both low and high temperatures. It is based on the use of adhesive-spinning and decorative-protective compositions developed in the State Enterprise "BelNIIS" of the Ministry of Architecture and Construction. The complete supply of materials is carried out by NPF RADEX. Replacing individual components is not allowed.

Works on the installation of insulation of external walls according to the RADEX system are allowed at ambient temperature from + 50С to + 250С.

The works considered by the Job Instruction include:

installation of basement plates;

gluing heat insulating polystyrene foam plates;

mechanical attachment of plates;

reinforcing the surface of the glass with a mesh;

protection of angles and slopes;

decorative and protective finish of facade surface.

Organization of construction production

5.1. Methods of works execution.

The fundamental principle in choosing the form of work is to minimize both the cost of the individual process and the total cost of construction products. In particular, this is achieved due to the rational spatial and temporary use of labor and other types of resources with the pursuit of the maximum possible quality of the final product, under limiting conditions for a particular object.

Earthworks are carried out with maximum mechanization: Cutting of the plant layer and planning of the construction site is carried out using the bulldozer DZ82, soil development in the pits is carried out by the excavator EO5123 with the grapher V-0.25 m3 in the dump.

Works carried out with the participation of the installation crane are carried out in one, two and three shifts in such a sequence as to maximize the use of this machine without any interruptions in its work on the construction site .

Installation is performed by two cranes. For the construction of foundations and the erection of the above-ground part of the building, the DEK251 crane is used, and for the construction of the monolithic framework, the KB408 crane is used.

Trucks are used to deliver materials, products and semi-finished products:

- MAZ-543208-020 - 2 pcs.

- MAZ-642208-020 - 3 pcs.

Plastering is carried out using plaster station USHOS4.

In general, the construction of the building is planned in three cycles, each of which consists of a certain complex of work.

The first cycle is "zero level," the construction of the underground part of the building. The leading processes are the construction of a "wall in the ground" and monolithic foundations for the columns.

The second cycle is the construction of the underground part of the building. The leading process is the construction of a monolithic frame.

The third cycle is the production of finishing work.

Main technical and economic indicators of the construction plan

1. Area of the construction site - 13650m2

2. Area occupied by temporary buildings - 327.5m2

3. Warehouses - 188m2

4. Length of roads

temporary - 780m

5. Length of mains

a). constant - 68m

b). temporary - 605m

6. Length of water supply network

a). constant - 25 m

b). temporary - 150m

7. Length of fence - 650m

8. Building factor - 0.329

9. Territory utilization rate - 0.56

Dispatching communication

Dispatch communication is a set of organizational and technological measures developed for the construction master plan in a mandatory manner, aimed at ensuring the reception and transfer of information necessary for operational interaction both within the construction organization itself and in the system of organizations involved in the creation of construction products.

Dispatching ensures the efficiency of the use of construction machines and vehicles, improves the quality of products, improves working conditions and safety, raises the culture of production, labor productivity, reduces the construction time and, in general, increases sensitivity, flexibility, both in the private and, in general, the entire system of the construction industry.

The construction site houses a control room equipped with dispatch telephone communications, hands-free production communications, radio communications with automobile radio stations and a complex of special automatic equipment for the prompt transmission, receipt, processing, sorting and storage of any type of information.

Occupational safety measures

When developing the construction master plan, measures are designed to ensure the safe production of construction and installation works and improve working conditions; lighting of the construction site; fencing of the territory of the construction site and hazardous areas of lifting mechanisms; creating conditions that exclude the danger of electric shock; placing signs and signs of traffic safety and all others; organization of sanitary services for workers during the construction period.

Environmental protection requirements

Construction production has a significant impact on the environment.

Conservation activities should be carried out in the following main areas: reduction of air pollution, noise control, protection and rational use of water resources, land and soil.

The following activities are most accessible:

- setting of clear dimensions and boundaries of the construction site

- preservation of the soil cover existing in the construction area

- prohibition of use of trees for suspension of electric cables, lamps

- rational placement of temporary buildings

- exclusion of unorganized movement of construction equipment and transport bypassing roads

- Elimination of open storage, loading and transportation of dusty and low-strength materials by the use of containers and special vehicles

- transportation of commercial concrete mixtures and mortars in sealed containers

- stop of internal combustion engines in case of interruptions in operation

- elimination of burial into soil and incineration of waste and remnants of construction materials at the construction site

- completion of construction by cleaning and landscaping with restoration of vegetation cover

- when disassembling the building, the garbage must be lowered to the ground by sleeves, which excludes the spread of dust and scattering of waste in the territory of the construction site.

