Diploma Project Development of Tire Complex for STO

Contents

Introduction

1 Justification of the need to develop a bus complex for the STR

No. 3 of Kharkov

1.1 Analysis of factors affecting the life of passenger car tyres

1.2 Tire Maintenance Features and Co-Timber

1.3 Influence of running gear technical condition on tyre wear

2 Process calculation of STR No.

2.1 Substantiation of initial data and capacity of STO No. 3 taking into account

Prospects for Increased Service Delivery

2.2 Calculation of the annual scope of work of the STR

2.3 Calculation of the number of workers

2.4 Calculation of number of work posts and car seats of STO

2.5 Calculation of the number of auxiliary posts and vehicles

for car storage

2.6 Calculation of production areas of lines, zones and warehouses,

car storage areas

3 Bus system for maintenance, diagnosis and repair of tyres

3.1 Purpose of the complex

3.2 Bus Diagnostic Post

3.3 Bus Department

3.4 Occupational safety in the complex-sa departments

4 Test bench for diagnostics of air pressure during rolling of tyres as per

Baraba-nam

4.1 Analysis of existing walls and selection of walls

4.2 Proposed design of drum stand for diagnostics

air pressure in tyres at their rolling along rams-us

4.3 Calculation of wall parts and assemblies

5 Diagnostic, balancing, permutation and

tyre repair

5.1 Possible vehicle suspension failures

5.2 Adjustment of co-forest installation angles

5.3 Tyre Storage

5.4 Tyre Maintenance

5.5 Tyre Installation and Removal Rules

5.6 Selection of tyres for the car

5.7 Picking of the car tyre-mi

5.8 Rearrangement of tyres on motor vehicles

6 Health and environmental protection

6.1 General provisions

6.2 Safety precautions

6.3 Electrical Safety

6.4 Fire Safety

6.5 Environmental protection

6.6 Lightning protection of buildings and structures

6.7 Calculation of vibration

6.8 Calculation of fire water

7 Economic justification of design decisions

Lead-outs

List of literature

Appendix A - Process Instruction "Check and Adjustment

clearance in bearings of front wheel hub "

Appendix B - Bench Drum Module Specification

Bus Diagnostics

Appendix B - Equipment Statements

Introduction

The era of car tires began when the French pharmacist M. Dunlor received a patent for the invention. In fact, it was a rubber hose enclosed in a ring and filled with air, which, the inventor put on the wheel of a bicycle for his son. Since then, the tire has undergone changes, improving and improving, while maintaining its main goal.

Which caused such a large cost and search, which led to the appearance of the rubber and then rubber industry; synthesizing new chemical materials, creating complexes for tire repair, vulcanization and restoration. The reason was simple: the tire became the best intermediary between the pavement of the ground and the mobile crew, which the car began to call. It is by this that she completely seized dominance in the nodes of technology associated with movement on the ground, including even aviation.

The secret lies in the new tire material - rubber, which retains the properties of soft springs, and at the same time securely engaging the car with the road surface. A lot of time has passed, but the tire remains a reliable element of the car, requiring appropriate attention and proper maintenance.

Increasing requirements for a modern car immediately affect the quality and performance of tires, as well as their recovery ability and cost.

The increasing requirements for safety, sensitivity to control and maximum resource become the most important for an auto-mobile bus, giving rise to auxiliary production related to the maintenance, repair and restoration of tires. Currently appeared

and successful implementation of a new concept in car maintenance, diagnostics of technical condition and troubleshooting by actual condition. This concept raises the practical maintenance and restoration of car performance to a new level. Diagnosis of the most expensive elements of the car - tires, gives a real picture of their condition and accurately establishes the need for impact and determines its volume. Thus, the tyres in good technical condition are not dismantled and, as a result, their life is extended. The cause of the fault and how to correct it are precisely determined: replacement, restoration or reinstallation of the bus. However, as the pre-diploma has shown, the practice of equipping tire posts and complexes as a whole is far from perfect. With all this, the development of improved tools for diagnosing the performance of tires and wheels will reduce the costs associated with the maintenance and repair of tires, while increasing their resource life and reducing the cost of software and SR, as well as the amount of investment.

The project analyzed the main factors affecting the life of tires during the operation of cars of foreign and domestic production.

On this basis, the proposed method of rapid bus diagnostics. Developed highly mechanized tire complex, technology and improved layout of its branches as well as specialized one hundred.

4 Air Pressure Diagnostic Bench

At rolling of tyres by drums

4.1 Analysis of existing and selection of stand

The main reason for the large wear of tires and their disposal is the non-compliance with the air pressure in them. The use of pressure gauges for pressure control reduces the reliability of the valve since its internal cavity is clogged with dirt, and the thread is covered with rust. Pressure checking with a pressure gauge is associated with a lot of labor and is also difficult to check the pressure of internal tires. Considering that within the ATP it is advantageous to create a special diagnostic post for the air pressure in the tyres of the wheels, let us consider which devices are known for this purpose.

