Diploma project - Multi-storey residential building in Chelyabinsk

Contents

Introduction

1. Architectural and construction solutions

1.1. Architectural Solutions

1.2. Space planning solutions

1.3. Technological solutions

1.4. Design Solutions

1.5. Brief description of the area and construction site

1.6. Heat Engineering Calculation

1.7. Fire Safety Solutions

2. Design solutions

2.1. Engineering and geographical conditions

2.2. Foundation calculation

2.3. Calculation of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slab

2.4. Calculation of reinforced concrete flight of stairs

3. Construction production technology

3.1. Construction production technology

4. Organization of construction solution

4.1. Description of CIW organization

4.2. Development of construction schedule

4.3. Calculation of temporary structures and development of construction plan

5. Environmental protection

5.1. Environmental part. General provisions

5.2. Environmental conditions

6. Technical and Economic Part

7. Occupational safety in construction

7.1. Occupational safety in construction

7.2. Fire safety measures

8. Literature

Summary

Explanatory note to the complex project "Multi-storey residential

building in Chelyabinsk "

from. Bibliography of literature - 32

names. Graphic part - 12 l. A1.

This work deals with the construction of an 18-story residential building. The main space-planning and architectural-structural solutions of the designed building are presented, thermal-technical calculation of the external wall and attic floor has been carried out. The monolithic reinforced concrete floor was calculated for the action of loads using the Lira PC, the slab was reinforced, the pile foundation for the column was calculated, the load capacity of the driven pile, the pile failure was calculated, and the reinforced concrete staircase was calculated.

The technology of works on construction of the above-ground part of the building is described, the schedule of works is developed. A construction master plan has been developed for the period of construction of the above-ground part of the building. Economic comparison of 2 variants of local estimates for stiffening diaphragms was made. Safety and environmental protection measures have been developed and described.

Architectural Solutions

The desire for rational use of urban areas inevitably leads to the development of the construction of high-rise buildings. The high cost of land in large cities dictates only one correct path - up (increase in the number of floors of development).

The designed multi-storey residential building is planned to be erected on a site located along the Kopeisky highway before crossing from ul. Gagarin, Chelyabinsk .

In the immediate vicinity of the designed building there is an existing parking lot, which is an additional convenience for residents. Visually, the building is presented with a fairly ergonomic configuration: irregular shape in plan and unusual vertical division.

Residential development belongs to 1 category of comfort. Multi-storey residential buildings are the most massive type of building in construction, therefore, special economic requirements apply to these buildings. Each apartment is provided with all activities that determine the comfort of living in it. The entrance to the residential area is designed from the side of the courtyard, which provides a convenient safe approach for people.

The space-planning solution of the building is due to the urban planning situation and the soft technological scheme of the living room .

On each of the 18 floors there are one-, three-, four- and five-room apartments. The number of apartments on the floor is 8 apartments. In the center of the building is a stair lift unit. The second staircase is also additionally designed.

Electrical panel and ventilation chambers are located in the technical subpole.

Design Solutions

Foundations-piles with a section of 300x300, cast-in-situ reinforced concrete pile, prefabricated concrete acting as basement walls .

Floors - cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slabs.

External walls are three-layer, internal - brick from clay bricks of grade M 100, on cement sand mortar M 50.

Stairs - monolithic reinforced concrete.

Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete partitions 120 mm thick. In wet rooms and red brick ventilation chambers.

Fencing of elevator shaft monolithic reinforced concrete.

Insulation: -sten - mineral wool slabs.

-crovale- mineral wool slabs of increased density.

Interior trim - plaster.

External finishing - brick cladding.

Structures and materials that meet modern requirements of quality and workability. Design solutions provide energy-saving requirements.

Brief description of the area and construction site

The site reserved for the design and construction of a multi-storey residential building in Chelyabinsk is located along the Kopeisky highway before crossing from ul. Gagarin .

Currently, the construction site is a desert, and its surface is soil and vegetation.

The area of ​ ​ the plot within the conditional limits is 2272 m2.

The relief is calm. The average slope in the northbound direction is 0.5%. The area is not subject to flooding.