Construction economy

6.1 Estimated rationing

Budget documentation is the component of the design and estimate documentation on construction of the facility representing its monetary value defined according to the technical solutions made in the project, consisting of local estimates (local budget calculations, resursnosmetny calculations), object estimates (object budget calculations), summary estimates of cost of construction, the list of expenses, the sheet of estimated cost of construction of facilities entering a start-up complex, sheets of volumes and cost of works;

In accordance with the Instruction on Determination of Estimated Cost of Construction and Preparation of Estimated Documentation dated June 30, 2008. No. 32, Republic of Belarus operating on the basis of the Resolution of the Ministry of Architecture 03.12.2007 No. 25 [7] for determination of estimated cost of construction at different design stages is formed the following budget documentation: at a stage of justification of investment into construction the development of budget documentation is made on the basis of a databank of objects analogs, Consolidated cost standards in prices as of January 1, 2006, and in their absence - with the application of resource-specific norms, in the following composition:

- local estimated calculations;

- object estimated calculations;

- consolidated estimate of construction cost.

The composition and scope of the estimated documentation at different stages of the design may be specified in the contract for the performance of design works.

All types of estimated documentation are developed according to certain rules established by the relevant instructions for the development of projects and estimates. These instructions are developed by the Ministry of Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Belarus.

The estimated cost of construction is the cost of construction in general, individual objects, types of work and costs, determined in the estimated documentation.

The estimated cost is developed in 2 levels: basic and current.

According to [7], in the base price level, the estimated cost of construction is determined on the basis of estimates of objects taken as analogues, enlarged estimated cost standards, resource standards and other standards approved by public administration bodies in accordance with their competence.

The basis for determining the estimated cost of construction is:

- customer assignment for development of design and estimate documentation;

- design documentation (defective certificates for construction facilities, for which the development of design documentation is not required);

- decisions taken by the investor, the customer and provided for in the design documentation, including in the section of the project "Construction organization";

- Decisions of public administration bodies;

- regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Belarus on pricing in construction.

Preparation of local estimate No. 1 for civil works, local estimate No. 2 for internal sanitary works, local estimate No. 3 for electrical works, object estimate, as well as consolidated estimate of construction costs is carried out in strict accordance with Instruction [7].

6.1.1 Preparation of local estimates

Local Cost Estimate is the primary cost estimate document that is used to estimate the cost of individual activities and construction costs.

Local estimates are made for individual activities and costs.

Local estimates shall be prepared according to the form in accordance with Appendix 1 to [7] for individual types of works and costs based on the quantities determined during the development of design documentation .

Local estimated calculations shall be made according to the form in accordance with Appendix 1 to this Instruction for certain types of work and costs, when the scope of work and cost dimensions have not been determined and are subject to clarification on the basis of design documentation.

The scope of work during the preparation of local estimates is determined on the basis of the design documentation or on the basis of the work inventory (defect report) in accordance with the estimated norms and rules for counting the scope of work.

Direct costs are determined according to resource-specific standards (PCN) [1] for construction structures and works. The cost of materials not accounted for in direct costs is determined according to [2].

The labor intensity of the work in the local estimate is defined as the sum of the costs in man-hours recorded in the direct costs of construction, installation and plumbing, and the labor intensity recorded in overhead costs.

Labor costs recorded by RSN are determined according to the norms taking into account the labor costs of workers and machinists and the volumes of works performed.

The estimated cost, determined according to local estimates, includes the main wages of workers, the cost of operating construction machines and mechanisms, which includes the salaries of drivers, the cost of materials, products and structures, which includes the transportation costs for their delivery, the cost of equipment, furniture, inventory, overhead costs and planned savings.

Overhead expenses include: expenses for the maintenance of administrative, technical and maintenance personnel; deductions for the maintenance of higher organizations; travel, postal, telegraph and other business expenses; all types of supplementary wages; social insurance contributions; sanitation and domestic services costs; expenses for organization of works (wear and tear of temporary structures, equipment, accessories), maintenance of project teams at sites, testing of materials, handover of works, etc.

Planned savings - the planned profit of construction organizations, used for their development and improvement. Price tags or resource standards are used to compile estimates. The norm determines the cost of a unit of work (1m3 of concrete; 1m2 plaster; 1 pc. Trusses; one set of windows and doors) in rubles.

In the diploma project, the local estimate No. 1.1 and No. 1.2 for civil works was made using the CIC computer program.

Local estimates for internal sanitary and technical (local estimate No. 2), internal electrical installation (local estimate No. 3) and for the purchase and installation of equipment (local estimate No. 4) are compiled according to the consolidated indicators.

Local estimates are located in the appendix to the diploma project.

6.1.2 Preparation of the object estimate

After drawing up local estimates, object estimates are drawn up on their basis, which are designed to determine the cost of building a particular facility.

An object estimate is an estimated document for an object that combines data from local estimates.

Object estimates include total values from local estimates (local budget calculations, resursnosmetny calculations) and contain cost indexes: salary, operation of machines and mechanisms, including salary of drivers, materials, products, designs, including transport expenses, overhead costs, planned savings, equipment, furniture, stock, other expenses, all.

Object estimates in their composition combine data from local estimates as a whole. The object estimates in their composition combine the data of local estimates and local estimates as a whole and are subject to clarification at the construction project stage.

The object estimate is located in the appendix to the diploma project.

