Diploma project - Technology for cultivating potatoes in the farm with the development of the process of etching seed material directly in the ploughshares of a potato seedling.

Contents

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMY

1.1. Economic and climatic conditions

1.2. Specialization of the economy

1.3. Results of the farm

2.TECHNOLOGICAL PART

2.1. Analysis of potato production technology

2.1.1. Potato production technology in KFK Lysenko S.K

2.1.2. Analysis of high potato production technologies in the Irkutsk region

2.1.3. Complex of machines used in potato production

2.1.4. Proposed potato production technology

2.1.5. Seed Etching Requirements

2.1.6. Methods of applying protective-stimulating drugs

2.1.7. Classification of applied drugs

2.1.8. Guidelines for using the AKTARA 25WG protector

2.2. Analysis of equipment for planting potatoes etching

3. DESIGN NODE

3.1. Justification of node selection

3.2. Node Description and Operating Principle

3.3. Determination of seedling productivity

3.4. Analysis of existing sprayers

3.5. Justification of sprayer selection

3.6. Justification of sprayer location and inclination angle

3.7. Calculation of hydraulic line pipelines

3.8. Pump selection

4. SAFETY OF LIFE

4.1. Analysis of existing occupational safety conditions

4.2. Measures for improvement, facilitation and safety of work

4.3. Description of the proposed design unit and rules of its safe operation

4.4. Development of fire prevention measures

4.5. Preventive, rescue and emergency recovery measures in emergency situations

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

PROJECT TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

6.1. Economic assessment of potato cultivation

6.2. Design Node

6.3. Economic assessment after node implementation

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

APPLICATIONS

Introduction

Crop production is central to agriculture. It meets most of the food needs of the population; man receives from plants about 88% of energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and about 80% of vitamins, mineral salts and other physiologically essential substances. Plant foods account for 93% of a person's diet; about 80% of by-product plant biomass is involved in the formation of soil fertility.

Crop production, as private agriculture, arose in ancient times, when a person who lived in the forests of the tropics and subtropics switched from collecting the gifts of nature (leaves, seeds, fruits, roots) to primitive agriculture, that is, to loosening the soil and cultivating the plants he needs (motor farming).

The number of plant species cultivated and used by humans exceeds 20 thousand.

Crop production is the science of field plants and techniques for their cultivation. The objects of their research are field cultures. It solves the following problems: studying the patterns of crop formation, identifying reserves for increasing the production of environmentally friendly high-quality products, developing theories and technologies for obtaining high yields of cultivated crops at the lowest cost of labor, funds and energy.

Crop production is based on the principles (laws) of biological science, studying the features of plant development, their requirements for environmental conditions. K.A. Timiryazev pointed out that in order to obtain a high crop, you need to know the requirements of plants and be able to satisfy them.

Crop cultivation technology should include the following main techniques: selection of crops and varieties, having in local soil and climatic conditions the most valuable economic and biological properties, the choice of the best precursors in crop rotation, system of soil treatment, application of fertilizers, seed production, integrated system of plant protection against pests, diseases and weeds, machine system, seed preparation for sowing, timing, methods, sowing rate and sowing depth, sowing care, harvesting, primary treatment of harvested crop [1].

The crop industry is one of the main branches of agricultural production, providing the population with high-quality food.

Potato production is one of the leading sub-sectors of crop production of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. Potatoes are used for food purposes, as well as as technical and fodder crops. It is characterized by a high carbohydrate content, is a source of valuable protein substances and vitamins (A, C, B1, B2, PP). Potatoes are the main raw materials for the starch and alcohol industries. Its processing products are also used in textile, chemical, printing, shoe and other industries. Potato tubers go to feed cattle both fresh and processed. For fodder purposes, waste from its processing (mezga, bard) is also used. Potatoes are plastic crops that can be effectively cultivated in various soil and climatic zones of the country. In crop rotation, it acts as a fairly good predecessor, providing favorable conditions for the cultivation of subsequent crops. Potatoes are an intensive type of crop. Its cultivation is associated with a lot of labor and money. Therefore, the economic efficiency of potato production is largely determined by the possibility of using modern industrial technologies that ensure a high level of mechanization of cultivation and harvesting, the use of highly productive zoned varieties, etc.

The purpose of the diploma project is to research and develop equipment for the chemical treatment of planting material and the bottom of the furrow based on the CRAMER potato seedlings purchased by the farm.

The main objectives of the study are: to identify reserves for increasing production, factors for increasing yields, to identify reserves for reducing the cost of potatoes. All these questions are currently relevant. And the efficiency of production of both individual types of products and the economy as a whole depends on their solution.

The modern level of production development has its own history and is based on the experience gained. If the increase in production occurs without qualitative changes in the production process based on the previous material and technical base and technology of old machines and tools due to their quantitative increase, that is, due to the expansion of production; then an extensive method of extended reproduction is carried out. Now in agriculture, the opportunities for expanded reproduction are almost exhausted in most households, since agriculture is the main means of production, under the influence of human labor it worsens, and fertility can increase as productive forces develop. The essence of intensification lies in an increase in production from a unit area, and an increase in costs is only a means of this increase.

