Diploma project of a 10-storey residential building with built-in premises

Source Data

Designed building: 10 storey 81 - apartment building with built-in premises: hairdresser, Travel Bureau, shop, library.

The initial data are:

1) Assignment for diploma design.

2) Geological section of soil base.

3) Location of the residential building.

The residential building is located in the 3rd quarter of the city of Novocheboksensk, Chuvash Republic, the main facade overlooks ul. Orange. The climate of the region is continental, belongs to the 2nd climatic region with a minimum winter temperature of 32 ° C. The construction site falls into the territory built up earlier by houses.

The residential building belongs to multi-storey residential buildings of the sectional type.

• building class in terms of durability = 1;

• building class by fire resistance = 1;

• General Contractor - JSC Khimprom;

• The residential building is equipped with passenger elevators with lifting capacity = 630 kg;

• waste water - asbestos cement pipe d = 400 mm;

• foundation - pile with monolithic pile-top and prefabricated railway units;

• walls - brick;

• floors and coverings - prefabricated reinforced concrete and monolithic.

On the 1st floor there is a design of a hairdresser, Travel Bureau, shop, library.

The project is designed for the following climatic conditions:

standard ground freezing depth - 1.6 m;

standard weight of snow cover s0 = 1.5 kPa;

standard value of wind speed head - 0.3 kPa;

design outside air temperature of the coldest five-day period - 32 ° С.

The construction site is Novocheboksensk.

Functional processes and features

The main purpose of architecture has always been to create the life environment necessary for the existence of a person, the nature and comfort of which was determined by the level of development of society, its culture, and the achievements of science and technology. This life environment, called architecture, is embodied in buildings that have internal space, complexes of buildings and structures that organize external space - streets, squares and cities.

In the modern sense, architecture is the art of designing and building buildings, structures and their complexes. It organizes all life processes. In its emotional impact, architecture is one of the most significant and ancient arts. The power of her artistic images constantly affects a person, because his whole life takes place surrounded by architecture. At the same time, the creation of a production architecture requires a significant amount of public labor and time. Therefore, the requirements for architecture along with functional feasibility, convenience and beauty include requirements for technical expediency and economy. In addition to the rational layout of the premises, corresponding to certain functional processes, the convenience of all buildings is ensured by the correct distribution of stairs, elevators, equipment and engineering devices (sanitary appliances, heating, ventilation). Thus, the shape of the building is largely determined by the functional pattern, but at the same time it is built according to the laws of beauty.

Cost reduction in architecture and construction is carried out by rational space-planning solutions of buildings, correct selection of construction and finishing materials, design facilitation, improvement of construction methods. The main economic reserve in urban planning is to increase the efficiency of land use.

Each type of public building is characterized by its own functional processes and their functional design requirements. For example, the functional requirements for the design of hospitals are determined by the scientific methods of the medical process and care of patients, the requirements for school buildings by the methodology of educational work.

Functional processes and functional design requirements for each type of public building determined by them are the result of scientific development carried out by specialists in the corresponding type of human activity.

A comparison of the different functional processes of public buildings shows that each of them has its own specific character, characteristic of only one particular type of activity of people, and the other part is common to various types of social and labor activities.

Specific functional processes are developed by specialists in relevant areas of activity. The general functional processes and related functional requirements include: social or labor activity of people and provision of the necessary space for it, movement of human flows and creation of traffic routes with the required parameters, visual perception and visibility, creation of a favorable air environment, light and solar regimes in the premises. The study of these requirements and the development of methods for designing buildings responsible for creating a favorable artificial environment belong to the field of professional activities of construction specialists.

In each building and room, the main functional processes (functions) and auxiliary (auxiliary) are distinguished. The auxiliary function in any room for another can become the main one. Both in the room and in the building as a whole, in addition to the main functional process, auxiliary ones are carried out. For example, in a training building, auxiliary functional processes are catering, management, and the like.

The set of requirements defines the scientific side of the design, which is based on a comprehensive study of the process taking place in the room. The set of requirements includes: physical and technical - to artificial environment, air environment, light and acoustic modes; technical - to the material embodiment of the spatial environment, including strength, stability and durability of load-bearing and enclosing structures, sanitary and engineering equipment, fire safety and, finally, architectural and artistic requirements for solving the appearance of the building and its interiors. The result of the study of these requirements makes it possible to establish the composition of rooms and their equipment, geometric parameters, grouping and interconnection of rooms, the direction of movement and values ​ ​ of human flows, the required physical parameters of the environment, as well as technical data for the design of structures, sanitary and engineering equipment of public buildings. The results of research are used in the development of albums of drawings of planning normals of individual rooms of public buildings of various purposes, which serve as an addition to the design standards.