6.1.3 Compile consolidated cost estimate

constructions

The combined estimated calculation characterizes capital investments for the construction of the complex as a whole. It is based on object estimates and local estimates and special estimates.

The summary estimate of cost of construction is formed on the basis of object estimates (object budget calculations), local estimates (local budget calculations, resursnosmetny calculations) and budget calculations on separate types of expenses in a form according to appendix 6 to the Instruction [7] and is the main document determining the construction cost.

The summary estimate contains the following chapters:

- Chapter 1 - "Preparation of construction area";

- Chapter 2 - Main Production Objects;

- Chapter 3 - "Auxiliary Production Service Facilities";

- Chapter 4 - "Energy facilities";

- Chapter 5 - "Transport facilities and communications";

- Chapter 6 - "External networks and structures of water supply, sewerage, heat and gasification";

- Chapter 7 - "Improvement of the territory";

- Chapter 8 - "Temporary buildings and structures";

- Chapter 9 - "Other works and costs";

- Chapter 10 - "Maintenance of the Directorate of the enterprise under construction";

- Chapter 11 - "Training of operational personnel";

- Chapter 12 - "Design and survey works."

In the chapters of the consolidated estimate calculation, the estimated cost of individual objects and types of work, defined in the object estimate, is given as a separate line with distribution by columns (wages, costs for the operation of construction machines and mechanisms, costs of materials, overhead costs, planned savings, cost of equipment, other costs, total cost). A separate column gives the normative labor intensity of the work.

The summary estimate of construction costs shows the totals for each chapter and the totals for chapters 17, 1-8, 19, 1-12. A separate line for chapters 112 of the consolidated cost estimate provides a provision for unforeseen work and costs. Once the contingency and cost reserve has been accrued, the total is shown in the following Summary Cost Estimate Total entry.

The consolidated estimated calculation of the construction cost ends with the line "Total for approval."

The total estimated cost of construction is located in the appendix to the diploma project.

6.1.4 Preparation of the certificate of acceptance of completed

construction and installation works

The certificate of acceptance of the completed construction and installation works is drawn up after all the works on the object estimate have been carried out, when the object is put into operation in order to determine the cost of the work performed on the basis of Chapters 1-7 of the SSR.

The certificate of acceptance of the completed construction and installation works is located in the appendix to the diploma project.

The cost of the work performed is then calculated at current prices, taking into account the value change indices, which is also located in the appendix to the diploma project.

Protection of the population and facilities from emergency situations

8.1 Emergency situations specific to the designed facility

The designed object is a five-story residential building with a monolithic frame - in Minsk.

The most polluted zones include primarily the Zavodskaya and Partizansky districts, the Shabany microdistrict, as well as individual sections of the Oktyabrsky district and the city center. More than 35% of the territory of Minsk is in an "unfavorable" zone. It covers the center, south and southeast of the city, expanding southward into the metropolitan suburbs.

The quality of atmospheric air in cities and their zones of influence depends primarily on the quantity and quality of pollutants emitted by various sources, their mutual location and meteorological conditions of the terrain.

The high industrial potential of Minsk (more than 200 enterprises polluting the atmosphere) and the highly developed transport network (pollution from vehicles make up more than 60% of the total emissions) with a high population density create environmental tension in the city.

In Minsk, more than 50 enterprises with air pollution emissions of more than 100 tons per year, and they differ in the number of air pollutants emissions per 200 or more times. Extremely dangerous are TEC4, MAZ and MTZ, whose emissions can reach 10,000 tons per year, which is two orders of magnitude higher than accepted for the maximum permissible in the United States.

CHPP-4 operates on fuel oil and natural gas. Its emissions are dominated by sulphur dioxide (52.3 per cent), nitrogen oxides (37.3 per cent) and carbon monoxide (9.7 per cent). Solid dust particles - 0.7%. Located CHP-4 west of the city behind the ring road. Given the predominance of western air transport in the Minsk region (south-west, west and north-west winds make up 50% of the annual wind structure), the location of the most dangerous source of atmospheric air pollution west of the city must be recognized as extremely unsuccessful. The overconcentration of the city's heating capacity at this enterprise is also dangerous: it provides about 70% of the city with thermal energy and hot water. In the event of an accident in winter and the failure of the CHP-4, the city will actually be paralyzed.

Carbon monoxide (62.8%), particulate matter (10.7%), xylene (9.4%), toluene (5%) predominate in MAZ emission patterns. The main sources of emissions at the enterprise are foundry, blacksmith, thermal, electroplating, welding and painting. The structure of MTZ emissions is similar to that of MAZ:

carbon monoxide - 61%,

solid dust particles - 17.3%,

solvent - 11.7%.

The share of these three enterprises in the pollution of the city's air environment is more than 20%.