As a result of intensification, the economic fertility of the soil increases, which ensures an increase in crop yields and, on this basis, an increase in production per hectare.

Due to the large disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products, it is difficult to widely update the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire the latest, advanced technologies when cultivating crops, to look for more profitable, energy-saving equipment. Agro-technical measures need to be reviewed in order to carry out several tillage operations in a single working process.

This diploma project analyzes the production and economic activities of the peasant farm, and outlines the prospect of increasing the sale of food potatoes due to the introduction of high technology and improving the quality of the resulting products, which is planned due to the use of the process of etching seed material when planting it in the field.

Treatment of seed material with fungicides is directed against diseases such as risoctoniosis, fuzariosis, phomosis, phytofluorosis, black leg. Spring etching of planting material significantly reduces plant decay, increases the number of productive stems, enhances the development of leaf surface, reduces the development of diseases during the growing season. All this, according to NIISS, contributes to an increase in potato yields by 2530 c/ha, while improving the quality of products. The costs of etching pay off, using the full norm of the drug. Treatment of tubers and the bottom of the furrow with insecticides is primarily directed against wire - the main pest on the fields. With the number of 5... 6 wire individuals per 1sq m of soil, up to 80% tubers are damaged.

The best option is wet etching of tubers by spraying drugs. Their uniform coating and high biological efficiency of the preparation are achieved. By spraying the preparation directly in the planter, the possibility of ingesting etched tubers for human nutrition and cattle feed is excluded. It should be borne in mind that when treating tubers at a hospital, the flow rate of working fluid is several times less than the use of etching in ploughshares.

Experience shows that the effect of etching is in many cases higher in relation to quality indicators than to yield.

At this stage, the technology does not provide for the etching of seed potatoes, which creates a yield loss of up to 20%. Depending on weather conditions, the damage of potatoes by various diseases during germination and first seedlings can reach up to 50%, which entails additional costs in the fight against these diseases. The control of soil pests does not give a noticeable result, therefore, in some fields, wire damage can reach up to 60%, which in the total mass of the product is from 5 to 25%. In order to improve the entire production line and reduce the production and storage costs of potatoes, there was a need for pre-plant etching, as well as for processing seed material when laying down for storage.

Analysis of economic activity of kfh "lysenko s.k"

1.1 Location and climatic conditions

The peasant farm of individual entrepreneur Lysenko Sergey Konstantinovich is located in the village of Severny Kaduy, Tulun District, Irkutsk Region, 35 km from the district center and 420 km from the city of Irkutsk. The company is registered by decree of the Municipality of Tulun District and has an address: 665235, the village of Severny Kaduy, st. New 5.

The economy according to climatic conditions, moisture availability and the nature of snow cover is unfavorable for agricultural production.

Annual precipitation by month and average monthly air temperature are given in Fig. 1.1.

The soil is podzolic, turf-podzolic and turf taiga. The annual rainfall ranges from 400450 mm in the western part of the region, 350-400mm in the eastern part. The prevailing wind direction is North-West, repeatability in January is 3639%, and in July 32%. The minimum air temperature in January can reach - 54 ° C, and the maximum + 35 °.

A characteristic feature of the Tulun region is that the peak of maximum precipitation falls on July-August 65 and 75 mm. In August, the average monthly air temperature drops to + 14 + 15 ° C, and in September to + 7 + 10 ° C. This leads to the fact that the maturation of breads at the end of August slows down, the conditions for harvesting grain crops and root crops become difficult.

1.2 Organizational-legal and organizational-production form of KFH "LYSENKO S.K"

The organizational and legal form of the economy is characterized by the fact that it is based on a private form of property and is drawn up by a certain Certificate of state registration of the enterprise, institution, association of the organization Administration of the Tulun region).

The main statutory activity is the production, processing, sale of agricultural and other products, the performance of work, trade, household services, and the provision of other services.

KFH "LYSENKO S.K" includes several production divisions - livestock and crop breeding with certain specific functions.

Labor collective - includes citizens participating in the activity of the enterprise on the basis of an employment contract or contract. The enterprise is a commercial organization and operates on the principles of economic settlement.

1.3 Land Resources

Land funds are the most important component of agricultural resources from the rational use of land, increasing its fertility depends on the development of all sectors of agricultural production.

The size and structure of the land of KFH "LYSENKO S.K" are presented in table 1.1 .

Conclusion

A significant reason for the decrease in the yield and merchandise of potatoes is the damage to plants by diseases and pests, weed vegetation causes significant damage. Due to these reasons, product losses can range from 30 to 50%. Plant protection is a mandatory and priority element of the modern farming system. In the complex of production factors, with the help of which the productivity of crop production increases, the share of plant protection is 455.

This diploma project proposes the process of etching seed material directly in the ploughshares of a potato seedling. An analysis of the existing technical means for seed potato etching has been made and, on its basis, its own version of pre-processing tubers has been proposed, taking into account the equipment available in the farm and the availability of spare parts .

The qualitative etching of seed material will reduce the number of spraying operations and, accordingly, soil contamination with pesticides, which will positively affect the environment.

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