Meteorological data for the area:

the climate is continental with cold long winters and warm, but relatively short summers. Early autumn and late spring frosts take place;

- absolute minimum temperature - minus 480С;

- absolute maximum temperature - plus 410С;

- the average annual rainfall, adjusted for blowing and evaporation, is 795 mm, of which 30% is in winter;

- prevailing winds are southwestern - in winter and northwestern - in summer;

- maximum of average wind speeds in rumbs:

- for January - 4.3m/s;

- for June - 3.4m/s.

Based on engineering and geological surveys, the site is composed of the following rocks:

- soil and vegetation soil. Layer thickness 0.2-0.3 meters;

- fluid-plastic clay of caric color; layer thickness 1.8 meters;

- plastic soup with sandy solid aggregate up to 28%. Layer thickness 4.4-4.6 meters;

- semi-solid loam of solid consistency with wood inclusion. Layer power up to 5.2 m,

- rock soil with a slope of 12%.

No groundwater was found in the given soil thickness.

Depth of seasonal freezing of soils:

- clay -1.8m;

Complicating the construction factors are:

- the presence of a large number of layers different in lithology, the power of which changes dramatically;

- significant degree of heterogeneity in terms of soil properties, their change in plan and depth;

- rock soils have uneven roof and are not covered by rock soils.

Explosion and fire safety measures

The project provides for fire prevention of heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.0591 *.

The elevator shafts are provided with outdoor air supply in case of fire for smoke protection of the building by plenum systems. The systems are located in the technical subpole. Air ducts of the systems are designed with fire resistance rating of 0.5 h.

The project provides a smoke-free staircase.

Elevators.

The walls, ceiling and floor of the cabin, as well as the cabin doors are made of non-combustible or hard-burning materials according to GOST 12.1.044 or materials of the combustibility group not lower than G1 according to GOST 30244.

Since the building is equipped with systems for monitoring and controlling the access of workers and visitors, the fire hazard indicators of the facing layer with a thickness of 1.0 mm and less are not normalized.

Plafons of stationary electric lighting devices of the elevator car are made of materials of flammability groups not lower than B 2 as per GOST 30402.

Enclosing structures and filling of door openings of shafts and elevator halls meet the requirements of SNiP 2101 *, SNiP 2.08.01 *, SNiP 2.08.02 *, NPB 250 and other documents of the system of regulatory documents in construction for the design of buildings and structures of various purposes according to SNiP 1001.

The elevator machine room is located on the 19th floor of the building. Channels for laying hydraulic drives are made with fire resistance limit not less than REI 60 as per SNiP 2101 *, GOST 30247.1, NPB 239, and doors of machine rooms - EI 60 as per GOST 30247.2.

Fire resistance limits of elevator shaft doors having "fire hazard" mode on the main landing floors are not normalized, taking into account the requirement of item 6.5.2.

Fire protection equipment

elevator units

On the elevator landing areas, in the elevator halls and in the elevator shafts, the installation of detectors of automatic fire alarm systems of buildings and structures in accordance with the requirements of NPB 110 is provided. When using fire alarm systems of address-analog type, it is allowed to install one detector in each elevator hall. For elevator shafts, smoke fire detectors are provided (one detector per elevator shaft installed in its tip - the area of ​ ​ the upper floor).

Plenum smoke ventilation systems to create excess air pressure in mines are provided in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2101 *, SNiP 2.04.05 *, SNiP 2.08.01 *, SNiP 2.08.02 * and other documents of the System of regulatory documents in construction for the design of buildings and structures of various purposes according to SNiP iP 1001.

The structures of the air ducts of these systems are of class P as per SNiP 2.04.05 * with fire resistance limits of at least EI 30 as per NPB 239, for fans the fire resistance limits are not normalized.

External air supply to elevator shafts is performed based on the condition of overpressure value not less than 20 Pa

The following plates are displayed on landing platforms before entering the elevators:

USE OF ELEVATORS DURING FIRE IS PROHIBITED!

Construction production technology

Work of the preparatory period.

