Plant for treatment of cultural soil layer MPR-1.4 (assembly drawing)

Contents

Introduction

1. Brief description of SPK Avangard

2. Analysis of production activities of SPK Avangard

in the production of sugar beets

3. Existing technology of sugar beet cultivation in SPK Avangard

3.1. Main tillage

3.2. Early autumn tillage

3.3. Pre-tillage tillage

3.4. Crops

3.5. Crop Care

3.6. Formation of planting density and weeding of crops

3.7. Care of crops after formation of density of sugar beet plantation

3.8. Sugar beet harvesting

4. Improvement of technology and use of agricultural machinery

4.1. Development of intensive sugar beet cultivation technology

4.2. Calculation of transport maintenance of harvesting equipment

5. Development of operational-technological instruction for soil treatment by MPR rotary machine - 1,

5.1. Agrotechnical requirements

5.2. Composition of the unit

5.3. Preparation of units for operation

5.4. Field Preparation

5.5. Operation of units on the drive

5.6. Quality Control

6. Design Development

6.1. Justification of the choice of the plant for the treatment of the cultural soil layer MPR - 1,

6.2. General installation for complex treatment of cultural soil layer MPR - 1,

6.3. Arrangement of units and parts constituting the unit

6.4. Principle of operation and process adjustments of MPR - 1,

6.5. Strength calculation of shafts

7. Ensuring safety of life when cultivating sugar beet

7.1. Safety measures during field mechanized works

7.2. Safety measures for herbicides and mineral fertilizers

7.3. Environmental protection

7.4. Fire safety

7.5. Safety precautionary tillage

7.6.Safe technics at operation with MPR - 1,

8. Project Feasibility Study

8.1. Identification of economic indicators

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction.

Sugar beet is the most important field crop and is of great economic importance. Currently, over 40% of the world's sugar production is derived from sugar beet roots. In our country, sugar is produced only from sugar beets. The roots of modern Russian varieties contain from 16 to 20% of sugar.

Sugar beet culture is associated with a high level of agriculture. It increases the rapid productivity of crop rotation not only as a result of the high harvest of this crop, but also as a result of the higher harvest of crops following it. Deep tillage of soil, loosening between rows during the growing season. The introduction of a large amount of fertilizers - all this creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of not only sugar beets, but also all other crop rotation crops.

The soil treatment and sugar beet care system significantly cleanses fields from weeds, which has a positive effect on the harvest of subsequent crops.

The great economic importance of sugar beets in the national economy. It is the main source of income for beet farms. With its specific gravity in arable land ≈ 8.6%, the specific weight of income is ≈ 44% of the income of crop production.

The experience of advanced farms shows that growing sugar beets using intensive technology that eliminates or minimizes the use of manual labor allows significantly reducing the cost of producing a unit of production and increasing the yield of sugar per hectare of crops.

3.7. Care of crops after formation of density of sugar beet plantation.

After thinning (after 2... 3 days), soil tillage is carried out between rows to a depth of 4... 5 cm. This operation is carried out to destroy the soil crust, preserve moisture in the upper layer of the soil and partially destroy sprouted weeds and pests of agricultural crops.

Unit: T70S+USNK5.4.

Repeated loosening of the lines to the same depth is carried out after 5... 6 days by the same units. The last two tillings are carried out with the introduction of liquid mineral fertilizers to a depth of 12... 14cm. Fertilizer application rate - 0.3 t/ha.

Unit: T - 70C + USMK - 5.4B

At the beginning of June, the cultivation of intersections to a depth of 7... 8 cm is carried out.

Unit: T - 70C + USMK - 5.4A.

The speed of the unit during tillage of the soil is 6... 7 km/h.

Before starting sugar beet harvesting, for better implementation, pre-harvesting soil tillage is carried out between rows to a depth of 10... 12 cm to loosen soil around root crops, which significantly improves the quality of harvesting, reduces the loss of root crops.

Unit: T - 70C + USMK - 5.4A.

