PPR for gas pipeline laying - heading

Contents

Content of explanatory note calculation

Title

Task

Contents

Introduction

1. General Section

1.1 Characteristics of the object under construction

2. Calculation and processing section

2.1 Organization of construction works

2.2 Substantiation of trench shapes and dimensions

2.3 Selection of the master mechanism and calculation of the scope of work

2.4 Calculation of labour intensity of works and determination of crew composition

2.5 Selection and justification of construction machines and mechanisms

2.6 Selection of materials for construction of gas pipelines

2.7 Selection of method of works execution

2.8 Description of Construction Plan

2.9 Description of Job Instruction for Operation Type

2.10 Feasibility Study

3. Labor protection, safety measures, fire protection at works

4. Environmental protection, land reclamation

List of used literature

There are high expectations for natural gas as the cheapest high-ecologic fuel in preparation for the transition to the wider use of alternative unconventional types of electricity (wind, sun, tidal, internal heat of the earth). In addition, in Russia there are huge reserves of this type of fuel. That is why a thorough analysis of the gas industry is needed, as one of the most important industries for the Russian economy

The second half of the twentieth century. characterized by creation and stormy

development of the gas and gas industry in Russia. In the prewar years, small gas

deposits were opened in the Volga region, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in the North Caucasus. During the Great Patriotic War, gas fields were discovered in the Saratov and Kuibyshev regions. The Yelshano Kurdyumskoye field in the Saratov region became the base for the Saratov Moscow gas pipeline, which entered service in August 1947. In the North Caucasus in 1959, a large North Stavropol-type Pelagiadinsky gas field was discovered, from which gas began to flow to Moscow in 1965. In 1953, the gas content of Western Siberia was established, and the discovery of such unique gas fields in the northern regions of Western Siberia as Urengoyskoye (1966), Medvezhye (1967),

Yamburg (1969) and a number of others, allowed to organize construction

large-diameter multi-line gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the Urals, the center and west of Russia, and then to European countries.

At the same time, geological exploration work in other regions of the country revealed such large gas and gas condensate deposits (1966) in the UralPovolzhye, Yuzhno-Soleninskoye (1969) and

Severo-Soleninskoye (1971) in the Norilsk region, a number of deposits (Leningradskoye, Maykopskoye, etc.) in the Krasnodar Territory.

In Russia, 786 deposits have now been identified,

351 fields with explored gas reserves of 21 trillion m3, or 44.8% of Russian reserves, are involved in the development, 66 fields with reserves of 17.8 trillion m3 (38%) are prepared for industrial development, 200 fields with reserves of 7.9 trillion m3 (16.8%) are developed and 169 fields with reserves of 0.9 trillion m3, or 0.4% are in conservation. Of the total gas reserves explored, only 13 trillion m3 are highly effective.

OAO Gazprom today is:

- 23% of the world and 93% of Russian gas production;

- 150 thousand km of main gas pipelines;

- 251 compressor stations;

- 22 underground gas storage tanks with an active gas volume of more than 56 billion m3.

Gazprom operates in 79 regions of the Russian Federation

Federation. Gas production at OAO Gazprom in 2000 amounted to 546 billion m3, of which about 90% in Western Siberia. The main deposits are characterized by high production of gas reserves. In Western Siberia: Medvezhe74%, Vyngapurovskoye-69.5%, Urengoy (Cenoman) 54.2%, Yamburg-33.2%; in the European part: Vuktylskoe 81.8%, Orenburg-53.4%.

Gas production by Gazprom to be expected by 2020

be maintained at the level of 530 billion.. m3, in Russia as a whole in 2020 it will reach 680700 billion m3.

General Section

1.1Performance of the object under construction.

According to the task, it is necessary to develop a project for the construction and installation of a section of a low-pressure gas pipeline in the city of Belgorod with a length of 600 m. The instrumentation interval in the city is every 200 m, in the field with a length of 500 m. The gas pipeline is laid from the existing low-pressure gas pipeline.

Underground laying is carried out from PK66 to PK72 within the village of Lipetsk, along the road.

Period of works execution from July 15 to July 23, 2013.

Depth of laying - 1 m.

Soil group - II clay.

