Course work on TSP (residential building)

Contents

Contents

Introduction

1 Characteristics of the area and the construction site

2 Characteristics of applied materials and articles

3 Process of works execution

3.1 Composition of operating operations

3.2 Determination of scope of works and conditions of their execution

3.3 Selection of machines and mechanisms for works

3.4 Scope of works and process sequence of their execution

4 Quality control and acceptance of works

5 Calculation and rationing of labor costs

6 Breakdown of the building into installation areas (grips). Determining the composition of the mason team and the size of the plots

7 Requirements for logistical resources

8 Development of safety measures

9 Technical and economic indicators

Conclusion

Literature

Application

Introduction

The technology of construction production is the science of methods of performing construction processes during the construction of buildings and structures.

The task of technology as a science is to identify physical, chemical, mechanical and other laws in order to determine and use in practice the most efficient and cost-effective methods for performing production processes.

The purpose of the course project is to develop the technology for the production of stone and installation work for the production of a single-apartment two-story three-room residential building, assimilation and fixation of theoretical material according to the technology of work.

The following main issues must be addressed during the course project:

1. Characterize the building, its structural elements, conditions and peculiarities of the work.

2. Set the required scope of work.

3. Characterize the materials and products used.

4. Define scope of work and set conditions for its execution.

5. Choose technically suitable and economically profitable types and brands of machines for basic work.

6. Give a description of the process of works execution in the sequence of their execution with the indication of the necessary schemes of workplaces organization and performance of technological operations, as well as with indication of the peculiarities of works performance in winter.

7. Compile organizational and technological documentation for stone works;

8. Identify the need for logistical resources.

9. Give a description of the sequence of methods and means of control during the production and acceptance of stone works.

10. Develop safety measures for stone and installation works.

11. Calculate the technical and economic indicators of the developed work technology.

To resolve all the above issues, the following initial data must be available:

1. Typical residential building design.

2. Design parameters of a residential building.

3. Structural features of walls, slabs.

4. Availability of construction and installation machines in the contracting construction organization.

5. Production and organizational conditions of the construction facility (distance by road categories to the WBI plant, RBU, etc.).

Characteristics of the area and the construction site

The building is a single-apartment one-story three-room residential building, the construction district is the city of Orsha. The distance from the construction site to the reinforced concrete plant is 11 km, to the RBU plant -7 km.

The construction area is characterized by a flat territory with slight deviations.

In the city of Orsha, the climate is coldly temperate continental. The temperature here averages + 6.6 ° C. 600 mm is the average annual rainfall. Annual relative humidity, 79%. The difference between the rainfall, between the driest and wettest month is 57 mm. Throughout the year, the temperature ranges from 24.5 ° C.

The average annual depth of ground freezing is 86 cm.

Orsch refers to a zone of sufficient humidification .

The building is characterized by dimensions in axes 9000x8700 with transverse and longitudinal bearing walls. The wall design corresponds to the type of 2 of blocks of cellular concrete with dimensions 188 * 400 * 5882,0500353 STB 111798 and 88 * 250 * 5882,0500353 STB 111798 with brick facing ceramic thickened facial KLPU 100/25 according to STB 116099 on light solution M50 F50. The internal walls are made of brick ceramic thickened STB 116099 dimensions 120 * 250 * 88mm, thickness 380 mm. Partitions in the room are made of ceramic thickened brick with a thickness of 120 mm and a cellular block with a thickness of 120 mm. Precast reinforced concrete slabs. Foundations - tape assemblies. Jumpers - prefabricated reinforced concrete. Staircase marches and platform-prefabricated wooden.

Rafter roof - combined with a roof of asbestos-cement wavy sheets of the brand 40/1508 STB 111898 according to a grate of wooden bars 30 × 150 (h). [1].

Number of floors 1, floor height 2.5 m.

Fleet of cars: vehicles ZIL433100, MAZ-53371, ABS5, PL-0906, cranes SMK10, KS-2561.

Characteristics of materials and products used

Blocks of cellular concrete STB 1117-98

Blocks are used in construction for masonry of external and internal walls and partitions of buildings, structures with relative humidity of not more than 75% and with non-aggressive environment. In rooms with air humidity of more than 60%, the surface of the units located in the room must have a vapor insulation coating.

They are used in load-bearing walls in buildings up to and including 5 floors, but not more than 15 m, in self-bearing - in buildings up to and including 9 floors, but not more than 30 m. They are also used in the construction of garden houses, garages, warehouses, offices, etc.