Pressure detection methods can be classified by the type of measuring device used:

- volumetric method ;

- method of determining the area of contact with the support surface of the bench or drum;

- method of force action;

- acoustic or vibroacoustic method.

The volumetric method consists in determining the pressure by volume of the embossed measuring fluid and other material proportional to the pressure of the air in the tire .

The method of determining area by fingerprint is the most common and accessible.

The essence of the method is to determine the length and width of the tire contact spot with the plane of the support surface. Then values are multiplied and corrected and contact area is determined. The contact area is converted to air pressure units in the tyres.

The method of force action on the tire is also common as the previous method. Working member acts on tire, at that fixed movement or fixed force is produced. In case of fixed movement, the working tool presses the measuring tip into the tire until the force of the measuring device measures the value of the force of pressing the tip proportional to the pressure of air in the tires. With a fixed pressing force, a certain force occurs, or the comprehension of which is measured by the amount of movement of the measuring tip and converted into units of air.

The acoustic or vibroacoustic method is based on the specifics of wave propagation in an elastic gas. When waves are excited with a certain vibration characteristic, these waves pass through the cavity of the tire pumped with air and reach the receiver.

The measurement of the frequency of the receiving waves depends on the density of the air and data and on the pressure of the air in the tire.

Device for diagnostics of air pressure in car wheels tyres. Copyright Certificate No. 437631. The device has a movable trolley 3, which, moving perpendicular to the direction of movement of the car along the guides 8, allows measuring air pressure in the tires of the front and rear wheels. The operation of the device begins by installing the trolley on the desired track using the motor of the drive 10. A car passing at a speed of 6... 10 km/h hits the contact switch 2. From this moment, the report of pulses that form a rotating breaker is started, driven by a toothed sector connected to a machine bar installed by a driving car. The pulse measurement is performed at the moment when the wheel of the car ceases to act on the contact switch 2. The number of pulses obtained is proportional to the length of the contact spot, and therefore the pressure of the air in the tire .

A disadvantage of the device is the low measurement accuracy associated with the inaccuracy of the contact area measurement. Measuring the length of the contact line on tyres of another profile completely discredit the values measured by the bench.

Device for diagnostics of air pressure in car wheels tyres. Copyright certificate No. 723412. The measurement method is similar to that described above, but as the determining mechanism of the contact line length, contact plates are used, which are turned on by a single switch. The number of closed elements determines the air pressure in the tire .

Copyright certificate No. 669240 for the device measuring the air pressure in the tyres of the wheels along the length of the contact line. Bogie 5 with lever 9 moves along guides 3 and return spring 8 connected with them.

The wheel of the moving car pushes the lever 9 together with the trolley 5 and continues to move until it presses the spring button 20. The latter closes contacts of relay 18. The relay winding retracts the movable jaw and the last one connected to the slider closes the rod fixed on the trolley. Thus, after hitting a spring-loaded button, the car pushes a trolley that moves the slider along the rheochord. Rheochord readings are converted to air pressure value.

Copyright certificate No. 421487. The device is a trolley in which the support platform is integral with the lever on which the pressed and measuring disk is located. The wheel of the car runs into the selected platform and the weight of the body acts as a disk on the side of the tire. The disk, pressed into the sidewall, causes the measuring lever, which is connected to the rheochord slider, to move. The higher the air pressure in the tyres, the lower the angle of the measuring lever in curvature to the perpendicular and the tyre, the higher the rheochord resistance and the pressure shown is higher.

The wheel tyre air test bench (author's certificate No. 621288) operates as follows: the power cylinder, acting with a tip on the tyre, pushes the latter until the force reaches the maximum limit pressure at which the wheel tip abuts and overcomes the resilience of the machine 4, which acts on the lever 5 and moves it to the extreme left position. Contacts 13 and 7 are respectively opened and closed. At the same time, the rod does not move, and on the carriage 8 pulses are read by the head 10.

The device under the copyright certificate No. 469623 operates as follows, moving along the guides 7 of the sliding wheel 9 causes the discs 3 to wrap around the tire standing on the base 1. At the same time magnetic heads 13 read pulses of magnetic devices 14. The total number of bus pulses is the value of the area of ​ ​ the marked bus, and then we convert it into the amount of air in the bus. Of all the methods, this is the most accurate.