Groundwater is at 3.2 m.

The diameter of the pipes is 219 × 6.0 mm, 159 × 4, 5 mm.

To protect the gas pipeline from corrosion, we use very enhanced bitumen-based insulation. Materials and structures used to protect the gas pipeline from corrosion shall comply with the requirements of GOST 9.60205.

Calculation and processing section

2.1 Organization of construction works.

The organization of construction production should ensure the focus of all organizational, technical and technological solutions on the achievement of the final result - the commissioning of the facility with the necessary quality and on time.

The construction of each facility is allowed to be carried out only on the basis of previously developed decisions on the organization of construction and the technology of work, which should be adopted in the construction organization project and work execution projects. The composition and content of design solutions and documentation in the construction organization project and work execution projects are determined depending on the type of construction and complexity of the construction object in accordance with the instructions of section 3.

The construction of the facility should be organized taking into account the expedient expansion of technological specialization in the performance of construction and installation works, the use in construction of combined organizational forms of management based on a rational combination of industrial and construction production.

When organizing construction production, the following shall be ensured:

coordinated work of all participants in the construction of the facility with coordination of their activities by the general contractor, whose decisions on issues related to the implementation of approved plans and schedules of work are mandatory for all participants, regardless of departmental subordination;

Prior to the commencement of construction and installation works, including preparatory works at the site, the customer is obliged to obtain permission to perform construction and installation works in accordance with the established procedure. Performance of works without the specified permission is prohibited.

Construction shall be carried out in a process sequence in accordance with the schedule (schedule), taking into account the justified combination of certain types of work. Seasonal work (including certain types of preparatory work) should be provided at the most favorable time of the year in accordance with the decisions made in the construction organization project.

It is allowed to start the main work on the construction of the object or its part only after withdrawal in kind of the site (route) for its construction, the installation of the necessary fences of the construction site (security, protective or signal) and the creation of a breakdown geodetic basis. Before the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary to cut and store the soil layer used for land reclamation in specially designated places, vertical planning of the construction site, work on drainage, installation of permanent and temporary on-site roads and engineering networks (sewage, water, heat, power supply, etc.) necessary for the duration of construction and envisaged by construction organization projects and work execution projects.

During the construction of linear facilities (transport and communications, reclamation systems, power lines, etc.) and facilities located at a considerable distance from the places of permanent deployment of construction organizations, as well as, if necessary, concentration of forces to perform certain types of work by specialized organizations at the most important construction sites, should be carried out mainly by mobile construction units equipped with vehicles and mobile vehicles, respectively, (Mobile) Mechanized and Power Devices and Mobile (inventory) buildings of production, warehouse, auxiliary, residential, domestic and public purpose for construction needs.

At each construction site:

maintain a general work log according to the form given in Appendix 1 *, special logs for certain types of work, the list of which is established by the general contractor in agreement with subcontractors and the customer, and a log of author supervision of design organizations (if any);

to draw up certificates of concealed works inspection, intermediate acceptance of critical structures, testing and testing of equipment, systems, networks and devices;

to draw up other production documentation provided for by other construction codes and regulations, and as-built documentation - a set of working drawings with inscriptions on the compliance of works performed in kind with these drawings or made in them in agreement with the design organization changes made by persons responsible for construction and installation works.

2.2 Substantiation of trench shapes and dimensions.

Excavation during the construction of gas pipelines should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3048 of Section SP 42.101, paragraphs 10.12 - 10.76.

Before starting work, it is necessary to determine the shape and dimensions of the trench and pits.

We determine the depth of the trench. It consists of the depth of laying (as assigned), the diameter of the pipe and the thickness of the insulation.

h=1+0,220+0,02;

h=1,24.

Trenches with vertical walls without fixation are allowed to be developed in frozen and in soils of natural humidity with undisturbed structure in the absence of groundwater to the following depth, m:

- in bulk sandy and gravelly soils - not more than 1;

- in sandy loam - not more than 1.25;

- in loams and clays - not more than 1.5.

Since 1.24 < 1.50m, therefore, the trench walls will be vertical.

The width of the trench is according to SP 42.1012003.