The day before harvesting, weeds are removed manually. This operation is necessary so that during cleaning, the working organs of the machines are not clogged with weed stems and the rows are clearly visible to the machine operators managing agricultural machinery.

3.8. Harvesting sugar beets.

In the Central Non-Black Earth Zone, sugar beet harvesting begins at the end of September. At this time, beets gain the largest mass of root crops and a high percentage of sugar (up to 18%). The optimal cleaning time is 20 days; this allows removing sugar beets before the first autumn frosts.

Sugar beet harvesting is carried out in-line transshipment method. Bevelling of a tops of vegetable is made by the unit: DT - 75MB + 5M - 6A. The width of the grip is 6 rows. Beveled tops are exported from the field by tractors - PCE carts - 12.5 in the unit with MTZ-102 tractor. Sugar mass must not exceed 5%, botwa collection must not be less than 95%.

Root crops are cleaned by self-propelled root harvesting machines KS-6B with a grip width of 2.8 m. (6 rows). Plowed roots are taken to temporary field collection points by 2PTS - 4-887A tractors. Losses of root crops in the ground should not exceed 1.5%, during transportation - up to 6%.

Selection of uncovered and lost root crops is carried out manually, with a link of 5 people with a tractor with a trailer attached to them (MTZ - 102 + 2PTS - 4-887A). Additional cleaning of root crops is carried out by ATP loaders - 4.2 in cars with a carrying capacity of 8 tons (KamAZ) with GKB trailers - 918. Completeness of root crops selection is not less than 99.5%, contamination of root crops graff is not more than 5%, including clogging with green mass is not more than 1%.

Analysis of the existing technology of sugar beet cultivation in SPK Avangard shows that it has a rather high level, that is, almost all crop cultivation operations are mechanized, the use of manual labor is small; however, the work uses obsolete brands of c-equipment. Units with a small working width of the grip are used, which increases the cultivation and harvesting times.

Conclusion: there is a need to develop an intensive technology for cultivating sugar beets.

5. Development of an operational-technological map for soil treatment by a rotating machine MPR - 1.4.

5.1. Agrotechnical requirements.

Preliminary soil treatment for sugar beets begins when the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm reaches + 5... 6C. Treatment is carried out to the depth of seed sealing (4... 5 cm).

Soil loosening depth must be the same along the whole width of the unit grip and must not deviate from the specified one by more than 1 cm.

In the treated soil layer, lumps larger than 20 mm. must be no more than 10%. The height of the ridges after passing the unit must not exceed 1.5 cm. Working bodies must destroy at least 98% of weeds. The width of the overlap should not exceed 15... 20 cm. Passes and flaws are not allowed both within the grip and between adjacent passes of the unit.

5.2. Composition of the unit.

For pre-sowing tillage for sugar beet sowing, installations are used for tillage of cultural soil layer MPR-1.4 in the unit with tractor DT-75MV.

5.4. Preparing the field.

1. There must be no foreign objects on the field.

2. Turning strips are beaten off with hangers at ends of races. The width of the turning strip must be equal to four grips of the unit (1.4 x 4 = 5.6 m). The method of movement of the unit on pre-sowing tillage is shuttle. Treatment is carried out at angle 2... 4 to direction of sowing unit movement.

3. For operation of two units the line of the first pass is hung in the middle of the field.

4. Upon completion of operation, turning strips are processed.

5.5. Operation of units on the drive.

1. Pre-treatment is started from the middle of the field from the first held pass. Each aggregate processes its own half of the field.

2. Before starting work, a test run is carried out for final adjustment of the installation in relation to soil conditions. During operation, the uniformity of treatment is monitored, which provides an even seed bed. Having traveled 40... 60 m., They check the depth of soil treatment. If the deviation from the average processing depth from the required one exceeds 1 cm, the installation is adjusted.

3. The first pass of the unit is made by hangers and closely monitor its straightness. Adjacent passages lead with overlapping 15... 20 cm. You cannot turn the unit with working elements buried in the soil .