4.2 Proposed design of drum bench for diagnostics of air pressure in tyres during their rolling on the drum.

Relying on the material obtained from the analysis and we will develop a bench that allows you to determine the rolling radii of the wheels. In our case, it will be a drum-type stand with an independent independent drive, which allows you to diagnose each wheel in terms of length. Since the complex is designed in the conditions of specialization of work on a passenger car, the maintenance and diagnostics of the design of the developed stand should be specialized in them. The front and rear car trolley will be diagnosed.

The drive to the bench must be simple and reliable .

Operation of stands:

The car stops at the stand so that each wheel of its trolley becomes two drums. Then the gearbox of the car is moved to a neutral position. After checking and inspecting the quality of installation of the car on the stand, and making sure that the start of diagnostics is safe, one or two sections of the stand are trialled. After making sure that the stand and the car satisfy the diagnostic conditions, we unwind the reels of the stand and, after a certain number of turns of the wheels of the car, we stop. By converting the number of revolutions into units of pressure, the condition of the tires is determined by the need for pressure correction.

To ensure the change of diagnostic values in minus, the use of magnetic-electric Hall Sensors is provided. Measurement is carried out arbitrarily and regardless of the position of each value, but simultaneously taking the indicators of all sensors. Conversion of indirect values into diagnostic values by a logical device taking into account the type and size of tyres used.

Diagnostic parameters removed from the undercarriage:

- rigidity of each tyre;

- pressure and rolling radius of each tyre;

- determination of violation of cutting threads integrity;

- determination of tyre characteristics and structures;

- installation conditions on one seat or on one axle.

Benches maintenance consists in inspection of drums scrolling for attention to bearing operation, filling them with lubricant if necessary, inspection of drive circuit, measuring sensors, serviceability and detection of leaks in accumulators. At this post, if necessary, tyres are pumped.

6.1 Production sanitation

Sanitary design standards of industrial enterprises prescribe certain requirements for the territory of the enterprise, its water supply and sewerage, for auxiliary buildings and structures.

The territory of enterprises should be flat, without wetlands, have a small slope for the removal of rain and sewage. Buildings and structures are located relative to the sides of the world and the prevailing winds so as to create the most favorable conditions for natural ventilation and lighting .

The location of industrial buildings and premises shall ensure minimal impact of industrial hazards (smoke, dust, noise) on conditions in the residential area. Sanitary gaps between buildings and structures illuminated through window openings shall be not less than the highest height of opposing buildings and structures .

Production buildings and structures must also comply with sanitary standards. The choice of the type of building and the location of working rooms in it depend on the technological process, on the emerging industrial hazards .

In production with an excess of obvious heat (more than 20 kcal/m3 h) and significant emissions of harmful gases, vapors and dust, single-storey buildings are selected for them, in which case there is a need to place such industries in multi-storey buildings, then they must be placed in the upper stages.

Production premises shall have not less than 15 m3 of volume and 4.5 m2 of area for each worker, and harmful premises shall have 13 m3 and 4 m2, respectively. The height of all rooms from floor to ceiling shall be not less than 3.2 m. Walls and ceilings shall be low-thermal and dust-free. Floors are flat, not slippery, if they are cold (cement, etc.), mats or wooden grates are laid at workplaces.

The equipment in the rooms is located with leaving passages at least 1 m wide and so that the movement of goods above workplaces is not required.

Industrial sanitation is a system of organizational, hygienic and sanitary measures and means that prevent workers from being exposed to harmful production factors. Industrial sanitation includes: occupational health (preventive medicine), which studies the conditions of health at work, and sanitary equipment (ventilation, heating, air conditioning, heat and gas supply, water supply and sewerage, cleaning and neutralization of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reservoirs, lighting).

Industrial sanitation standards are defined by the installation of industrial and domestic premises, workplaces in accordance with physiology and occupational health, as well as safe limits of dust, gases, vapors, etc.

At the maintenance stations, the management of safety and industrial sanitation is the responsibility of the plant manager.

One of the main measures to ensure labor safety is the mandatory instruction of new employees and periodic instruction of all employees of the enterprise. New employees are introduced to the main provisions on labor protection, internal regulations, fire rules and peculiarities of the enterprise's work, the duties of employees to comply with safety and industrial sanitation rules, the procedure for moving at the enterprise, means of protecting workers and methods of providing pre-medical assistance to victims.

The main industrial hazards possible at the designed enterprise are [14-16]:

- insufficient air exchange in the premises and workshops of the enterprise,

- non-compliance with the norm of temperature, humidity, barometric pressure,

- insufficient illumination of working areas,

-expressed noise level;

-expressed ultrasound level;

-expressed level of infrastructure;

-expressed vibration level;

- dangerous level of damaging factors;

-expressed radiation level;

Measures taken at the designed enterprise to reduce industrial hazards:

- to improve air exchange, the company is equipped with natural organized ventilation, carried out using aeration and deflectors;

- The company is also equipped with mechanical ventilation systems (plenum ventilation), the fans of which, depending on the composition of the air they move, are made of a certain material and have a different design.