If the trenches slope 1: 0.5 and steeper, the minimum trench width can be assumed:

a) in connection of pipes by welding:

- for gas pipelines up to 0.7 m diameter - D + 0.3 m, but not less than 0.7 m;

Shr = 0.220 + 0.02 + 0.3 = 0.54 m;

If the bucket width of a single bucket excavator exceeds the dimensions given earlier, the width of the trench is assumed:

- in sands and sandy loam - K + 0.15 m;

- in clay soils - K + 0.4 m;

- in rock (loose) and frozen soils - K + 0.4 m,

where K is the width of the bucket along the cutting edges.

Shp = 0.6 + 0.4;

Stroke = 1m.

Dimensions of pits for sealing joints in trenches for gas pipelines of all diameters shall be as follows:

- for steel pipes - length 1.0 m, width D + 2 m, depth 0.7 m;

2.3 Selection of the master mechanism and calculation of the scope of work.

When selecting an excavator, the theoretical performance of it is found by the formula:

Psm = ο× V × Number of shifts, m3/shift.

where,

° - conditional speed of excavator movement along the route (80 m per shift).

V - the average volume of soil in this area falls on 1 m trenches.

P = 80 × 1.24 × 1 = 99 m3/shift.

Interchangeable capacity is found according to the formula:

Psm = tcm/Hbp,, m3/shift

where,

tcm = 8h.

Hvr, - time norm for development of 1 m3 in dense condition (II group of soil - 0.045chel/hour)

Psm8/0.045 = 177.77 m3/shift.

Excavator EO2621A.

The capacity of the bucket is 0.25 m3.

The greatest depth of digging is 3 m.

The highest unloading height is 2.2 m.

The largest radius of digging is 5 m.

Engine power - 44 (60) kW (hp)

The weight of the excavator is 5.45 tons.

Output. Since the selected type of excavator has great performance, it suits us.

To calculate the amount of excavation, we determine the dimensions of the cross sections of the trench at characteristic points, which are station boundaries, plus points, and points of change of slope slope.

The length of the design section must not exceed the design station and must be less than 10 m.

The actual amount of excavation work on the long L site is calculated according to the formula:

We determine the qualitative composition by the formula:

K = T/8 * D, where:

T - labour intensity of works per person/hour.

D- installation period as per assignment.

K = 915 .09/( 8 * 9) = 12.71.

We accept a brigade of 13 people.

We apply this formula to each category.

MNT.

K6=68.25/(8*9)=0.94.

We accept the 6th category of 1 person as part of the MNT brigade.

K4=133/(8*9)=1.84.

We accept the 4th category of 2 people as part of the MNT brigade.

K3=247.45/(8*9)=3.44.

We accept the 3rd category of 3 people as part of the MNT brigade.

K2=46.2/(8*9)=0.64.

We accept the 2nd category of 1 person as part of the MNT brigade.

Zemlekop.

K3=246.4/(8*9)=3.42.

We accept 3 category 3 people into the team of diggers.

K2=56.86/(8*9)=0.79.

We accept in the team of diggers 2 category 1 people.

K1=56.86/(8*9)=0.79.

We accept 1 category of 1 person into the team of diggers.

Isolator.

K4=18.69 / (8*9) =0.0.25.

We do not accept the 4th category as part of the team of insulators.

K3=37.38/(8*9)=0.52.

We accept the team of isolators 3 category 1 people.

2.5 Selection and justification of construction machines and mechanisms.

Laying of gas pipeline.

Various types of self-propelled cranes are used during installation works.

We determine the mass of networks according to the directory "Directory of the installer of heating and gas supply networks" Melnikov O.N.

m = 1m of Ø219 × 6.0 mm pipe;

m=31.52.

The mass of the raft is 40 m long = 1261kg.

For stacking we take two car cranes. The weight of the lifting load for one crane is 630.5kg.

KS 1571 crane is suitable for the weight of cargo belonging to 1 crane.

Technical characteristics of the crane.

Width 2400 mm.

Lifting capacity 4 t.

on remote supports 4 t.

without remote supports 1 t.

Length of telescopic boom:

the smallest 6.5 m.

the largest 11 m.

Hook departure is the least:

from rotation axis 3.3m.

from the tipping rib 1.65 m.