Enterprises with a potential emission of 10,000 to 1,000 tons per year are at serious risk. These are: TETs3, Minsk Heating Equipment Plant, boiler houses of the Ministry of Teploset Software, Ministry of Construction Materials Software, refrigerator plant, engine plant and CHP-2. The share of these enterprises in urban air pollution is more than 10%. At TPP-2 and TPP-3, where gas is used as fuel, nitrogen dioxide predominates in emissions to the atmosphere. On the boiler houses of the Ministry of Thermal Energy, where more fuel oil is used, the share of sulfur dioxide is higher. A special emission structure differs from the refrigerator plant, where xylene (35.6%) and toluene (10.9%) predominate in pollutants.

More than half of carbon monoxide emitted by Minsk enterprises is produced by MTZ and MAZ. Significant suppliers of this pollutant to the atmospheric air are also the heating equipment plant, the building materials plant and the Ministry of Construction Materials software, CHPP-3 and TETS4, motor and bearing plants, and the gear plant. In the area of ​ ​ the tractor plant, where a significant number of enterprises with large volumes of carbon monoxide emissions are concentrated (MTZ, TEC 3, engine and bearing plants, gear plant), the highest concentrations of this pollutant are recorded in the atmospheric air.

The effect of solid dust particles on humans and the natural environment is determined primarily by their chemical composition. For example, in dust emissions from the construction industry, heavy metal concentrations are relatively small. On the contrary, the concentrations of metals in the dust of machine-building plants are very significant and can be several orders of magnitude higher than their content in background soils.

Sources of dust emissions are mainly located in the eastern, south-eastern and south-western sectors of the city and in its central part. The main suppliers of dust to the atmosphere of the city are MTZ, MAZ, a heating equipment plant, road-bridge construction department No. 5, a gypsum and gypsum products plant, and an experimental plant for the processing of household waste. The most dusty air in the area of ​ ​ the automobile plant (about 2 times compared to the rest ).

In the event of accidents at industrial enterprises, SDS, flooding, etc., may be released. Natural and man-made emergencies. At the same time, along with emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, wastewater discharges and waste generation - classic sources of pollution, industrial chemicals are of particular concern, which are widely produced and used in various sectors of the economy. On the one hand, technological progress is impossible without them, on the other hand, the consequences of their use are usually manifested only after decades.

The most likely emergencies in the area where the facility is located:

- Man-made emergencies:

* sudden collapse of buildings.

* Accidents on electrical systems, utility life support systems.

* Fires, explosions

Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, facilities associated with the work with biological means, with the release of harmful products of their activities.

- Natural emergencies:

- Meteorological hazards:

* Rain if the rainfall is 50 mm or more for 12 hours and less than or more than 150 mm or more for 2 - 3 days;

heavy snowfall if rainfall is 20 cm or more in 12 hours or less;

* large hail (diameter of 20 mm or more);

* strong blizzard, if within 12 hours and more prevailing wind speed 15 m/s and more with snow falling;

* High heat if air temperature reaches + 38 ° C and higher;

- Phenomena of cosmic origin (fall of meteorites, radiation of high intensity).

- Biological emergencies - mass infectious diseases of humans

- Environmental emergency - change of atmosphere (supersaturation of harmful substances in gaseous and aerosol state, change of composition, thickness of ozone layer).

8.2 Emergency prevention measures

One of the tasks of the state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies, civil society is the organization and conduct of emergency rescue and other urgent work.

Rescue operations include:

exploration of traffic routes of formations and sections of upcoming work;

localization and extinguishing of fires on the way of the formations to the work areas;

search for the injured and remove them from the rubble, damaged and burning buildings, gassed, smoke and flooded premises;

air supply to littered protective structures with damaged ventilation;

opening of destroyed, damaged and littered protective structures, rescue of people in them;

providing first aid to victims and evacuating them to medical institutions;

withdrawal (removal) of the population from dangerous places to safe areas;

sanitary treatment of people, decontamination of clothing, territory, structures, equipment, water and food.

Other urgent activities include:

construction of roads and passageways in rubble and contaminated areas;

localization of accidents on utility and technological networks;

installation of dams in case of flooding;

strengthening or collapse of structures of buildings (structures) threatening to collapse on the ways of movement to the work areas.

When conducting rescue operations in the centers of defeats formed as a result of military operations, the following are additionally carried out:

detection, disposal and destruction of unexploded ordnance in conventional equipment;

repair and restoration of damaged protective structures.

At the same time, such work can be carried out:

sanitary cleaning of the lesion;

collection of material assets;

Nutrition for the population in need;

the disposal of contaminated food and other efforts to prevent epidemics.

Exploration of traffic routes of formations and sections of upcoming work is carried out by the GO headquarters in the interests of obtaining data on

the situation at the approaches and in the centers of damage, areas of natural disasters, accidents to decide on the successful implementation of emergency rescue and other urgent work .

Localization and extinguishing of fires on the routes of extension to the lesions are carried out by fire protection services with special machines. Some fires can be eliminated by other fire formations with the help of the population using improvised means.

During the extinguishing of the fire, the main attention is paid to the rescue of people who find themselves in its center.