Planning normals allow you to reflect not only functional requirements in them, but also to identify the geometric parameters of the planning elements of buildings (cells), to unify them, as well as to establish spatial proportions of rooms that meet architectural and artistic tasks.

The design of residential buildings is based on the principles of synthesis of functional, architectural, technical and economic aspects of architecture.

The principles of functional organization of internal space are as follows:

• Identification of relationships between individual premises while maintaining clear delineation;

• expediency in striving to best meet the material and spiritual needs of the collective of people at a reasonable minimum cost of construction and operation;

• space intended for the collective of people should have artistic properties and be built according to the laws of beauty.

The purpose of the design is to find such solutions that best meet their purpose, are fractional for the same or different activities of people, have high architectural and artistic qualities, provide buildings with strength, economy of construction and operation.

The main feature of public buildings is the variety of types and, therefore, functional processes, in some cases complex and associated with the use of special equipment. A distinctive feature is the concentration of a large number of people in them. In this regard, when designing public buildings, the task of correctly organizing the movement of human flows arises.

Special fire-fighting measures are also required to ensure safety for people and the safety of the building in the event of a fire.

A characteristic feature of public buildings is the combination of rooms in them with various geometric parameters (areas, heights). Rather small rooms (offices, working rooms) can be combined with rooms of the average size (classes, audiences, laboratories) and with big halls (visual, sports, trade).

The combination of rooms with various geometric parameters in the space-planning solution of the building should meet not only the requirements of functional, technical and economic feasibility, but also the architectural and artistic expressiveness of building external volumes and internal spaces.

An important feature of public buildings is their architectural and artistic solution. Depending on social and urban significance, public buildings can play the role of compositional centers of development, including large architectural ensembles and in combination with sculpture, painting, actively affect the consciousness of people.

Master Plan

The selection of the site for the construction of a 10-storey residential building is carried out in accordance with the master plan of the quarter. An area is being developed in front of the main entrance. On the territory, asphalt paved paths, green zones on which hardwood and conifer trees are planted at a distance of 5 m from each other, a shrub and an ornamental shrub along the paths.

Around the house there is a fire fare 3.5m wide and a parking lot.

The relief of the site is flat with a slope in the northeast direction, planned during construction and landscaped within the city territory. Physical and geological processes on the site are not expressed. The area of ​ ​ the plot is 0.96 hectares with a total slope from the central area. The removal of stormwater from the building is decided by lawns designed by passage and sidewalk towards the general lowering of the existing relief.

Improvement of the designed site provides for the construction of asphalt concrete pavement of driveways, platforms and sidewalks and a fountain. The width of the roadway is 9 m (lane width 3.0 m, number of lanes 3).

The house is snapped from an existing building.

The residential building is located in the 3rd microdistrict of Novocheboksarsk, the main facade goes to Sovetskaya Street and Parkovaya Street. Parking areas have been designed from Sovetskaya Street in order to reduce the flow of vehicles into the residential quarter. The distance from the building to the open parking lot of cars is 22.5 m, the parking lot is designed for 10 car spaces for employees and 10 car spaces for bank customers. The pedestrian part of the sidewalk is 1.5 m wide. The house is designed in the meridional direction, which provides less blowing with cold winds of the courtyard and improves the microclimate of the quarter. To ensure sanitary and hygienic conditions, the area free from development is landscaped. Various types of fits are used in the project. To enrich the architectural appearance, ordinary planting is carried out. Deciduous trees and flowering perennial shrubs are planted along the paths; such as lilac, honeysuckle, red-leaf rose. Plantings of trees and shrubs are designed between the house and parking areas, which is noise absorption and improves the ecological balance of the air environment. In the residential building, built-in rooms are designed: hairdresser, Travel Bureau, store, library.

Along the main facade, wide sidewalks are designed, which in the event of a fire are used as access roads for fire engines. Lights are designed along the sidewalk. Roads are illuminated by masts, with lamps fixed on them. Between the houses there are passages for the passage and passage of people.