Highest hook lifting height:

without boom extension 6.5 m.

with promotion of an arrow of 11 m of Kommersant

Platform surface rotation speed is 0.20.25 rpm.

Let's determine the crane hook departure.

where:

- boom outburst;

- trench width;

- distance from trench brow to pipe;

- width occupied by the wicker;

- distance from pipe to crane;

is the width of the crane.

1/2+1.0+0.24+1+2.4/2=3.94 m.

Wide steel ribbons covered with a thick layer of tape are used to lift the cloth from insulated pipes. The length of the tape is usually four pipe diameters

b) welding equipment.

The main type of connection of steel pipes in the construction of a gas pipeline is welding. For welding of pipes we select a mobile DC electric unit with internal combustion engine ADD304.

Technical characteristics.

Generator

Type GD-306

Current control accessories, A. 60-300

Engine:

Type 1P2-10f

Power, l 22

Unit weight, kg 850

Trailer design.

Safety of gas pipeline operation depends on the accepted welding equipment and quality of welding works.

c) Gas pipeline test equipment.

Gas pipelines are tested for air tightness. To clean inner surface of pipes from scale, gas pipeline is blown with air.

For use and blowdown we accept the compressor unit of Zif VKS6 grade.

Technical characteristics of the compressor unit.

Produces, m3/min. 6-7

Operating pressure, kgf/cm2 7

Number of connected hoses, pcs. 6

Engine type YaAZ-204

Power, hp 112

d) Equipment for insulation of gas pipeline joints.

The UBV-3 bitumen-moving car unit is designed for the preparation of hot bitumen and bitumen mastic.

Technical specifications:

Capacity - 8 m3 per hour.

Heating time - 60 min.

Capacity - 2 m3.

Overall dimensions:

length - 3750 mm; width - 2300 mm; height - 3530 mm.

2.6 Selection of materials for construction of gas pipelines

For the construction of gas pipelines, steel, electric welded straight-joint pipes GOST 10.70491 * are used. We use steel on pipes of grade Vst2Sp2 GOST 38094 containing not more than 0.25% carbon, not more than 0.05% sulfur and not more than 0.04% phosphorus .

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 42012002, the project uses electric welded steel pipes, straight-joint diameters of 530 × 8.0 mm. and 480 × 7, 0mm.

Pipes shall have manufacturer's certificates or copies thereof certified by the owner of the certificate. The use of non-certified pipes is permitted only after chemical analysis and mechanical testing of samples. Steel pipe welds shall be equal to the pipe base metal.

Pipes welded by manual electric welding. Used electrode types according to GOST 946775 *, GOST 946675 *: E42A, E42B with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

Isolation valves installed on natural gas pipelines shall not be lower than Class B, over 80 mm, not lower than Class C.

Joint joints are monitored by radiographic and ultrasonic methods. Radiographic - GOST 7512, ultrasonic - GOST 14782. And check is performed in accordance with SNiP 42.01.2002 Table 14.

Installation is carried out by a specialized team using in-line methods that must comply with the requirements of existing regulatory documents.

For protection of lifting gas pipelines against corrosion GOST 9.602-2005

they are isolated from the environment by applying highly enhanced insulation to the outer surface of the pipes. Bitumen-based coating with rubber filler and reinforcing wrap.

2.7 Selection of method of works execution.

Underground gas pipelines are built by flow methods, in which the processes of work are maximally combined and strictly connected in time. At the construction of underground gas pipelines, the flow is built according to the capture system .

Grips are sections of work that are approximately equal in labor intensity, on which adjacent processes are carried out at the same time. To build the flow, the gas pipeline is divided into sections of as much length as possible. Work is carried out according to a four-grab system. The following operations are performed on the grip in sequence:

preparatory works (cutting of vegetable layer by bulldozer, unloading of pipes by crane, installation and development of temporary bridges, assembly of pipes into links on the edge, straightening of damaged pipe ends, butt joints with a bevel of edges, transportation of bituminous pits of welding equipment, preparation of bituminous mastic, corrosion insulation of steel pipe joints).