During the preparatory period, the following types of work must be performed:

demolition of old buildings, clearing the territory from shrubs and shallows, drainage of surface water into the tray, geodetic survey work;

planning of the construction area, especially where inventory facilities and temporary premises are located;

installation of inventory trailers, preparation of storage sites;

laying of water supply, temporary power supply networks, outdoor lighting, telephone.

Earthworks

Before the start of the main earthworks, the fertile soil layer must be removed and laid in a dump.

Soil development is carried out by a bulldozer. In sections of embankments vertical layout is performed after arrangement of communications and foundations. After completion of planning works, piling works begin. These works are carried out using a swaeboy based on the EO-4321 excavator.

Backfilling is performed by incompressible soil. Soil compaction during backfilling is carried out using bulldozers and ramming.

Purpose and composition of piling works

Piling works are carried out during the construction of piling foundations of buildings and structures of housing, industrial, agricultural and transport construction, as well as retaining walls, sheet fences, anti-filtration curtains, bridge supports, underground structures. Piling works are characterized by a high level of industriality and represent a set of complex mechanized technological processes. Installation of pile foundations allows to significantly reduce labour intensity of zero-cycle works, reduce the duration of construction of facilities and improve the quality of works.

Piling works include the following technological processes: pile diving, test driving and production testing of piles, construction of a pile pile. The main works on the construction of pile foundations are preceded by preparatory, delivery and storage of piles, the breakdown of the axes of the pile field and the places of pile immersion; check of state of assembly elements and assemblies, composite piles.

Structural reinforcement.

Reinforcement elements and finished frames are delivered to the construction facility and placed on the storage site. At acceptance of reinforcement, frames delivered to the object, compliance of reinforcement bars to the design, diameter and distance between work bars of frames is controlled. Reinforcement frames are assembled in place as viscous.

Concreting. Installation of reinforcement and formwork within the gripping area shall be completed prior to the start of concrete mix laying in the pile formwork. Before laying the concrete mixture, it is necessary to check the quality of installation and fixation of the formwork, as well as all structures and elements closed during concreting (reinforcement, embedded parts, etc.).

Concreting of individual structures includes:

acceptance of concrete mixture and its supply to the work area;

laying and compaction of concrete mixture;

caring for concrete in the process of gaining the required strength.

Decompression. Minimum strength of concrete during fracturing. The minimum strength of concrete during decompression of load-bearing structures is 7O... 8O%. Decompression of structures must be carried out in the optimal time and at the same time ensure that there is no damage to concrete.

Roofing works.

Roofing works are performed in-line in the following order:

steam insulation device;

laying of insulation plates;

waterproofing carpet arrangement;

laying of protective layer.

Lifting of materials is carried out using installation cranes. Cement bracing is applied mechanically. The roll material sticker is made using a manual roll material sticker machine.

At the construction site there should be a platform for heating bitumen, the placement of which should be guided by fire safety rules.

Finishing works.

The following works shall be performed prior to commencement of finishing works:

glass window bindings;

close temporary openings;

in winter, connect heat.

Finishing works are combined with sanitary, electrical and civil works with strict observance of safety conditions. Lifting of materials and tools to floors is carried out using lifts. For plaster works, mortar is brought to the construction site by car dump trucks. Materials for painting work are delivered to the construction site in the finished form. When performing painting operations, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements of GOST 12.3.035-84.

Winterization.

In winter, construction and installation work is more expensive and labor-intensive. To ensure the normal progress of work, special organizational and technical measures should be provided?

for concrete works:

supply of concrete mixture with positive temperature;

adding chloride salts to the concrete mixture;

electrical heating;

for finishing works:

preliminary commissioning of heating systems;

the use of portable calorifers;

for roofing works:

addition of chloride salts to cement brace.

for stonework:

1) adding sodium formate to the cement slurry.

The organization of labor is an integral part of the organization of construction production, aimed at increasing the productivity of workers and improving the quality of work.

The organization of labor, based on a scientific basis, provides for a system of measures according to the SNiP 12.01.2004 Organization of Construction Production, including the following main areas: improvement of forms of labor organization - division and cooperation of labor, selection of the optimal composition and specialization of teams and links of workers; study and dissemination of best practices; training and training of workers; improving the organization and maintenance of workplaces; ensuring the most favourable working conditions; improvement of labour standards, introduction of progressive forms and payment systems.

