Exchange rate project Heating of a residential building

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Heat Engineering Calculation

3. Determining Heat Loss through Fences

4. Selection of heating system

5. Hydraulic calculation of risers

6. Hydraulic calculation of mains

7. Linkage of pressure losses in semi-rings

8. Calculation of the number of heating devices

9. Calculation of water-water elevator

10. Application

Literature

Introduction.

Heating is designed to maintain the calculated temperature parameters in the volume of the room and on the internal surfaces of the external fences.

Heating system - a complex of equipment for generating, moving and transferring to the room a calculated amount of heat. The main structural elements of heating systems are a heat source, heat pipelines and heating devices.

There are many types of heating systems: water, steam, air, gas, electric and furnace heating.

Heating system requirements:

1. Sanitary and hygienic:

- The heating system shall maintain the design temperature throughout the room;

- temperature of a surface of heating devices should not exceed 8085 wasps.

2. Architectural: convenience, interior, minimum area.

3. Installation: unified heating system.

4. Economic: minimum construction and operating costs.

5. Operational:

- the system shall be subject to adjustment and regulation during operation;

- must supply to all rooms the calculated amount of heat when the ambient temperature changes, that is, it should be subject to both qualitative and quantitative regulation.

In residential and public buildings, the internal air temperature should be maintained based on sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Select the heating system.

The heating system is a complex of structural elements designed to receive, transfer and transfer the necessary amount of heat to the heated rooms. The main structural elements of heating systems are a heat source, heat pipelines and heating devices.

According to the location of the main elements, the heating systems are divided into local and central. By the type of coolant, local and central heating systems are called water, steam, air and gas heating systems. Heat carrier - heat transfer medium.

In water heating, the circulating heated water is cooled in the heating devices and returned to the ITR for subsequent heating.

Water heating systems according to the method of creating water circulation are divided into systems: with natural circulation and with the mechanical inducement of water circulation using pumps.

Depending on the diagram of connecting pipes with heating devices, there are systems: single-tube and double-tube. In each riser of a single tube system, the instruments are connected by one pipe and the water flows sequentially through all instruments.

In the course design, a single-tube water heating system with lower routing of main pipelines is used. The system is dead end. Radiators of M140 type are used as heating devices. Heat is supplied from the heat network through an elevator installed in the ITP. Coolant parameters. The building uses two dividing highways for each facade wall. In the basement, the mains are laid on supports along the walls.

The location of the risers depends on the position of the mains and the placement of the inlets to the heating devices. It is mandatory to separate the risers of staircases, as well as the location of risers in the outer corners of the rooms.

The design of the heating system consists in placing on the plans of the building a heat center, heat pipelines, heating equipment, as well as creating conditions for its normal operation.

It is recommended to use risers for single-tube heating systems with one size along the entire length (15,20,25). It is allowed to use composite risers from pipelines of not more than two diameters, at that the riser must have only one transition from one diameter to another.

The placement of the inlet depends on the type of heating device and the position of the pipes in the heating system. Vents for most devices are laid horizontally with a length of 300 to 500 mm.

Heating devices are placed mainly near external walls under light openings.

For manual regulation of a heating system use the following zapornoreguliruyushchy fittings: latches, gates, pith cranes, non-return valves, cranes through passage double adjustment and three-running cranes. Shutoff valves are installed on separate branches to disconnect each branch separately, as well as before and after elevators, at the entrance to the building.

Control valves are installed on supply lines to heating devices. In single-tube heating systems, such valves have a reduced coefficient of local resistance

To remove air from the heating system, air cranes are installed at the upper devices.

To turn off the risers and lower water from them, shut-off valves or valves for lowering water and, if required, control diaphragms are installed at the lifting and lowering sections at the points of connection to the main.

Design the control node.

Heat-consuming systems of buildings are connected to heat networks in heat points (control units). Heat stations are units of connection of thermal energy consumers and are designed for heat carrier preparation, control of its parameters before supply to local systems and for accounting of heat consumption.

Heat points are divided into central (CTP) and individual (ITP).

Individual heat points are constructed for separate buildings and located in the center of heat load. They are placed in technical underground and in the basements of buildings.

Individual heat points shall have at least one exit with a heat point length of 12 m or less and its location at a distance of 12 m from the entrance from the building to the outside - one exit to the adjacent room, corridor or stairwell, and when the heat point is located at a distance of more than 12 m from the exit from the building - independent exit to the outside and one exit to the adjacent room.

The height from the clean floor elevation to the bottom of the projecting floor structures for ITP is recommended to be at least 2.2 m, in the technical underground of residential buildings it is allowed to accept the height of the premises and free passages to them of at least 1.8 m.

The nomenclature of ITP equipment is not relatively large. It includes pumps (in case of lack of pressure in the heat networks), elevators, mud machines, various valves, pipes, instrumentation and thermal insulation.

Our thermal unit is equipped with:

1. An elevator assembly that serves to reduce the temperature of the water in the external heat supply line to a temperature permissible in the heating system and partially transfer the pressure generated by the central pump at the heat station to the local heating system to enhance water circulation.

Thus, the water jet elevator in the heating system performs two functions, replacing the mixing and circulation pumps.

One of the disadvantages of a water jet elevator is its low efficiency. The static efficiency of a standard elevator practically does not exceed 10%. Therefore, the circulation pressure at the inlet of the external heating networks to the building should not be less than 10 times the pressure loss in the heating system.

1. Mud makers. They are installed in a heat point on supply and return pipelines. Mud makers are selected by diameter of supply pipelines. The ITP uses subscriber mud machines of TS569.00.000 01... 15 series. The speed of water in mud trucks shall not exceed 0.05 m/s.

2. Fittings. Gate valves, check valves, valves and valves are used as shutoff control valves in control units. Valves are selected by diameter of pipelines, operating parameters, by the required type of drive, as well as depending on operating conditions. Gate valves use cast iron and steel. Steel gate valves are installed in ITR at thermal network inlet. Cast iron valves are installed on the side of the heating system. All gate valves are flanged. The valves may be flanged and coupling. Three-way coupling cranes are installed in front of pressure gauges.

3. Pipes in heating systems use non-galvanized (black) steel water and gas pipelines GOST326275 * up to dy = 50mm and steel electric welded GOST1070491 and GOST 873278 for pipes dy over 50mm.

4. Instrumentation. The following requirements apply to them: the devices must be protected by thieves' casings to avoid their damage, work reliably for a long time, have sufficient measurement accuracy, quickly respond to changes in measured values. Mainly mercury thermometers and pressure gauges with a single-turn tubular spring are installed in the ITP. Overpressure gauges are used. Medium temperature is measured in straight section of pipeline before or after narrowing device. Thermometers can be indicating and recording with remote transmission of readings

5. Water meter. To measure coolant flow rate, impeller and turbine water meters are installed in ITP. They are designed to take into account the flow rate of cold water with a temperature up to 300C and hot water with a temperature up to 900C. Hot water meters have the letter "G" in the brand designation (for example, HTG - hot water turbine water meter). The meter is installed in the straight section of the pipeline (810 d to the counter and 3-5 d after the counter)

6. To protect pipelines from corrosion, anti-corrosion coating with BT177 paint is used in two layers according to GF021 primer.

7. To reduce useless heat losses, heating pipes and valves in ITP are covered with thermal insulation. Mineral-wool piercing mats GOST 2188086, heat-insulating boards made of mineral wool on synthetic binder GOST 957382, etc. are used as heat-insulating material. The heat-insulating structure has a protective layer that gives the insulation the correct shape and protects it from external mechanical damage. For example, fiberglass is the most commonly used for internal work.

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