Transportation and storage

The following requirements apply to transportation of aerated concrete blocks:

it is desirable that cars and trailers be equipped with air suspension.

cars may not be shaded because the blocks are in a heat shrink film. If the transport is equipped with a tent, the tent must be shiftable.

on-board cars must have at least one hinged side (along the length of the load).

it is desirable to have a minimum of 2 tension belts to secure the pallets.

the vehicle body must be even and free of foreign objects so that pallets are loaded exactly and directly on the body floor.

To avoid damage to the units, it is recommended to unload the pallets using a special crossbar or soft slings to a leveled and packed storage site.

Pallets are stored in the factory package on an open area, strictly in places that exclude the possibility of flooding the pallets from below. Pallet storage area shall be flat and packed. The maximum height of the stacks is two tiers.

Long-term open storage of decayed blocks is not recommended, since they are exposed to adverse atmospheric effects. It is recommended to store the decked blocks under a canopy made of protective material or in a closed warehouse.

Aerated concrete blocks are laid on wooden pallets and packed in polyethylene heat-shrinking film. This effectively protects them from the effects of rain, snow and direct sunlight. The cost of packaging and pallet is included in the cost of products. The pallet is not a return container.

Packed blocks shall be stored strictly according to the storage rules.

Ceramic brick STB 1160-99

Ordinary bricks and stones are used for masonry of stone and armstone external, internal walls and other elements of buildings and structures with their subsequent decoration or without it, face for facing the external walls of the building.

Transportation and storage

Transportation of articles shall be performed using pallets of "AML" type as per GOST 18343.

Transportation of products by road, rail and water transport must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documentation applicable to each type of transport.

Loading and unloading of product packages shall be carried out mechanically using special load gripping devices.

Loading of articles in bulk (by pounding) and unloading by dropping are not allowed.

On pallets, the articles shall be laid in a "Christmas tree" or on a "plate" and on a "spoon" in such a way as to ensure the stability of the package during transportation.

Items shall be stored in pallets as per GOST 18343

separately by grades and views in continuous single-tape stacks in one tier.

It is allowed to install the package on each other not more than two tiers for ordinary articles.

At construction sites, in case of interruptions in the autumn-winter period, as well as during the period of intense atmospheric precipitation, the upper rows of the erected brickwork should be protected from humidification in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01.

Concrete mixtures STB 1035-96

Concrete mixtures of structural heavy and light concretes of dense structure on cement binding, dense and large and small aggregates for erection of monolithic and prefabricated monolithic structures.

Transportation and storage

Ready concrete mixtures are delivered by means of special types of transport intended for delivery of the mixture.

Upon agreement of the manufacturer with the consumer, it is allowed to deliver concrete mixtures by car dump trucks.

The methods used for transportation of concrete mixtures should exclude the possibility of atmospheric precipitation, homogeneity disturbances, loss of cement mortar, as well as ensure protection of the mixture on the way from harmful effects of wind and sunlight.

Maximum permissible duration of transportation of finished concrete mixture is given in Appendix B [2]

Reinforced concrete slabs and floors for buildings and structures STB 1383-2003

Reinforced concrete multi-structure slabs made of heavy concrete designed for covering and covering residential buildings operated under conditions of non-aggressive, low-aggressive and medium-aggressive degree of exposure to the gas medium.

Transportation and storage

The plates shall be transported and stored in accordance with the requirements of GOST 13015.4.

Plates shall be stored by grades in stacks not more than 2.5 m high; in horizontal position, resting on four points or mounted on wooden linings not less than 30 mm thick, laid on a dense, carefully leveled base.

If there are mounting loops, the thickness of the gaskets shall exceed the size of the protruding loops by at least 20 mm.

Gaskets of all overlying plates shall be placed one above the other vertically along the line of lifting devices (loops, holes) or in close proximity to them.

Formwork-free moulding plates at the manufacturer and consumer should be stored stacked in working position with a height of not more than 2.0 m with ensuring the necessary stability, with strictly parallel faces and sorted by grades. Gaskets of overlying plates shall be located not more than 400 mm from the end face. When storing in building conditions on a soil, leveled and compacted base, it is not allowed to lay slabs in stacks of more than three rows in height.

Markings and signs on the plate shall be visible during storage and installation.

The slabs shall be lifted in accordance with the sling diagrams given in the working drawings on the slabs in compliance with the safety requirements as per GOST 12.3.009.