Volumetric planning solution

With the development of typing of design and industrialization, the construction of residential buildings has become enormous. The most important task of social importance is being solved - to provide each family with a separate apartment. At the same time, housing construction is carried out in conjunction with day-to-day cultural services. The border of microdistricts is streets. Therefore, when designing a residential building, wide streets, sidewalks are provided that provide free passage for people, as well as in the event of a fire, the passage of fire engines.

The most important requirements for the design of buildings are ensuring the correct ratio of the areas of the main and auxiliary rooms, in accordance with their functional purpose and relationships. As studies and practice have shown, deviation from these requirements leads to discomfort and makes it difficult to conduct work. The layout of working rooms determines their functional purpose, the composition and placement of furniture and equipment, the creation of free space for movement, aesthetic requirements, a modular coordination system of parameters and communication with neighboring rooms. The expedient use of the area and the solution of functional and architectural-artistic problems largely depends on the proportion of the room in the plan, that is, on the ratio of width and depth.

One of the conditions of a space-planning solution is communication with neighboring rooms, which is carried out using vertical and horizontal communications.

To reduce the passage of cars inside the quarter, and therefore reduce the gas content of the atmosphere from Sovetskaya Street and Parkovaya Street, parking lots are provided for personal road transport of residents of the microdistrict.

In order to save land in the city, a 10-story residential building of a sectional type was designed. This house is located on the main way of moving residents of the largest microdistrict in the city, as well as standing on the main highway of the city, so for the convenience of residents in this house is designed by a hairdresser, Travel Bureau, store, library. This house complements the ensemble of entry into the city with its architectural appearance and improved facing masonry. 10-storey residential building in plan has the shape of a rectangle, the distance between the axes is 60.6x16.7 m.

The building is equipped with main and auxiliary entrances. The main entrance unit is arranged in the form of a vestibule with a lobby .

At the main entrance there is an external staircase and platform with a height elevation of 0.02 m, there is also a ramp with a slope of 1:12.

Tambour - double, straight. The width of the vestibule lock is 1.4 m, the movement of human flow into the lobby is rectilinear, the doors open outside along the evacuation route. Evacuation is also carried out through auxiliary entrances, which are also separate entrances for employees and service personnel of the bank. In the layout of the entrance node, columns are used in order to highlight people's lanes.

On the 1st floor there are: a hairdresser, Travel Bureau, store, library.

The building also has a basement, the basement floor elevation is 2.55 m.

In the designed house, each apartment consists of the following rooms:

• living rooms,

• kitchen,

• front (corridor),

• bathroom,

•Toilet,

• loggia.

All living rooms are illuminated by natural light in accordance with the requirements of the SNiP 1: 5.4, the rooms in the apartments have separate entrances, the height of the room is 2.8 m. The kitchen is equipped with exhaust natural ventilation, washing, electric stove. The walls near the kitchen equipment are lined with glazed tiles, the rest with washable wallpaper. The floor in the apartments is covered with linoleum in a mortar brace. Bath and toilet are made in reinforced concrete sanitary cabin.

Being in the 2nd climatic zone, the vestibule is made double with insulated entrance doors and with the installation of heating devices both in the vestibule and on the stairwell.

Horizontal communications are corridors that provide a link between spaces within a floor, the path to stairs, and other vertical communications.

Vertical communication stairs, designed for communication between floors, and is the main evacuation route. The stairwells are solved in the form of two-march stairs and a stairwell. The width of the flight of stairs is 1.35 m, the width of the staircase is 2.55 m. The staircase is planned as an internal day-to-day operation, made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. In the entrance assembly, stairs are made of separate concrete set steps. Two-march staircase resting on staircases. The slope of the stairs is 1:2. On the stairwell between the 2nd and 3rd floors there is a room for personnel with upholstery of the door and door box galvanized with iron on the asbotcane. From the stairwell there is access to the roof through a metal staircase equipped with a fire-resistant door. The stairwell has artificial and natural lighting through window openings. All doors along the stairwell and in the vestibule open towards the exit from the building. The stairs fencing is made of metal links, and the handrail is lined with plastic. For vertical communications, an elevator prefabricated reinforced concrete shaft with installation of an elevator unit with a lifting capacity of = 400 kg is provided. The elevator engine room is placed on the roof, which allows you to reduce the length of the driving ropes by almost three times, simplify the kinematic scheme of the elevator, reduce loads on the load-bearing structures of the building, and abandon the device of a special room for blocks. Thus, the cost of the elevator and operating costs are significantly reduced. However, such an upper location of the engine room is less advantageous for acoustic - noise reasons.

Roof is flat.