digging a trench (digging a trench when arranging excavations and arranging embankments with a single-bucket excavator, planning the areas of slopes and the top of the embankment canvas and excavations).

laying of gas pipeline and testing (laying of pipelines in trench, installation of shaped parts, electric welding of pipelines, anticorrosion treatment of welded joints, installation of gate valves, installation of compensators, arrangement of typical brick wells, arrangement of wooden stop wall, installation and dismantling of equipment, installation of dielectric sliding supports on pipes in cases, installation of steel pipes in case, sealing of pipeline ends in case), pipe tie-in.

backfilling of the trench (backfilling with trenches, sinuses of pits and pits, backfilling of trenches and pits with bulldozers, preliminary planning of areas with bulldozers, final layout of areas with bulldozers).

The flow method is characterized by:

dividing a complex production process into its simpler processes in accordance with the specialty and qualifications of the performers;

fixing each simple process to a separate team or team of permanent workers;

splitting the work front into separate sections (grips) to create the most favorable working conditions for individual performers;

maximum alignment of processes over time.

2.8 Description of the construction plot plan.

As part of the work execution project, a construction master plan is developed for the implementation of certain types of construction, installation or special construction works.. The construction master plan is developed with indication of the boundaries of the construction site and the types of its fences, operating and temporary underground, ground and air networks and communications, permanent and temporary roads, vehicle traffic patterns and mechanisms, places of installation of construction and lifting machines with indication of ways of their movement and areas of operation, location of permanent, under construction and temporary buildings and structures, hazardous areas, , locations of devices for removal of construction debris, sites and storage rooms of materials and structures.

. The initial data for the development of the construction master plan are:

solutions of the construction master plan as part of the construction organization project;

A comprehensive network or work schedule

Job Instructions.

Issues related to the location and attachment of installation cranes and lifts to the site, as well as the identification of hazardous areas and restrictions in the operation of construction machines on the construction site, should be designed on a case-by-case basis, in relation to the conditions of work performance, taking into account the requirements of technical conditions and their safe operation, work flow sheets.

The paths of the installation cranes should be located, as a rule, along the buildings, which excludes the formation of "dead zones." Places of installation of cargo and passenger elevators are determined taking into account places of cranes arrangement. Machines and mechanisms used in disassembling buildings should be placed outside the collapse zone of structures. When using the "roll" method of structures, it is necessary to provide working ropes, the length of which should be three times the height of the structure. Installation and movement of machines near excavations (pits, trenches, ditches, etc.) with fixed slopes is allowed only outside the prism of soil collapse (Table 24).

The construction site in the conditions of the city in order to avoid access by unauthorized persons should be fenced. The enclosures shall meet the requirements of GOST 2340778. Fences adjacent to places of mass passage of people must be equipped with a continuous protective visor.

2.10 Feasibility Study

1. Determine the time efficiency measures that evaluate the factor:

Crc = Tpl/Thnorm * 100% where,

Tpl and Tnorm labor intensity of work according to the calendar plan.

Crc = 93/114.33 * 100 = 81.33%.

2. Determination of unevenness factor of work movement.

Kn = Pmach/Psr.

Kn = 13/11.62 = 1.12.

The maximum number of works per calendar plan.

Rsr-average number of works.

Pcp = Tpl/D.

Psr = 93/8 = 11.62.

3. Determination of the coefficient of work alignment, which is characterized by the ratio of the total duration of work during their sequential execution to the total duration of work.

Ks = ∑t/D, where

∑t=14,5.

Ks = 14.5/8 = 1.81.

4.Define Time Saving Factor

CE = (X1 )/Ks * 100 = 44%.

Labor protection, safety measures, fire protection, at works

Labor protection is a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process of labor activity, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary, hygiene, medical, preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Types of instructions for employees on labor protection, procedure for their conduct and registration

By the nature and time of the briefing, they are divided into:

1) introductory;

2) primary at the workplace;

3) repeated;

4) unscheduled;

5) target.

Safety precautions when working on a crane.

The use of car cranes is directly related to sling and rigging activities, which are a traumatic activity. That is why drivers with special training and a certificate giving the right to perform these works are allowed to control the car crane.