The introduction of best practices and techniques compared to traditional ones provides a significant increase in production and increased productivity.

4.1 Description of CIW organization

Construction and installation works of a multi-storey residential building at elevation below 0.000 are carried out by RDK25 crane with boom length and 32.5 and more than 0.000 -based crane KB504 with boom length of 35 meters for loading and unloading operations and installation of main building structures.

Construction and installation works include: earthworks, piling, installation of a monolithic pile, installation of foundations, brickwork, installation work, sling and material storage diagrams, safety measures and industrial sanitation.

Environmental part

5.1.General Provisions

Construction is an area of ​ ​ work for people with an extremely high degree of environmental responsibility. This is due primarily to the fact that construction processes come into direct contact with all components of nature, actively forming anthropogenic landscapes in a relatively short time. The organization of the labor process that forms environmentally friendly facilities is carried out within the framework of the complex's engineering and environmental support system, which includes:

Environmentally sound requirements for industrial and housing construction;

tasks of environmentally optimal design for all formed links;

scientific and methodological study of environmental solutions;

comprehensive analysis of all forms of construction technogenesis;

Principles for the organization of environmentally sound construction processes;

quantitative assessment of current and long-term consequences in the regions of deployment of construction complexes;

environmental management and conservation of natural resources.

The greatest ecological damage at construction is caused to the nature by the fact that for the constructed object, the building site, access roads considerable land territories are allocated in continuous and temporary use. Therefore, when choosing construction sites, it is recommended to use land unsuitable for other purposes (agriculture, mining, historical and cultural monuments, etc.).

The selected construction site fully complies with these recommendations. It is located in the city outside arable land, on its territory there are no historical cultural monuments.

During the construction of the building, a large role is played by vehicles and various construction equipment (bulldozer, excavator, lifting mechanisms), which operates on internal combustion engines and releases exhaust gases, which make up 8085% of harmful emissions in the total balance of atmospheric air pollution. A significant effect in reducing air pollution by motor vehicles is achieved by the fact that the accepted machines operate on diesel fuel, and the main cranes, means of small mechanization - welding machines, compressors, paint consoles, etc. - operate from an electric drive.

The work carried out at the facilities under construction is certainly accompanied by noise. The source of noise at the construction site is transport and construction equipment, while noise pollution from vehicles goes far beyond the site (delivery of materials, structures, equipment to the place of work). Poor condition of roads contributes to the formation of noise, leads to damage to structures and vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully arrange the base and pavement of roads. Also, one of the measures to reduce noise is the transfer of construction equipment to an electric drive.

During construction and installation works at the site, the project provides for a number of the following provisions :

1. incineration at the construction site of wastes and residues of materials, dyes, tires, etc. intensively polluting air;

2. Waste and garbage shall not be dumped from the floors of the building;

3. In order to prevent contamination of surface water and groundwater, it is necessary to capture contaminated water for the washing of vehicles and equipment (by installing bio-cleaners);

4. All industrial and household effluents generated at the construction site shall be cleaned and neutralized.

5.2 Environmental Preservation Conditions

Construction is an area of ​ ​ work of a person with a high degree of environmental responsibility. This is primarily due to the fact that construction processes come into direct contact with all components of nature,

The organization of the labor process that forms environmentally friendly facilities is carried out within the framework of the system of engineering and environmental support of the complex, which includes:

- Environmentally sound requirements for civil engineering facilities;

- tasks of environmentally optimal design for all formed links;

- scientific and methodological study of environmental solutions;

- complex analysis of all forms of technogenesis:

Principles for the organization of environmentally sound construction processes;

- quantitative assessment of current and long-term consequences in the regions of construction complexes deployment;

- Environmental management and conservation of natural resources.

When choosing a construction site, it is recommended to use land for access roads that are not suitable for other use (agriculture, mining, historical and cultural monuments). During construction, the fertile soil layer will not be damaged, as it is temporarily cut and stored.

In the allotted territory are located:

- construction facility;

- access roads;

- pipelines;

- power transmission and communication lines.