Loading, unloading, fixing and transportation of plates should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the "Rules for the carriage of goods" applicable to these modes of transport and the "Technical conditions for the loading and attachment of goods" approved in accordance with the established procedure.

Reinforced concrete jumpers STB 1319-2002

Reinforced concrete lintels made of heavy concrete and designed to cover openings in stone walls of buildings and structures for various purposes.

Transportation and storage

Transportation and storage of jumpers should be performed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 13015.4.

Jumpers should be transported and stored in containers sorted by grades and laid in working position.

It is allowed to transport and store jumpers laid in stacks without containers. Jumper stack height must be not more than 2 m.

During transportation, the jumpers should be placed on the vehicles in the working position, the longitudinal axis in the direction of movement of the transport .

During storage and transportation, the jumpers shall rest on inventory liners and gaskets not less than 25 mm thick, located vertically one above the other at a distance of 200⎯250 mm from the end of the jumper .

Lifting, loading and unloading of jumpers should be carried out: with packages ⎯ crane using special load gripping devices, separate jumpers ⎯ gripping by mounting loops or provided slinging holes.

Mortar and mortar mixtures construction STB 1307-2002

Mortar and mortar mixtures made on the basis of mineral binders, used for masonry, installation of building structures.

Transportation and storage

Pre-made and ready-to-use solution mixtures should be delivered to the consumer in vehicles specially designed for their transport.

In agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to transport mixtures by dump trucks and cars in bunkers (badges).

The methods used for transportation of RSPI and RGMP solution mixtures shall not lead to loss of binding dough, violation of the homogeneity of the mixture, ingress of atmospheric precipitation and foreign impurities into the mixture, as well as provide protection of the mixture in the way from wind and sunlight .

Packaged dry solution mixtures are transported in packages, containers or other packagings by road, rail and other modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage and attachment of goods in force in this mode of transport.

Formwork for erection of cast-in-situ concrete and reinforced concrete structures STB 1110-98

Formwork for erection of cast-in-situ concrete and reinforced concrete structures, consisting of shaping, supporting and fastening elements, providing formation of structures with specified design dimensions.

Transportation and storage

Formwork transport can be carried out by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force in this form.

Transportation and storage of the formwork in terms of the impact of climatic factors should be carried out in accordance with conditions 8 (ZHZ) GOST 15150 .

During transportation and storage of insulated formwork, it is necessary to comply with fire safety requirements for heat insulation materials.

Formwork shall be transported and stored under conditions that exclude their mechanical damage and damage to paint and preservation coatings.

Conditions for transportation and storage of the formwork are established by the designer of design and technological documentation .

Roofing and waterproofing materials on bituminous and bituminous polymer binder STB 1107-98

Roll roofing and waterproofing materials obtained by applying bituminous or bituminous polymer binder to glass or polyester bases.

Materials are intended for waterproofing of building structures.

Transportation and storage

Transportation and storage of materials - as per GOST 30547.

Materials are transported by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for transportation of combustible materials.

Storage of materials must be carried out in conditions that exclude the effects of moisture, direct sunlight, heating, as well as in compliance with the rules for storage of combustible materials.

Rolls shall be stored and transported vertically in one row.

Fiberglass-based materials can be stored and transported in horizontal position not more than three rows in height.

Procedure of works execution

3.1 Composition of operating operations

The following works shall be performed prior to the construction of the masonry of the walls:

Geodetic Surface Layout

Excavation Cycle

Zero cycle installation (foundation arrangement cycle)

Waterproofing device: horizontal and vertical

Backfilling of sinuses

The following preparatory works shall be completed before the masonry works start:

Prepared site for open warehouse

Storage rooms installed

Construction materials and products in the amount required for work for at least three days were imported

Equipped household and auxiliary rooms for the design of the mason brigade

Construction crane installed, tested and put into operation

Training on TB at the workplace with all employees involved in the work

Process sequence of the main work activities:

Masonry of external walls from blocks of cellular concrete with ceramic brick lining with stitching δ = 530 mm.

Masonry of internal walls of cellular concrete blocks δ = 380 mm

Installation of prefabricated LH lintels during wall masonry

Installation of HLB slabs

Masonry of ventilation ducts

Arrangement of monolithic sections

Arrangement of partitions

Process sequence of auxiliary working operations:

Supply of materials to the masons workplace (brick, blocks, mortar, etc.)