The driver of the truck crane is responsible for the safe operation of the crane and its technical condition. He has the right to check the availability of certificates from slingers working with him.

Observance of the necessary safety rules during the operation of the crane will save the life and health of both workers during rigging and people around them.

No one shall be on the working site from the rear side of the crane.

Within a radius of 1 meter from the turning part of the crane there should not be such large objects as walls, fences, concrete blocks, stacks, etc.

When operating the crane, it is necessary to observe the distance with other equipment. When lifting devices work together, the distance between them, movable loads and arrows must be at least five meters.

For the operation of the crane in the area of ​ ​ less than 30 meters from the power transmission line, it is necessary to get a work permit, or such work is carried out by the crane with the power transmission line turned off. When operating a crane under trolleybus or tram wires, where current cannot be turned off as a rule, the distance between the boom and the wires should not be less than a meter. To do this, a limiter is installed that does not allow reducing the distance when lifting the boom.

The operation of the crane in ice, thunderstorm, fog is prohibited, since such weather conditions reduce visibility in the working area. If the wind force is more than 15 m/s, then the operation of the crane is also prohibited. Installation work on stained glass windows, partitions and large structures is also prohibited if the wind speed is more than 10 m/s.

The load moving on the crane must be fixed on the hook reliably and smoothly. It is forbidden to lift the load filled with soil, snow, laid down by other loads, which has caught up with the load poured with concrete. Guide blocks must be installed, otherwise it is also forbidden to drag the load on the ground or rails.

If the hazardous area arising during crane operation goes beyond the working area, additional safety measures are taken. Along the edge of the danger zone, signal or package fences, signs warning of crane operation, road signs warning of danger are placed. If the danger zone is in contact with the highway, footpaths, courtyards of residential buildings, in addition to the fences, signalers are put up that do not allow people to enter the danger zone.

Do not move the boom of the crane over the non-working hoist, over the floors of buildings, if the load is replaced on the hook.

It is forbidden to place loads on pipelines, electrical cables, on the edges of slopes it is forbidden.

Safety precautions during operation of single bucket excavator.

During operation, the excavator shall be on a horizontal site

which is pre-aligned.

When loading soil into vehicles, do not move the ladle

above the driver's cabin.

During soil development do not turn the filled kobol

until the latter leaves the slaughter.

If there are people in the danger zone, do not start work

excavator

At operating engine do not perform maintenance of excavator.

At raised ladle do not perform adjustment

brakes,

Before short-term shutdown of the excavator, the driver must

lower the ladle onto the ground. Before a long stop, it is necessary

install the boom along the axis of the excavator, and lower the ladle on the ground.

Safety precautions when digging trenches.

1 When performing earthworks and other works related to placement of workplaces in excavations and trenches, it is necessary to provide measures to prevent exposure of employees to the following hazardous and harmful production factors related to the nature of the work:

collapsing rocks (soils);

falling objects (pieces of rock);

moving machines and their working bodies, as well as movable

their objects;

location of the workplace near the difference in height of 1.3 m or more;

increased voltage in electrical circuit, closure of which

can occur through the human body;

chemical hazards and hazardous production factors.

2 In the presence of hazardous and harmful production factors, the safety of earthworks should be ensured on the basis of the implementation of the following labor protection decisions contained in the organizational and technological documentation (PIC, PPR, etc.):

determination of safe slope of loose slopes of pits,

trenches (hereinafter - excavations) taking into account the load from machines and soil;

determination of the structure of pit walls and trenches attachment;

selection of types of machines used for soil development and their locations

installations;

additional monitoring and sustainability activities

slopes due to seasonal changes;

determination of places and types of fences of pits and trenches, as well as stairs for workers descent to the place of work.

3 In order to prevent soil erosion, formation of landslides,

crushing of walls of excavations in places of excavation works up to their

Surface and groundwater must be removed first.

The place of work should be cleaned of boulders, trees, construction debris.

4 Earthworks in the protection area of high-level cables

voltages, operating gas pipeline, other communications, as well as

in areas with possible pathogenic contamination of the soil, it is necessary to carry out along with admission after obtaining permission from the organization operating these communications or the sanitary supervision body.