The fire area is under the control of the commandant's service, which organizes cordon, regulates traffic on evacuation routes and entry routes to extinguish the fire .

The passage to the lesions is laid in all possible ways: by pulling, clearing rubble, by the device of passage along the top of the rubble using the simplest and most complex lifting means, fittings cutting means, explosion.

Before the start of work, the formation commander determines the most expedient methods and methods of their implementation, the procedure for using mechanization tools, the places of their deployment, the procedure for using protective equipment, security measures, etc.

The search for the injured, their removal from the rubble, damaged and burning buildings, gassed, smoke and flooded rooms is carried out by shouting people, through their groans and screams, by piercing, using thermal vision cameras, vibrophones, specially trained dogs. The search for people is conducted starting from the most likely places of their location: basements, niches, various road structures (pipes, cuvettes), lower floors of buildings, etc.

Air supply to the littered protective structure with damaged ventilation system is carried out by means of compressor through hose introduced inside the structure. A hole is made for him with pneumo, an electroperforator, a bump hammer.

When opening littered protective structures and saving the people in them, the location of the structure is studied, it is evaluated what dangerous factors must be eliminated first (flooding, gas leakage, the threat of collapse, etc.), how, what forces and means can eliminate these factors, and then issues are resolved how to perform the targeted work.

People who open protective structures are supplied with lifting, earth-moving equipment, electro and gas welders, fire extinguishers, mechanical, pneumatic manual tools. If it is not possible to use certain means of mechanization, then the work is carried out manually.

The extraction of people from the structure is carried out using stairs, ropes, tarpaulin and other means.

The rescue of people from destroyed, partially destroyed burning buildings is carried out by their evacuation through window openings, balconies, preserved entrances using the same stairs, ropes, tarpaulin. The work is usually carried out by groups of 3-5 people. These works are carried out by rescue formations in cooperation with medical, fire and other formations. Near gasified buildings, it is forbidden to light matches, use a tool that gives sparks. Works, especially those related to lowering into wells, are carried out using appropriate means of protection and the application of insurance.

Evacuation of the population is carried out at natural disasters, accidents, major accidents. It is carried out after receiving the corresponding order. Evacuation of people is carried out according to the territorial principle.

When declaring an emergency, the entire population must be provided with personal protective equipment. Personnel of formations, workers and employees receive personal protective equipment at their facilities.

The notification is organized in all management units with the aim of timely readiness of civil defense, warning the authorities and the public about emergency situations. To do this, an alert system is created in advance.

The most important requirement for the warning system is to ensure the transmission and reception of signals and instructions in a minimum short time. Notification processes are automated to reduce transmission times.

An alert signal is a conditional signal that is a team for carrying out certain activities by headquarters, military units and non-militarized GO formations and the population.

The main means of alerting the population in an emergency, both peaceful and wartime, is now the transmission of voice information using State radio, television, and wired networks.

Responsibility for the organization of the alert is assigned to the headquarters of the GO .

During evacuation, organized removal or withdrawal from cities and settlements and placement in the suburban zone are carried out. Each enterprise, the institution of the city from which the evacuation is planned, in the suburban zone is assigned a housing area, which, depending on the number of workers and employees and members of their families, may include one or more settlements located nearby.

Areas of resettlement of dispersed workers and employees in the country zone should be located at a distance from the city that would ensure their safety. The evacuated population, not related to production, is located in more remote areas of the suburban zone.

The distribution and evacuation of workers, employees and members of their families is organized and carried out according to the production principle, i.e. through facilities.

Directly organizing and conducting evacuation measures are the chiefs and headquarters of civil defense facilities, and evacuation commissions created in cities. Dispersal and evacuation are organized and carried out after receiving an order to conduct them.

For dispersal and evacuation, all types of public transport that are not engaged in urgent industrial and economic transportation, as well as individual transport, are used.

In emergency situations where there is a shortage of vehicles, the timing of the evacuation of the population outside the areas of possible destruction becomes important. In these cases, a combined method is used that allows evacuation to be carried out as soon as possible. The essence of the combined evacuation method lies in the fact that the mass withdrawal of the population from the city on foot is combined with the export by all modes of available transport.

All work on the organization and conduct of dispersal and evacuation of the population is carried out in accordance with the plan and instructions of the head of the PG facility. An evacuation commission is created to guide the dispersal and evacuation of the population at the facility.

Shelter of the population in protective structures

There are two categories of protective equipment:

- shelters;

- anti-radiation shelters.

When the threat of the use of modern weapons to protect the population, shelters and shelters can be used, erected in a short time from ready-made wooden or residential elements. In shelters, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of people staying for a long period. In this regard, shelters should be equipped with water supply, sewerage, and radio and telephone communications.

Personal protective equipment

They are divided into personal respiratory protective equipment and skin protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment of the respiratory organs of the filtering type - gas masks, respiratory devices. The use of isolating gas masks makes it possible to provide human respiratory organs with clean air, regardless of the composition of the surrounding atmosphere. It is also possible to use watermarking bandages.