Set and reposition scaffolds

Arrangement and disassembly of formwork

Installation of reinforcement laid during concreting

Quality Control and Acceptance

According to STB 20.8720.10, quality control means the verification of compliance of the work performed with the specified technical requirements. During the construction of stone and armstone works of structures, input operational and acceptance control is carried out. Incoming control is the control of the supplier's products received by the consumer and is intended for use in the operation of the plant.

Incoming quality control of materials of concrete works and solution mixtures of the product for construction of stone and armstone works is carried out with the requirements of STB 13.06.

Certain product or process control during or after a process operation.

Acceptance control is the acceptance of products based on the result of which we will make a decision on its suitability for use.

Quality control - any planned and systematic activity carried out at the production enterprise (in the production system), which is implemented to ensure that the goods, services, processes performed meet the established requirements of customers (standards).

The section contains a description of the sequence, methods and means of control during the production, acceptance of stone works and installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, as well as incoming control of incoming products, operational control at the stages of performance of technological operations, acceptance control of completed works.

For all types of control, the controlled indicator, the place, scope and periodicity of control, the designation of the regulatory and technical document (NTD), measuring instruments and test equipment, the brand (type), technical characteristics, the control contractor (department, service, specialist), the document in which the control result is recorded (work logs, hidden works acts, etc.) shall be indicated.

Quality control of works is carried out in accordance with the requirements of TKP 451.03-161-2009 "Organization of Construction Production" and TKP 455.02-82-2010 "Stone and Armstone Structures. Rules of erection "and TKP 455.03-130-2009. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Installation Rules. "

The quality of construction products is one of the main factors affecting the cost-effectiveness and profitability of the completed construction facility, ensuring its reliability and durability.

In a generalized form, the quality of the object is determined by the quality of the project, construction materials and products, as well as the quality of construction and installation work.

The quality of construction and installation works is regulated by the TAP, which establishes the composition and procedure for control, the execution of hidden works, the rules for the final acceptance of the finished object, etc.

Hidden work - Work that, after other subsequent work, is not available for visual evaluation. Hidden works shall be executed by acts signed by the works manufacturer and technical supervision representative. Special commissions are created to issue acts for complex responsible work.

Tolerances (permitted) - possible deviations in dimensions of parts, structures, rooms, etc. They are given in technical documents. Deviations from them are marriage. The duty of the foreman and the representative of technical supervision to monitor the quality of construction and installation works. The representative of technical supervision has the right to force to redo poorly performed works.

Defects in the performance of work may have different causes, intensive corrosion of embedded parts causes the building to emergency, which entails complex and time-consuming repair work, etc.

The main reasons for the poor quality of construction work may be:

Use is low grade and has expired materials.

Deviation in operation from design technology.

The use of outdated machines and an imperfect tool, the lack of official control by the ITR, etc.

Sometimes defects arise due to improper execution of the breakdown of buildings and structures in the axes and by height, unsatisfactory soil compaction in the embankment and excavations, improper installation of reinforcement (including with an undersized section) during the performance of reinforced concrete work, improper and poor-quality welding, etc.

Work quality control is performed by:

visual inspection.

natural measurement of linear dimensions

testing of structures by destructive and non-destructive methods of testing.

Mechanical or destructive control method is used to determine the technical condition of structures.

The physical or non-destructive method is used to determine the basic characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of structural materials.

The method is based on pulse and radiation methods:

The pulse acoustic method consists in measuring the velocity of propagation of elastic waves in the analysed material and dissipating the energy of these waves.

Pulse vibration method is based on measurement of natural oscillations attenuation taking into account structural shapes of analysed element.

Radiation method is based on determination of change of intensity of γ-ray flows during material transmission. The quality and properties of the materials are determined from the readings of counters determining the amount of γ-ray isotopes emitted, absorbed and passed through the analysed object.

Quality assurance of construction and installation works is achieved by systematic monitoring of performance of each production process. From the control organization's perspective, it is divided into internal and external.

Internal control is the function of the administrative and technical personnel of the construction organization. Operational day-to-day control is carried out in the process of construction and installation works.

External control over the implementation of construction is carried out by state authorities and the customer. State bodies - inspections of architectural and construction supervision (IGASN) and administrative and technical (ATI) carry out comprehensive control not only over the construction process, but also over interaction with the environment (garbage collection, provision of driveways, etc.).

Types of control:

1) initial control of incoming products;

2) operational control at the stage of technical operation;

3) acceptance control of input works.