Work under these conditions should be carried out under the direct supervision of the work manager, and in the protective zone of cables under voltage or existing gas pipelines, in addition, under the supervision of employees of organizations operating these communications.

5 Soil development in close proximity to existing

underground utilities are allowed only with shovels, without

by means of percussion instruments.

6 In case of detection during earthworks

not specified in the design of communications, underground structures or

The excavation of explosive materials shall be suspended pending the approval of the relevant authorities.

Safety precautions during insulation works.

1 During insulation works (waterproofing,

heat insulation, anticorrosive) shall be provided

measures to prevent the impact on workers of the following

hazards and harmful production factors related to the nature of

works:

increased dust and gas content of the working zone air;

increased or decreased temperature of equipment surfaces, materials and air of the working zone;

location of the workplace near the difference in height of 1.3 m or more;

sharp edges, burrs and roughness on surfaces of equipment and materials.

2 In case of hazardous and harmful production factors, safety of insulation works shall be ensured on the basis of execution of the following labor protection solutions contained in organizational and technological documentation (PIC, PPR, etc.):

- organization of workplaces with indication of methods and means for provision of ventilation, fire extinguishing, protection against thermal burns, lighting, performance of works at height;

special safety measures when performing works in closed rooms, apparatuses and tanks;

safety measures during preparation and transportation of hot ones.

mastic and materials.

3 In the areas of work, in the premises where insulation is carried out

work with the release of harmful and fire hazardous substances, is not allowed

performing other works and finding outsiders.

4 Insulation works on process equipment and

pipelines must normally be run before they are installed or

after permanent fixation in accordance with the design.

5 During anticorrosive works, except for requirements

these rules and regulations should comply with the requirements of state standards.

Safety precautions for testing equipment and piping.

1 During pneumatic and hydraulic tests

equipment and pipelines shall be provided with measures to prevent exposure of employees to the following hazardous

and harmful production factors related to the nature of the work:

collapsing structures;

increased gas content of the working zone air;

- increased voltage in electrical circuit, closure of which

can occur through the human body;

collapsing rocks.

2 In the presence of hazardous and harmful production factors, safety testing of equipment and pipelines

shall be provided on the basis of execution of the following documents contained in the organizational and technological documentation (PIC, PPR, etc.):

Occupational Safety Solutions:

Definition of the test programme;

safety measures during works in trenches, wells and on

height;

special safety measures during pneumatic tests of equipment and pipelines, as well as testing of equipment under load.

3 The installed equipment shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of these codes and regulations.

4 Equipment and piping tests to be carried out

under the direct supervision of a dedicated individual from

number of specialists of the installation organization.

Before testing the equipment, it is necessary to:

- familiarize the work manager with the personnel participating in the tests with the procedure of the works and the measures for their safe execution;

warn workers in adjacent areas about the time of testing;

perform visual and, if necessary, by means of devices check of equipment attachment, state of insulation and grounding of electrical part, availability and serviceability of valves, starting and braking devices, instrumentation and plugs;

Shield and mark the test area with appropriate labels;

If necessary, set the alarm;

provide the possibility of emergency shutdown of the tested equipment;

check the absence of foreign persons inside and outside the equipment

items;

mark temporary blinds, hatches with warning signs

and flange connections;

set the posts to one post within the visibility of the other

but not less than every 200 m from each other, to warn of

hazardous area;

to determine the places and conditions of safe stay of persons employed

testing;

make fire-fighting equipment and maintenance equipment ready

personnel capable of fire management;

provide illumination of workplaces at least 50 lux;

Identify the persons responsible for the safety measures provided for in the test programme.

6 Simultaneous hydraulic testing of several pipelines mounted on the same support structures or rack is allowed in case of support structures or racks

tests can be carried out provided that the windows and doorways of these buildings, which are within the hazardous area, must be covered by protective fences (shields, grilles).

Safety precautions for welding robots.

1 When performing electric welding and gas-flame works, it is not possible to comply with the requirements of this chapter of PPB 03.

2 Places of electric welding and gas-flame works

on this, as well as on the lower tiers (if not

combustible protective flooring or flooring protected by non-combustible

material) must be exempt from burned materials within a radius of at least 5 m, and from explosive materials and equipment (gas generators, gas cylinders, etc.) - at least 10 m.

