Civil Defence Shelter Design

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Source Data

3. Space-planning solutions of HM

4. UGO Design Solutions

5. Heat Engineering Calculation

6. Calculation of radiation protection

7. Sealing and waterproofing

8. Sanitary and technical systems

9. Fire Safety Codes

10. List of used literature

1. Introduction:

The Civil Defense Refuge is a special building designed to protect people from weapons of mass destruction. The forerunners of the shelters were gas shelters of the early 20th century, protecting people from chemical weapons and bomb shelters of the 30s and 40s with preferential protection from bombs and shells. The term "refuge" in relation to civil protective structures began to be used in literature and among specialists in the pre-war era, in order to combine heterogeneous bomb shelters and light chemical defense structures under one term, but it really came into use and in turn supplanted the terms "gas shelter" and "bomb shelter" much later.

Shelters provide protection against:

• The shock wave of a nuclear explosion (at a certain distance from the place of explosion);

• light radiation;

• penetrating radiation;

• radiation of precipitation on the trace of radioactive cloud;

• toxic substances;

• bacterial (biological) agents.

Shelters also protect people from possible damage when buildings collapse above or near the structure, exposure to high temperatures in a fire and combustion products.

Protection against shockwave and debris of collapsing buildings is provided by strong enclosing structures (walls, floors, protective and sealed doors) and blasting devices. These structures also protect against exposure to penetrating radiation, light radiation and high temperatures.

To protect against toxic substances, bacterial agents and radioactive dust, the structure is sealed and equipped with a filtering plant. The plant cleans the outside air, distributes it to the compartments and creates excessive pressure (overpressure) in the shelter, preventing the contaminated air from entering the room through the smallest cracks in the enclosing structures.

But protection alone is not enough. It is required to ensure the possibility of people staying in shelters for a long time (until fires stop, radiation levels decline). For this, in addition to filtering, which supplies people with air suitable for breathing, the structures must have reliable power supply, sanitary devices (water supply, sewage, heating), as well as water and food supplies.

Depending on the place of accommodation, shelters are divided into built-in and separate. Built-in shelters are arranged in the basement of buildings, this is the most common type of protective structures. Separate buildings do not have superstructures on top and are located on the territory of enterprises, in yards, parks, squares and other places at some distance from buildings.

Many shelters are built with the possibility of their use in peacetime for various cultural, domestic and industrial purposes (auxiliary premises of enterprises, garages, trade and catering enterprises, pedestrian crossings, workshops). Therefore, the design takes into account not only special requirements for protecting people, but also the peculiarities of the technology for using structures in peacetime.

The structure of the shelter and its internal equipment largely depend on the capacity, that is, the maximum number of people that can be sheltered in the structure.

Large-capacity shelters have a more complex system of filtration and other internal equipment compared to such small-capacity facilities. The complexity of internal equipment and engineering networks, the equipment of units, mechanisms, instruments depends on the purpose and nature of use in peacetime.

The protective structure shall have the following documents:

• construction plan;

• schematic diagrams of engineering systems location;

• Operating instructions for engineering systems;

• asylum passport;

• Log of shelters and shelters.

Shelters are classified according to:

• protective properties;

• capacity;

• Location (built-in and stand-alone)

• provision of filtering equipment (with industrial equipment; with equipment made of improvised materials);

• erection time (built in advance; fast-moving);

• appointment (to protect the population; to accommodate controls, etc.)

It should be borne in mind that the construction of shelters began before the Second World War. Naturally, since that time, the requirements for shelters have repeatedly changed. Therefore, in the practice of operation, you can find a wide variety of structures both in terms of planning and design solutions, as well as in their internal equipment and equipment.

2. Source data.

Asylum - Civil Defence Asylum

Location: university building

Capacity: 350 people

Location: basement of the building

Means of damage for calculating doses of penetrating radiation: a nuclear explosion with a capacity of 100 kt at a distance of 1500 m.