To reduce the adverse impact of these factors on the environment, the following measures are provided:

1. a temporary camp for workers, located in the vicinity of utilities, which will reduce the area of ​ ​ alienated land for their construction;

2. temporary roads are arranged in such a way that in the future they can be used for permanent roads. Existing roads are used as much as possible.

During the construction of the building, a large role is played by various construction equipment and vehicles. Construction equipment operates on internal combustion engines and emits exhaust gases, which make up 8085% of harmful emissions in the total air pollution balance.

A significant effect in reducing air pollution by motor vehicles is achieved by the fact that the accepted machines operate on diesel fuel, and construction equipment (excavator, bulldozer, crane), low-mechanization devices (welders, compressors, paint towers) - from an electric drive.

The sources of noise at the construction site are transport, construction equipment, while the noise pollution of the environment goes far beyond the construction site (delivery of materials, equipment structures). Poor road conditions contribute to noise and damage structures, materials and equipment. The method of control is a thorough arrangement of road bases and coatings.

During construction and installation works, the project provides for a number of provisions:

Incineration at the construction site of wastes and residues of materials, dyes and other substances, intensively polluting air, is not allowed.

2. It is not allowed to dump waste and garbage from the floors of the building (storage trays and storage silos are used for this).

3. By installing bio-cleaners, contamination of surface and lifting waters is prevented when washing vehicles and equipment.

4. All industrial and household effluents generated at the construction site shall be cleaned and neutralized.

When organizing construction production, it is necessary to carry out measures and works to protect the natural environment, which should include land reclamation, preventing the loss of natural resources, preventing or cleaning up harmful emissions into soil, water bodies and the atmosphere.

The specified measures shall be provided in the design and estimate documentation.

Construction and installation works within the protected protected and sanitary zones and territories should be carried out in accordance with the procedure established by special rules and regulations on them.

On the territory of the objects under construction, it is not allowed to inadvertently reduce tree-shrub vegetation and fill root necks and trunks of growing trees and shrubs with soil.

Water release from construction sites directly to the slopes, without proper protection from erosion is not allowed.

When performing planning work, the soil layer suitable for subsequent use must be previously removed and stored in specially designated places.

Temporary roads and other access roads should be arranged taking into account the requirements to prevent damage to agricultural land and shrub vegetation.

During construction and installation works in the settlement areas, the requirements for preventing air gas pollution must be met. When removing waste and garbage, it is not allowed to dump them from the floors of the building without using closed trays and storage bins.

Production and domestic effluents generated at the construction site shall be cleaned and neutralized in accordance with the procedure stipulated by the construction organization project and PDP.

During any construction, mechanical destruction of the soil and the built-up area occurs, the project provides for the preservation and further use of the fertile layer from the built-up area. To do this, the scope and procedure for performing work during reclamation of land violated during construction are determined. When developing the soil and vegetable layer, the fertile layer, as well as the turf, is bulldozed into burrows, which are stored until the end of construction.

After the completion of construction and the completion of the planning of a development-free area, a previously removed and stored soil layer is applied to the leveled surface. It levels and falls asleep in pits for planting trees and shrubs.

Construction debris (wreckage of brickwork walls, slabs, etc.) can be used to compress soils, lay a substrate for pedestrians or roads, fill ravines and pits.

With little suitability of construction waste and production waste, timely removal and disposal should be organized.

There are no sources of harmful emissions into the air basin.

Emissions of machines used in construction and installation works are controlled by the relevant authorities. Every year, each vehicle is monitored for CO2 and other harmful gases.

During construction works it is forbidden to cut down green spaces outside the agreed boundaries of the site. Soil dumps are located in natural depressions of the relief (pits, ravines, etc.); garbage and household waste generated at the construction site must be collected in special closed metal containers with their further transportation to places agreed with the sanitary supervision authorities.

Control over the amount and composition of pollutant emissions is carried out under an agreement with the laboratory of the Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Chelyabinsk, or another certified laboratory and is carried out both on emission sources and on actual air pollution.

Air emissions from dust (metal and abrasive) should be monitored once a year, and for other substances - once every five years.