3 Measures shall be taken during cutting of structural elements

against accidental collapse of cut elements. Welding, cutting and heating by open flame of devices, vessels and pipelines containing under pressure any liquids or gases filled with combustible or harmful substances or related to electrical devices is not allowed without coordination with the operating organization of safety measures and without work permit.

Environmental protection and land reclamation

All living and non-living objects surrounding, plants and other organisms with which they directly act are called the environment. Elements of the environment affect organisms are called - an environmental factor.

The modern environmental situation is a rather complex goal of interaction between living organisms and human activities. Currently, deoxin emissions are responsible for 65% of global warming, in particular, when burning emissions of harmful substances such as ozone dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzoperene, solid particles into the atmosphere, it is not comparable when burning fuel oil and coal. To the main harmful substances are added, vanadium pentaaxite, formaldehydes. In the gas industry, a great influence is given to waste water at the gas processing plant because they cannot be biodegradable due to the higher content, high contamination of oil with the product for the purpose of neutralization, their above-ground burial is widely practiced.

Lands on which vegetation has been destroyed as a result of economic activity, the hydrological regime and terrain have been changed, the soil cover has been destroyed and polluted, it is customary to call disturbed. The process of restoring disturbed land is called reclamation.

Land reclamation is a complex problem. Its solution depends to a large extent on the specific environmental conditions of the affected territories. For the design of reclamation works, data are needed on the physical and chemical composition of the soil, the features of the hydrological regime, the shape of dumps, and the slope slope.

Enterprises, organizations and institutions are charged with

the obligation, after construction and other works at their expense, to bring the violated land into a state suitable for use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

Disturbed territories by physicochemical properties and suitability for biological development are divided into three groups.

1st group - potentially fertile soils suitable for plant growth;

2nd group - soils that are not suitable for vegetation, the so-called indifferent soils that should be used for afforestation;

3rd group - phototoxic soils unsuitable for development without chemical reclamation.

Dumps, being heterogeneous, are very diverse in degree of acidity and water-physical properties. Reclamation of land disturbed by mining is carried out in three stages.

The first stage is preparatory, when land requiring reclamation is examined, its direction is established, a feasibility study and a reclamation project are made.

The second stage - mining and technical reclamation depending on the conditions of the region can be supplemented by an intermediate stage - chemical reclamation .

The first stage is selective excavation .

The second stage is the formation and planning of the surface of dumps .

The third stage is the formation of a fertile root-fed layer for the subsequent reclamation stage - biological, by returning the upper humane soil layer previously taken out and stored in the beads.

Two types of biological reclamation are known: forest and agricultural. The most economical type of development of reclaimed land is considered their afforestation, therefore, in most countries, forest reclamation is preferred.

On the chernozems of the European part of Russia, you can grow any crops when covering dumps with a fertile soil layer of 4060 cm. At the same time, crops comparable to crops on old-age lands are obtained. For grasses, the power of a layer of fertile soil on dumps is sufficient 30 cm. Crop rotation should include four to five types of perennial grasses.

A lot of land is seized for urban development, but its density is usually low. Under the condition of building compaction, urban and industrial construction is advisable to carry out on catchy or low-priority land from the point of view of agricultural production. Power lines and pipelines of various purposes should be placed, in accordance with the same principle, along roads, forest belts, along intersections.

In the whole country, the volume of earthworks related to the movement of the upper fertile soil layer will be several billion cubic meters, which should be used as much as possible, without loss, to improve low-fertile land.

List of used literature

SniP 42012002 Gas Distribution Systems Moscow 2003

SP 421012003 Code of Rules for Design and Construction "General Provisions for the Design and Construction of Gas Distribution Systems Made of Metal and Polyethylene Pipes" Moscow 2003.

GOST 1070491 "Direct welded steel pipes" Moscow 2003

A.P. Shalnov "Construction of city gas supply systems" M.Stroizdat.1991

"Safety rules for gas distribution and gas consumption systems. 1252903.

K. Shevtsov "Protection of the natural environment in construction." Moscow 1994

Uniform norms and rates of ENiR, collections No. 2,9,22; B10.