Skin protections include:

- rubberized fabric panels;

-combinesions;

- gloves, boots, etc.

The most reliable means of protecting people's respiratory organs are gas masks. They are designed to protect the respiratory organs, face and eyes of a person from harmful impurities in the air. According to the principle of action, all gas masks are divided into filtering (GP5, GP5m, GP4u) and insulating (IP4, IP5, IP46, IP46m).

Under conditions of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological contamination, there is an urgent need to protect the entire human body. By purpose, protective equipment is conditionally divided into special and improvised.

Special skin protectors reliably protect the skin of people from vapors and drops of OW, RV and bacterial agents, completely protect against the effects of alpha particles and attenuate the light radiation of a nuclear explosion. Special means include: light protective suit L1, protective overalls, set of protective filtering clothes.

In a fire, carbon monoxide poisoning is possible, which has the property of connecting to blood hemoglobin 200300 times more actively than oxygen.

The first signs of poisoning: a feeling of gravity in the head, tinnitus, general weakness, nausea and vomiting.

Before the doctor arrives, it is necessary to:

√ - take the victim to fresh air;

√ - eliminate everything that constrains breathing;

√ Ensure that the victim does not fall asleep;

√ - give sniffing of satin alcohol;

√ -when stopping breathing immediately perform artificial breathing ("from mouth to mouth," "from mouth to nose").

When receiving burns, carefully remove clothes and shoes from the victim, you cannot touch the burnt area with your hands or lubricate with ointments or oils.

The burnt surface should be covered with sterilized materials, and put a layer of cotton wool on top and attach everything with a bandage.

Various methods of stopping bleeding are used, for example, applying a tight pressure dressing, a harness, or even a simple finger pressing. To stop bleeding from head wounds, temporal artery is pressed on middle of lower jaw against root tooth.

The provision of first aid is carried out by all victims with their subsequent distribution according to the severity of the condition and the prioritization of the provision of qualified medical care and their evacuation to medical institutions.

The withdrawal (removal) of the population affected from dangerous places to safe places is carried out in the following order. In the areas of emergency rescue and other urgent work, the population affected (affected) are concentrated on special sites or in the premises from where they are evacuated by the transport allocated for this. Preparation of victims for evacuation is organized by the commander of the medical unit. The rest can be sent to safe areas (medical institutions) on foot - in groups with escorts. Special pointers are installed on all output routes.

In the course of emergency rescue and other urgent work, partial sanitary treatment of people, the damage sites themselves is carried out in order to prevent the spread of infection, and decontamination of territories, structures, equipment is carried out only in the interests of ensuring the performance of targeted work.

Complete sanitary treatment of people is carried out after their exit from the lesion. Disinfection in the center of damage of territories, structures is carried out according to a separate plan, equipment - after its exit from the center of damage.

Other urgent work is carried out in order to ensure the conditions for emergency rescue operations, as well as the restoration of the life of the population in the center of damage.

The construction of roads and passages (passages) in rubble and in contaminated areas is primarily carried out to improve access to lesions. At the height of rubble up to 1 m, the construction of roads, driveways is carried out by clearing them to zero elevation, and at a height of more than 1 m - along the top of the rubble.

Localization of accidents on utility and process networks consists in limiting the spread of accidents on water supply and sewerage networks, heat and gas supply networks, electric networks, process pipeline networks (supply of oil, petroleum products, acid, ammonia), etc. The essence of the localization of the accident in these networks is that first of all the destroyed areas are disconnected, and second - the consequences of the destruction of a particular network are eliminated (pumping, drainage of water, oil, execution of measures to prevent fires, explosions, etc.), which poses a danger to the population and rescuers, in the third place, work is carried out to temporarily restore the functioning of networks (closure of leaks, arrangement of time lines, etc.). In the future, a planned restoration of the operation of municipal-energy and technological networks is carried out.

Buildings that threaten to collapse are strengthened or collapsed first on the ways of movement of formations, and subsequently - everywhere. Collapse of buildings is carried out by mechanical or explosive method.

When performing emergency rescue and other urgent work, the territory of cities and districts is divided into sections in which the objects of work are determined. For each object, forces and funds are allocated for the performance of work. In each precinct, a commandant's office is established, which is entrusted with the tasks of maintaining public order; entry and exit regimes; protection of facilities, suppression of looting, registration of evacuated population; registration, identification and organization of burial of the dead.

Emergency rescue and other urgent work is carried out around the clock, in shifts. In addition to GO formations, employees and equipment of facilities, the population, and in peacetime - military units can be involved in their implementation. During the work, material and medical support of the formations is organized. The work is carried out in compliance with security measures .

The change of formations is carried out after the specified time of work or in case of circumstances forcing the change to be carried out before its expiration (obtaining limit doses of radiation, damage, death of part of the formation people, etc.). The shift procedure is established by the senior supervisor. Rescue operations during the shift do not stop. Arriving to replace the formation accept the work site. The commander of the arriving formation clarifies the types, scope of work, radiation, chemical, biological situation, composition and technical condition of mechanization means, etc. The senior during the shift is the commander of the changing formation. Machines, mechanisms, tools remain in place when changing. After the change, the commanders of the formations report to the senior chief, and with his permission the replaced formation decreases to the area of ​ ​ sanitary treatment and restoration of readiness for further action .

