Construction district of Izhevsk. Zero Cycle Work

Contents

1. Source Data

2. Description of the work of the preparatory period

3. Calculation of excavation volumes

4. Design of excavator face and determination of excavator performance

5. Calculation of vehicles for removal of excess soil

6. Selection of machines and mechanisms for earthworks

7. Description of Foundation Works

8. Specification of formwork elements

9. Table of labour intensity of works

10. Description of zero cycle operations in winter time

11. Safety precautions for zero cycle works

12. Calculation of technical and economic indicators

13. List of literature

1. Source Data

Residential building two storeys eight apartment

Construction district of Izhevsk

Soils - loam, soil group II

Ground freezing depth 1.8 m

Underground water at a depth of 3 m

Pit depth 2.3 m

2. Description of the work of the preparatory period

The work of the preparatory period includes:

- geotechnical surveys;

- creation of geodetic basis;

- Clearance and planning of the territory;

- removal of surface and groundwater;

- preparation of the site for construction and its arrangement.

Geotechnical surveys include engineering assessment of soil properties, and their bearing capacity. During the survey, the groundwater level (UHF) is determined, which makes it possible to develop the necessary measures to reduce the UHF at the site and take measures to protect building structures from adverse effects of water during the operation of the building.

Create a geodetic layout. The geodetic network is used to provide all geodetic needs during the construction of the object, for planned and high-altitude justification when taking the project of the building under construction to the terrain. The geodetic base is created in the form of a construction grid of longitudinal and transverse axes of the building, as well as in the form of a red building line.

The breakdown begins according to the geodetic plan of the construction site, on which it is mandatory to bind to the state triangulation network, as well as bind to existing buildings and structures. The location of the grid begins with the leader of the original direction. The vertices of the grid squares are fixed with reverses along the level. The elevation of each construction benchmark shall be obtained from at least two benchmarks of the state or local geodetic network.

The separation of earthen structures begins after clearing the drainage strip of trees, stumps, shrubs and removing the plant layer.

The breakdown is carried out in two phases. The first stage: detailed breakdown of the roadbed, transfer to the terrain of projections of eyebrows, boundaries of earth slopes of embankments, excavations; embroidery is installed in the obtained points of planned breakdown, to which height elements of broken web are transferred by geometric leveling. The second step is to secure detailed splitting by slats beyond the boundary of the diversion lane in order to allow the subsequent restoration of the detailed splitting points in case of their loss on the ground.

The most important laying line is the axis of the structure, which is hung around the area with the help of hangers and fixed on the ground with repers.

Pits for foundations of buildings and structures are divided according to working drawings, where all dimensions are given from the origin, for which the intersection point of the extreme mutually perpendicular axes of the building can be taken. All breakout drawing data is transferred to the footprint.

For detailed fixation of the axes of the building on the terrain, the position of the pit contour is covered with construction lining. The shroud may be solid or discontinuous. Intermittent lining is more convenient, since it does not prevent the movement of machines during operation. Continuous is made along the entire perimeter of the erected building or structure and stands 2 meters from the edge of the pit. The cladding is made in the form of wooden columns clogged into the ground, to which cutting boards with thickness of not less than 40 mm are nailed from the outside. The upper edge of the board must be horizontal and aligned along the leveling line, each board is attached to 3 pillars, the height of the cover is within 50120 cm. The position of the axis on the board is fixed with a nail, to which the wire is pulled. The washer is saved only for the period of erection of the underground part of the building, after which it is transferred to the walls, the washer is removed.

The length of the sides of the main grid figures is 200400 m. And additional - 2040 m.

Clearing and planning of the territory includes transplanting or protecting green spaces, clearing the site from unnecessary trees, shrubs, stumps, boulders, removing a fertile layer of soil, demolishing unnecessary buildings, structures or foundations, disconnecting or transferring existing engineering communications, as well as the initial layout of the building.

Valuable trees and shrubs that prevent construction work are dug up with a coma of land and transplanted in a pre-allotted place. Green spaces that are not subject to demolition or transplant are surrounded by a fence. Separate trees that are not in the construction zone are lined with plank boxes to a height of 2 m. Unnecessary trees are sawn together using mechanical or electric saws or using a tractor. Tractors roll trees with a diameter of up to 20 cm, capture them with a cable at a height of 1-3 m. Trees with a diameter of 2025 cm are bulldozed with a high-raised dump, or sawn at a height of 2030 cm from ground level, and the stumps are then cowed with corcheval equipment based on the tractor. The roots with a diameter of more than 30 cm before rooting are cut with a ripper or bulldozer on one or more sides. For massive stumps, with a highly developed root system, as well as in frozen soils, the directional action of an explosive wave is used.

Immediately after stumps rooting remains of roots are selected from soil by means of parallel passages of roosters on the basis of tractor. Selected roots and remains of trees after sawing are burned or taken out. Shrubs are cut with roots by bulldozer or bush cutter. Large boulders are loaded into transport if they are placed in an excavator bucket, or previously crushed by an explosive method.

Fertile soil layer of calculated thickness (530 cm) is cut by bulldozer or auto grader and transported for further improvement and landscaping of the site.

Communication lines or power lines, underground communications and other structures that impede the performance of work on the construction site are transferred or moved to the places determined by the project, under the supervision of specialists of the relevant organizations.

Pre-planning of the site is carried out after all previous works and before the start of the excavation cycle. It is carried out using earth-moving vehicles.

Preparation of the site for construction includes the construction of temporary roads and entrances on the construction site, the laying of temporary communications, the construction of parking lots for machines, the fencing of the construction site, the construction of a temporary camp of builders.

The existing road network shall be used as much as possible during the road site. The roads on the construction site shall be double-sided (width 6 m), and one-way only in case of a circular scheme (width 3.3 m). Minimum radius of rounding of roads is 15 m, width of shoulders is not less than 1 m.

When laying roads in the excavation of the site, it is necessary to arrange cuvettes for water runoff with a slope of at least 0.3%. The maximum slope of the roadway on the construction site is not more than 8%.

8. Specification of formwork elements

The formwork set includes metal shields and connecting elements that allow you to erect the formwork manually.

Formwork for tape foundation is arranged in the following sequence:

• installation and fixation of foundation pad formwork panels by means of clamping clamps and mounting corners;

• fasten the brakes to the panels of the lower formwork box with the help of tension hooks;

• connecting the contractions with wedge clamps;

• draw the assembled box strictly along the axes and attach the formwork of the foundation pad with metal pins to the base;

• apply hairlines on the ribs of the lower box shields, fixing the position of the basement wall shields; then, moving away from the hairlines by a distance equal to the thickness of the shield, supporting support beams are installed, which are fixed with the help of strubcins;

• installation of formwork panels of basement walls on supporting beams, after installation of several panels with a total length of 2-3 m, fights are attached to them;

• formwork panels are fixed in vertical position by means of braces.

One row of fights is taken to the height of the shield up to 600 mm. For 2 linear meters, 1 brace is taken. For each shield with an area of ​ ​ 1 m2, there are 10 spring clamps and 4 hooks .