- to maintain certain temperature and humidity conditions, as well as constant speed and cleanliness of air, the company is equipped with autonomous central and local air conditioning systems;

- to clean air from harmful substances, the enterprise uses dust collectors (cyclones, inertial, louver, irotation), as well as fog collectors (electric and low-speed);

- to create the required air conditions in the limited area of the production room, the enterprise uses local plenum (air shower, air oases and air-heat curtains), and local exhaust (protective enclosures, exhaust cabinets, umbrellas, cabins and chambers) ventilation;

- to heat the rooms - maintaining the specified air temperature in them in the cold season, the company is equipped with central water and steam heating systems. In administrative and household premises, boiler heating is used;

- combined lighting (natural and artificial, combined) is used to illuminate production premises at the designed enterprise;

- all buildings and structures use such types of artificial lighting: working, emergency, evacuation, security and duty;

- all workplaces are illuminated according to the nature of the works performed;

- sufficient uniform distribution of brightness on the working surface (combined lighting, light painting of walls, ceiling, production equipment);

- reduction of illumination pulsation coefficient is performed by stabilisation of supply voltage by rigid fixation of lamps;

- monochromatic light is used at the enterprise for correct light transmission;

- gas discharge lamps, filament lamps are used as artificial light sources at the enterprise;

- depending on working conditions the light sources are executed in different designs (opened, protected, closed, dustproof, moisture protective, explosion-proof, explosion-proof);

- standards of artificial lighting at the enterprise correspond to the standards of illumination of workshops and ARP sections developed by SNiP 2-4-92;

- for protection against bright light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, workers are equipped with glasses and shields with special filters;

- to reduce noise intensity, the company applied acoustic treatment of the room (application of sound absorbing materials on the surfaces of the rooms in the form of a layer of material of a certain thickness, homogeneous and porous);

- sound-insulating fences in the form of walls, partitions, casings, cabins are used;

- individual noise protection means (inserts, headphones, helmets) are used;

- jet-type silencers (resonant, chamber) are used to protect against infra-sound;

- to reduce vibration, the method of installing units on the foundation is used, the amplitude of oscillations, the sole of which does not exceed 0.1 mm;

- to increase the reactive resistance of oscillating systems, dynamic vibration dampers are used;

- reduction of vibration in the way of its propagation is carried out due to increased rigidity of the system (introduction of stiffening ribs);

- installation of vibration holding masses with impedance significantly exceeding the impedance of the main structure is used to reduce vibration transmission across the structural elements;

- pneumatic vibration isolators are used to reduce the transmission of vibrations on the path of manual mechanized tools;

- also the workers are equipped with personal protection of the hands against vibration (sleeves, gloves, vibration protection gaskets or plates).

The danger of vibration to humans. Vibrations of material bodies at low frequencies (3100 Hz) with large amplitudes (0.50.003) mm, are felt by humans as vibration and shocks. Vibrations are widely used in production.

However, vibrations and concussions have a harmful effect on the human body, cause vibration disease - neuritis. Under the influence of vibration, there is a change in the nervous, cardiovascular and bone-joint systems: an increase in blood pressure, cramping of the vessels of the limbs and heart. This disease is accompanied by headaches, dizziness, increased fatigue, numbness of the hands. Oscillations with a frequency of 6-9 Hz are especially harmful, frequencies are close to the intrinsic oscillations of internal organs and lead to resonance, as a result, internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach) move and irritate them.

Vibrations are characterized by displacement amplitude A - this is the value of the greatest deviation of the oscillating point from the equilibrium position in mm (m); amplitude of oscillatory velocity V m/s; amplitude of oscillatory acceleration a m/s; period T, c; oscillation frequency f Hz.

According to the method of transmission to a person, vibration is divided into :

- common transmitted to the human body through support surfaces;

- local, transmitted through the hands of a person .

In the direction of action, vibrations are divided into "axes" of the si-coordinate system: with a common X, Y, Z and local Xp, Yp, Zp vibration. The total vibration by the source of its occurrence is divided into 3 categories :

- transport (when moving on terrain);

- transport and technological (when moving in premises, on industrial sites);

- process (from stationary machines, workplaces).

The location of buildings and structures relative to the light and direction of the prevailing winds should ensure the best conditions for natural lighting, ventilation of premises and the fight against insolation. Rooms with significant heat emissions, as well as those in which it is possible to accumulate gases, vapors and dust emitted by production, must be located at the external walls of the building.