In peacetime, the costs associated with emergency rescue and other urgent work are borne by enterprises due to which an accident occurred, and the period for attracting formations should not exceed one month. The duration of this period can be extended by the management of the area.

Emergency rescue and other urgent work is complicated in the centers of radiation, chemical, biological or combined damage. The nature of work in such centers depends on the degree and type of infection, weather conditions, the size of the center, the number of people who find themselves in the center of damage, the availability of their means of protection, preparedness for action in the conditions of infection, etc.

The general rules for emergency rescue and other urgent work in such conditions include:

Conducting the relevant types of exploration;

Identifying the most dangerous damaging factor and taking priority measures to eliminate its impact;

conducting all types of work by specially trained formations, in personal protective equipment, with strict compliance with safety measures, including taking into account the duration of stay in protective equipment;

Providing special assistance, evacuation or quarantine treatment to affected persons;

Advocacy;

degassing, decontamination, disinfection of territories, structures, equipment;

sanitary treatment of people taking into account the type of infection.

8.3 Population Protection and First Aid

victims in emergency situations

Protection of people in emergency situations is a set of measures carried out in order to prevent or minimize the defeat of people. The scope and nature of protective measures is determined by the characteristics of the relevant facilities.

Three main methods of protection are used:

- Temporary resettlement in safe areas;

- shelter of the population in protective structures;

- The use of individual means of protection by the population.

Evacuation of people.

It is carried out at natural disasters, accidents, major accidents. It is carried out after receiving an appropriate order. Evacuation of people is carried out according to the territorial principle, i.e. house administrations, housing and communal services, etc. Evacuation of the population is carried out in the event of radiation or biological pollution of the territory, or military operations.

Shelter of the population in protective structures.

There are two categories of protective equipment:

1. shelters that protect modern means of mass destruction from all the striking factors;

2. anti-radiation shelters (PRUs) protecting against ionizing radiation and partially against other damaging factors.

When the threat of the use of modern weapons to protect the population, shelters and shelters can be used, erected in a short time from ready-made wooden or residential elements.

In shelters, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of people staying for a long period. In this regard, shelters should be equipped with water supply, sewerage, radio and telephone communications.

All modes of transport are used to evacuate workers and employees. Some workers can be evacuated on foot.

Workers and employees are notified of the beginning of the evacuation through television and radio broadcasting. Notified people must take documents, money, personal belongings in a certain amount and at a specified time come to the assembly evacuation center, where it is necessary to register. At the evacuation center, groups are formed to send workers to existing shelters and closed structures, anti-radiation shelters. At the appointed time, workers go to landing points for transport and leave. A head with a management group is appointed for each convoy of cars, and a senior one for each car. During the evacuation, medical and communal services are organized.

Personal protective equipment is divided into personal respiratory protection equipment (PPE) and skin protection equipment. SISOD includes filtering, including respiratory, and insulating gas masks.

Filtering gas masks are designed to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and face of a person from VO, radioactive dust, biological aerosols and other harmful substances.

Today, the population, structures of the State Emergency Service, civil defense are provided by gas masks of the GP5, GP-5M brand (have an intercom), GP7, GP-7V brand (have a device that allows you to receive water in an infected area).

Skin protections are designed to prevent the ingress of UHL, OH on the skin. They are divided into insulating (cloaks, suits, overalls made of impermeable material) and filtering (suits, overalls made of ordinary material impregnated with chemical compositions for neutralization or sorption of SDAB, OW vapors). Conventional clothing and footwear can be used to protect against SDAB. When using ordinary clothes, you need to fasten it, tie the sleeves and trousers with braid, lift the collar and tie it with a scarf.

Medical remedies:

individual first aid kit;

individual anti-chemical package;

individual dressing bag.

Individual AI-2 kit is designed to provide self-service

and mutual assistance in case of wounds or burns, as well as for prevention and attenuation of the action of CDS, CS, BS and ionizing radiation.

Nature protection

The natural environment is constantly changing as a result of natural processes and human activities. At present, the general aspects of nature conservation are:

-technical and economic related to depletion and development of natural resources (energy resources, minerals, fresh water reserves, etc.);

-ecological, related to environmental pollution and disruption of biological balance;

-social-political, determined by the possibility of solving the problem only by collective efforts, the efforts of all mankind;

-architectural, associated with the organization of the living environment;

-estetic, dictated to society by cultural needs.

Construction has a significant impact on the environment, air, water and biological resources.

The main sources of pollution include:

-shum from transport;

- artificial physical fields (vibration, electromagnetic, temperature);

- emissions of industrial enterprises of harmful gases and wastes;

- wastes from processing of minerals.