6. Design development.

6.1. Justification of the choice of the plant for the treatment of the cultural soil layer MPR - 1.4

The tools of the main treatment do not ensure the readiness of the field for sowing, so they carry out a number of consecutive operations: harrowing, cultivation, rolling, etc. This leads to soil compaction due to multiple passes of aggregates. In addition, the conduct of additional operations stretches the time of sowing. All this adversely affects soil fertility and yields.

In order to reduce the above factors and improve the quality of treatment of the cultural layer before sowing, it was decided that it is necessary to design and implement an installation for the integrated treatment of the cultural layer. This will significantly reduce labor costs for the production of products.

7.3. Environmental protection.

Protecting the environment is the most important task facing humans. Unfortunately, currently agricultural production entails contamination of natural resources (soil, water, etc.) with toxic chemicals, herbicides, oils and fuels.

There is no exception in this regard and SEC Avangard. To prevent pollution in the economy, it is necessary to:

prevent their spillage to the ground during filling of equipment with fuel and lubricants; for this purpose it is recommended to use filling automated columns;

washing of machines and units in specially designated and prepared places equipped with oil and gas traps;

to store poisonous chemicals and herbicides in special containers in warehouses intended for their storage.

An important task is to combat soil erosion and the washing out of the upper high-humus soil layer. To combat erosion, it is necessary to widely use protective forest plantations, which are located taking into account the features of the terrain and the directions of the prevailing winds. Strengthen the slopes of beams and ravines with forest plantations to prevent further soil erosion. It is correct to treat the soil, creating unfavorable conditions for soil erosion (cutting ridges across the slopes, compacting the soil with rollers, etc.).

7.4. Fire safety.

All farm employees must undergo fire safety training annually.

Equipment shall be provided with fire extinguishers and spark arresters.

The premises shall have fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment (crimps, crowns, buckets, shovels, sandboxes, etc.).

Tractors, combines and other machines shall not have fuel and lubricants leaks. They shall be cleaned of dirt by leaking oil and fuel, sticking flammable substances.

On the territory of the engine park and oil storage should have fire water bodies of sufficient volume. All fire-fighting equipment shall be in an open and easily accessible place.

Persons responsible for fire safety shall strictly monitor compliance with fire safety standards and regulations.

7.5. Safety precautionary tillage.

1. Persons familiar with their device, as well as those who have passed safety training during maintenance of cultivators and other tools, are allowed to work on units for pre-harvesting tillage.

2. Before starting the movement of the unit, the tractor driver must send a signal so that the people at the unit move away from the car.

3. It is necessary to adjust, tighten the fasteners and eliminate other malfunctions only when the tractor is completely stopped: replace the working elements - only when the engine is plugged. All operations on troubleshooting of suspension mechanisms and hydraulic system shall be performed only at complete stop of tractor and lowered cultivators and other working bodies.

4. To avoid accidents, it is forbidden to lubricate, regulate and clean cultivators during movement, as well as to stay between the cultivator and the tractor, move on the cultivator.

5. In dusty conditions and dry weather, the tractor driver must work with protective glasses.

6. Deploy the unit and perform any maneuvers at reduced engine RPM.

Conclusion.

Sugar beet is the most important agricultural crop and is of great importance in the national economy.

It is the main raw material for sugar production and a source of valuable feed for cattle.

When cultivating beets, high profits are achieved, which is much important in the current economic and market conditions. Profits in the production and sale of sugar beets also affect the financial deficit of agricultural enterprises.

This diploma project proposes an improved technology for cultivating sugar beet using new, more productive machines and units. When producing crops according to the designed cultivation technology, the use of manual labor and the time for cultivating and cultivating soil before sowing the crop are reduced to a minimum. The proposed development of a plant for cultivating a cultural layer of soil MPR - 1.4 makes it possible to reduce the number of machines and improve the quality of soil cultivation. All this allows reducing labor costs by 12%, increasing the yield of root crops by 170 c/ha. As a result of the innovation, the annual economic effect in the amount of 1796532.3 rubles was obtained.