Multi-storey residential building, Krasnodar - architecture

Natural Conditions and Master Plan

1.1. Natural conditions

Our country occupies a vast territory with a variety of climatic conditions. These conditions imprint on the life and character of peoples, on the space-planning solutions of buildings, on their structural solutions.

There are also special natural conditions that particularly affect the design of buildings and structures. Such conditions include: seismicity, permafrost, subsidence soils. Special natural conditions apply on a large area of ​ ​ our country.

In this task, the construction area is the city of Krasnodar. It is not included in the zone of special natural conditions, so the influence of climatic features on construction will not occur.

Structural solution of the building

3.1. Structural System Characteristic

In the design of building structures of any purpose, the main task is to select the structural system of the building.

A structural system is an interconnected set of vertical and horizontal structural structures of a building, which perceive all loads and impacts, provide strength, spatial rigidity and stability of the building.

Design system selection is performed on the basis of volumetric planning, architectural-composite and economic requirements

When designing this multi-storey building, a structural scheme was used - with longitudinal external and internal load-bearing walls and rarely located transverse walls - stiffening diaphragms. This scheme is used in the design of residential and public buildings. The rare arrangement of transverse stiffening walls-diaphragms provides freedom of planning solutions in the building.

3.2. Characteristics of the construction system

The construction system is a complex characteristic of the structural solution of the building according to its material and construction technology.

Construction systems include a variety of material and building technology. The main materials when assigning construction systems are:

-camen,

- wooden,

-metallic,

-betonic.

There are the following technologies for erecting a building:

- traditional (based on the construction of walls in manual masonry),

-industrial (based on mechanized wall installation).

The walls of the building are made of stone, using traditional construction technology.

3.3. Characteristics of foundation and foundation

The base is a mass of soil located under the foundation and perceives through it all types of loads, that is, of a power and non-power nature. In this regard, the grounds are subject to increased requirements:

1) They shall have sufficient carrying capacity;

2) Small and uniform compressibility;

3) Be stationary;

4) Base material shall be uniform;

5) Must not be tufted;

6) Shall be resistant to aggressive waters.

In this work, a slurry is used as a base.

Foundations - an underground part of the building that receives loads from overlying structures and transfers these loads to the base. Foundations perform load-bearing and enclosing function. They are subject to the following requirements: strength, durability, rollover resistance, economy, industriality, resistance to groundwater, must resist the influence of negative temperatures and atmospheric conditions.

In this building, a prefabricated ribbon foundation is designed, which consists of foundation cushions (F), the dimensions of which are 1200x2400 and wall blocks (FBS), which are the walls of the underground part of the building, their dimensions are 1200x2400 (32piece), 1400x2400 (56 pcs.), 1400x800 (6pc.).

Foundation slabs-cushions are laid on a leveled base with a sand filling 10 cm thick. Bulk or loose soil cannot be left under the base of the foundation. It is removed and crushed stone or sand is poured instead. Recesses in the base more than 10 cm are filled with concrete mixture.

Cushion plates in some places are laid with gaps of 180 mm, which are filled with sand. Horizontal waterproofing is arranged on top of the laid pad plates.

Then concrete foundation blocks are laid, over which a horizontal waterproofing layer of two ruberoid layers on the mastic is arranged. The purpose of the waterproofing layer is to prevent migration of capillary soil and atmospheric moisture up the wall. The width of the foundation blocks for the external walls is 600 mm, for the internal - 400 mm.

The entire perimeter of the building is paved with a width of 1000 mm with a slope of 10 °. It is designed to protect the foundation from rain and meltwater penetrating into the ground near the walls of the building.

Foundation depth - distance from ground level elevation to foundation bottom.

The minimum depth of foundation laying for external walls is 0.7 m, for internal walls - 0.5 m. The depth of foundation laying for the base should be not less than the depth of ground freezing.

Calculation of foundation depth:

- for sandy loam

To protect walls from capillary moisture and groundwater, it is necessary to arrange waterproofing, which can be vertical or horizontal. Since the basement is designed in the building, horizontal waterproofing is frightened under the floor of the basement. It is made of 2 layers of ruberoid, a layer of asphalt concrete, 1012 mm thick and tear of cement sand mortar, 20-30 mm thick.

3.4. Wall Characteristics

External and transverse longitudinal walls perform a bearing and enclosing function, that is, they perceive loads from their own mass, constant and temporary loads from floors, roofs, and wind effects. The walls must satisfy the following conditions: strength, durability, fire resistance, ensure the temperature and humidity conditions of the building, protect the interior from adverse external influences, have decorative qualities, be industrial and economical.

When erecting the walls of the building, manual masonry with horizontal and vertical dressing of seams is used. Solid silicate bricks are used for masonry of external and internal walls.

The walls are laid on cement sand mortar. Thickness of external walls is determined on the basis of heat engineering calculation. Initially, the thickness of the outer wall is assumed to be 620 mm. Such thickness is necessary to ensure stability to wind and impact loads, as well as to increase the heat and sound insulation capacity of the wall. Strength, stability, fire resistance, sound insulation.

From the outside and from the inside, the walls are plastered with cement sand mortar. The thickness of the outer (decorative) layer of plaster is 15 mm, the inner - 20 mm. Outside, a layer of plaster is colored whitewash. This is necessary to improve the appearance of the building.

3.5. Characteristics of floors

Overlaps are subject to the following requirements:

- strength,

- stiffness,

- durability,

- reliability,

-fire resistance,

- be convenient during operation,

-respect the requirements of architectural expressiveness,

Be technological,

-economic expedient.

When designing, iron-concrete slabs with a thickness of 220 mm, a length of 6000mm are used.

3.6. Roof characteristics

The shape and slope of the coating are taken depending on the most complete flow of melted and rainwater and snow loads. The shape of the roof determines the structure of the attic floor. In this work, a gable roof is used, the slope of the roof is 28 °, with such a slope, snow does not linger on the roof, which is important under these climatic conditions of the city .

3.7. Design of window and door openings

Windows - building elements designed for lighting and ventilation of rooms. Doors are used to connect isolated spaces and to enter the building.

The windows in the building are designed single-leaf with one glazing. The frames in the windows are wooden. Dimensions of windows 1350x1800mm, 1350x2100mm, 1350x2800mm

The doors in the building are designed single-floor, glazed (in the kitchen, doors in the hall) and deaf (non-glazed). Glazing of some doors is necessary, mainly in order to achieve more uniform lighting of the premises, but the interior of the cottage is also improved. All doors of the building are custom-made and decorated with decorative carvings. Door dimensions: height 2000 mm, width 900mm.

3.8. Floor structure

The floor is such an element of the building that during operation withstands constant and intense loads and mechanical effects and is subject to the following requirements:

- must have good resistance to abrasion and shocks,

- have low heat absorption,

- easy to clean,

-be non-slip, silent, dust-free, moisture-resistant, waterproof.

In this work, floors are arranged on inter-storey floors. Main floor layers:

1. The coating is the upper layer of the floor to be used.

2. Interlayer - an intermediate layer that binds the coating to the underlying elements.

3. Tie - Aligning layer.

4. Insulating layer.

5. The underlying layer is an element that performs the function of evenly distributing the load along the base.

Floors adjoin walls in rooms. In order to ensure that there are no gaps between the floor and the walls, wooden plinths are nailed along the entire perimeter of the room. In the rooms where the surface of the floor is ceramic tiles, a plinth made of shaped ceramic tiles is used.