Incoming control is the control of products that have come to the consumer and are intended to perform a certain type of work.

Operational control - control of the product or process, during execution or after completion of the process operation.

Acceptance control - product control, the results of which make a decision on its suitability for use.

Incoming inspection of ceramic bricks

Limit deviation from standard dimensions and geometrical shapes of products shall not exceed:

- by length - ± 5 mm;

- width - ± 4 mm;

- thickness - ± 2 mm (for bricks and stones 138 mm);

± 4 mm (for other types of stones);

- non-perpendicular of the faces attributed to the length of these faces - not more than 2.0%;

- not straightforward ribs: - by ram - 3 mm;

- by spoon - 4 mm;

-in the stamen - 3 mm.

For ordinary bricks, appearance defects shall not be allowed, the dimensions and number of which shall not exceed:

1. Beats of corners and ribs with a depth of more than 5 mm and a length of 10 to 15 mm (2 pieces);

2. Cracks up to 30 mm long along a slab of full brick and hollow products are no more than up to the first row with a length of brick or ½ thick stamen or spoon face of stone on overlay and stamen faces (1 piece).

The voids in the articles shall be perpendicular or parallel to the ram and may be through or through. Width of silk-shaped voids and diameter of cylindrical through voids must be not more than 20 mm. In this case, the length of the voids with a width of 16 to 20 mm must be no more than 48 mm.

For stones and thickened bricks, one void (for gripping during masonry) is allowed using a section of not more than 13% of the stone plate area and not more than 6% for thickened brick.

The diameter of the non-through voids and the dimensions of the horizontal voids are not regulated.

Incoming control of floor slabs

Deviation from linear dimension:

- plate length and width: - up to 2500 mm inclusive - ± 6 mm;

- over 2500 to 4000 mm inclusive - ± 8 mm; - over 4000 to 8000 mm inclusive - ± 10 mm;

- St. 8000 mm - ± 12mm.

- plate thickness - ± 5 mm;

Size of determining position:

- holes and cuts of embedded articles: - in the plane of the plate 10 mm;

- from plate plane - 10 mm.

- deviation from the straightness of the profile of the upper surface of the plate, intended for the direct linoleum sticker, as well as the profile of the side faces of the plate at a length of 2000 mm - 5 mm;

- deviation from the flatness of the front bottom (ceiling) surface of the plate at measurements from the conditional plane passing through three angular points of the plate with length: - up to 8000 mm - 8 mm;

- over 8000mm - 10mm.

Calculation and rationing of labor costs

This section indicates the main, preparatory, auxiliary (unloading of materials and products in the working area, installation of scavenging facilities, filling of seams of slabs) working processes, which are given in process sequence and are normalized in accordance with the effective NRTs, departmental norms.

The calculation and rationing of labor costs is carried out on the basis of Table 4 (see Table 4) in the form of Table 12 (see Table 12).

The calculation procedure is as follows:

1. Columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 correspond to those shown in Table 6 (see Table 6);

2. According to the corresponding paragraph of the NRT, we determine the unit of measurement (gr. 3), NRT labor cost standards and NRT machine time (gr. 4.5), the composition of the link (gr. 6);

3. Determine the quantity of volume units (gr. 5) by dividing the scope of work (Table 6, gr. 5) by a unit scope (Table 6, gr. 4);

4. We determine the labor costs for the entire volume (columns 10 and 11) by multiplying the NRT by the number and the NRT by the number (column 10). When determining labor costs (column 11), it is necessary to divide the values in column 10 by the duration of the work shift. The duration of one work shift is 8 hours.

When installing structures with automobile and pneumatic boom cranes, a correction factor of 1.1 is taken into account.

At the end of the labor costing, the totals for columns 10 and 11 are displayed.

For example, we calculate the labor costs for the operation of supplying materials with boom self-propelled cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 25 tons with a lifting height of up to 3 m of ceramic face thickened brick on 400 pallets. The scope of work is 0.419 10000 pcs. The labor cost per unit of measurement is 3.6 people-parts, and the machine time norm is 1.8 machine-parts. The operation is performed by the driver of the 4th category (1 person), riggers of the 2nd category (2 persons).

Labor and machine time costs for the entire scope of work will be:

0.419 · 3.6 = 1.5 people are h. (gr. 10)

0.419 · 1.8 = 0.75 mash. - h. (gr. 10)

1.5/8 = 0.19 people-days (gr. 11)

0.75/8 = 0.09 machine days (gr. 11)