When organizing construction production, it is necessary to carry out measures and works to protect the natural environment, which should include land reclamation, preventing the loss of natural resources, cleaning or preventing harmful emissions into the soil, reservoirs and atmosphere.

During construction it is necessary to perform the following special measures:

- establish clear dimensions and boundaries of the construction site;

- preserve existing on the territory of the construction site wood-shrub vegetation and grass cover by performing in preparation for the construction of a transfer for use in other places or here after the completion of the main work.

-assign elevations at vertical layout should be based on conditions of maximum preservation of natural relief, drainage of surface waters with speeds excluding the possibility of soil erosion. Vertical layout should not lead to landslide and subsidence processes, violation of the groundwater regime and waterlogging of the territory;

- do not use trees for suspension of electric cables, lighting fixtures and nailing of posters and indicators;

- rationally place temporary buildings and structures taking into account existing trees and shrubs;

- storage, loading and transportation of dusty and low-strength materials shall be carried out by the use of containers or special vehicles;

- carry out transportation and storage of commercial concretes and mortars in sealed tanks;

- water release from the construction site directly to the slopes without being protected from erosion is not allowed;

-productive and domestic effluents generated at the construction site shall be cleaned and decontaminated according to the procedure stipulated by the project of work execution;

- engines of internal combustion mechanisms must stop during process and organizational breaks;

- for garbage collection in the building special tubular trays are used;

- install waste bins for household waste;

-It is not allowed to bury waste and residues of construction materials in the soil during planning and incineration at the construction site;

- construction should be completed by high-quality cleaning and landscaping of the territory with restoration of vegetation cover.

Measures should be envisaged to protect the air basin from harmful substances released by transport and construction mechanisms; protection of water supply sources, reservoirs and soil from pollution by industrial, domestic wastewater and waste; reduced levels of noise, vibration and electromagnetic radiation. Land for construction should be selected on non-agricultural land or on agricultural land of inferior quality.

Energy and resource efficiency of the project

10.1 General characteristics of the designed building.

The designed building by its purpose belongs to public buildings.

Class of operating conditions - I (heated building, relative air humidity up to 60%, temperature up to 35 ° С, Table 6.1/2/).

Building responsibility class as per SNiP 2.01.0785 - I, reliability factor - 1; fire resistance according to SNB 2.02.0198 - II, functional fire hazard class according to SNB 2.02.0198 - F1.2.

The space-planning solution of the building was developed in accordance with the requirements of the National Security Council and in accordance with the initial data, general plan decisions and regulatory documents. The building of the residential building is 5 storeys, with an insulated basement .

External load-bearing walls are designed from "Thermocomfort" units, thickness 450mm. Internal walls 120, 280, 300 mm thick - made of brick, and gas silicate blocks .

Construction decisions of the project were made on the basis of the technological features of the task, the master plan with placed buildings and structures, and taking into account the nomenclature of construction products used in the construction region.

Slabs are monolithic reinforced concrete, which are supported by columns.

The roof is flat, made of Isoplast material.

The construction site is located on a territory free from development in the city of Minsk.

On the 1st floor there is a cash center, a hairdresser, a pharmacy, a dairy kitchen.

On 2-5 floors - residential premises.

The appearance of the building, its color solution sets the tone for the entire architecture of the future development .

Conclusion

The diploma project developed the architectural part of a five-story residential building with appropriate drawings and explanations. In the design and construction section, drawings of the column, foundation, slab were made, and the above structures were calculated for strength, stability and rigidity.

In technology of construction production checklists on construction of a monolithic framework, the warming device on the Radex system in which issues of technology and sequence of works, methods, ways and methods of works are resolved are developed, instructions on works, safety measures, to labor protection and safe methods of conducting works are developed and also technical and economic indicators are counted.

According to the organization of construction at the first stage, on the basis of the calculations performed, a network schedule of work was developed and a detailed calendar line schedule for the construction of a residential building was developed according to it, schedules for the movement of workers, machines and mechanisms were built. At the second stage, the construction master plan of the construction site was implemented, during the execution of which the issues of warehousing and placement of materials and structures, temporary and domestic buildings and structures, issues of sewerage, water and power supply were resolved on the territory of the building under construction. During the development of the construction master plan, labor protection measures were developed.

According to the construction economy, on the basis of the list of volumes and costs of civil works, an object estimate was drawn up, a consolidated estimate of the construction cost was made, and a conversion from 2006 prices to current prices was made. Technical and economic indicators of a residential building are calculated.

In the developed section "Labor Protection," issues related to the placement of facilities on the construction master plan, environmental protection, basic fire prevention measures, electrical safety at the construction site, safety and labor protection during slinging of goods were resolved.

In the section "Protection of the population and economic facilities from emergencies," measures are proposed to protect the population in emergency situations.

The section "Energy and resource efficiency of the facility" contains calculations of the total annual energy consumption, specific energy consumption, as well as an energy passport of the facility.

The section "Nature Protection" deals with measures to protect nature during the construction of the facility.