Building Structural: Full Frame

Climatic zone: corresponds to the Nizhny Novgorod region

Soils: typical geological section for Kstovsky district

Time of year: spring, summer, autumn

Nar location: two-tier

3. Space-planning solutions of UGO.

3.1. Primary space.

The norm of the floor area of the main room for one sheltered should be taken equal to 0.5 m2 with a two-tier arrangement of people. The internal volume of the room should be at least 1.5 m3 per one sheltered.

At the height of the rooms from 2.15 to 2.9 m, a two-tier arrangement of the nar should be provided.

Seats in sheltered rooms should be provided with dimensions of 0.45x0.45 m per person, and places for lying - 0.55x1.8 m. The height of the benches of the first tier should be 0.45 m, the height of the second tier - 1.4 m.

The distance from the upper bar to the slab or projecting structures shall not be less than 0.75 m

The number of places for lying should be taken equal to: 20% of the capacity of the structure with a two-tier arrangement of nar; hence:

Number of places to lie:

Number of seats:

Area for sheltered:

3.2. Auxiliary rooms.

With the number of sheltered up to 150 people. The storage room for the products should be accepted with an area of ​ ​ 5m2. For every 150 sheltered in excess of 150 people. space area increases by 3 m2.

The number of entrances shall be taken according to 1 * depending on the capacity of the shelter and the number of sheltered entrances per entrance, but not less than two entrances.

Entrances should be provided in opposite sides of shelters taking into account the direction of movement of the main flows of sheltered: from the territory of the enterprise, from unprotected basements, from the first floor of industrial and other buildings through an independent staircase, from common staircases that do not have exits from fire hazardous rooms.

For shelters with a capacity of 300 people. and more, a device should be provided at one of the entrances of the lock. For shelters with a capacity of 300 to 600 people. inclusive, a single-chamber is arranged.

The area of each chamber of the airlock with a width of the door opening of 0.8 m should be taken as 8 m2, and with a width of 1.2 m - 10 m2.

Rooms for DPS should be located near the external wall of the building, separating it from other rooms with a non-burning sealed wall (partition) with a fire resistance rating of 1 h. The entrances to the DPS from the refuge should be equipped with a tambour with two sealed doors opening towards the refuge

4. UGO design solutions.

4.1. The size of the shelter in the axes.

Width: 12000mm

Length: 30000 mm

Height: 2800mm

4.2. Structural structures:

Structural Structures - Full Building Frame

4.2.1. Foundation for columns.

foundations separate grades 2F 21.9-3 (Length 2100mm, width 2100mm, height 900mm)

4.2.2. Foundation for brick walls.

foundation beams of grade FB628 (length 5950mm, concrete grade M300)

4.2.3. Columns.

The full framework of the UGO is made up of reinforced concrete columns. The height of the column is 2.8 m, the section is 0.4 x 0.4 m. The column is made of concrete B20. Reinforcement - Class A steel - III. Number of columns - pcs.

4.2.4. Slabs.

PC 5810.8 (Length 5780mm, width 990mm, height 220mm)

PC 5812.8 (Length 5780mm, width 1180mm, height 220mm)

PC 3410.8 (Length 3380mm, width 990mm, height 220mm)

PC 3412.8 (Length 3380mm, width 1180mm, height 220mm)

4.2.5. Rigely.

Dessile girder RBP 656 (Length 5560mm, width 400mm, height 600mm)

4.3. Entrances.

Design and planning solutions of entrances rising and built into the first floors of shelters should provide the necessary protection against penetrating radiation and exclude the possibility of direct ingress of radiation into protected rooms. To do this, a device should be provided in the inputs of turns at an angle of 90 ° or screens against doorways with overlaps between screens and shelters. Protective thicknesses of screens and ceilings are accepted according to calculation for radiation impact.

Doors with size of 0.8m by 1.8m are installed in tambours and main rooms of LM.

4.4. Enclosing structures.

The external and internal walls of the HM are made of brick on cement sand mortar with a thickness of 510 mm; a 50 mm thick polyurethane foam outside insulation; and plastered with 20 mm plaster mesh solution. Internal partitions are made of ceramic single brick, the thickness of the partition is 120 mm.

4.5. Finishing.

Walls of UGO rooms are painted with water emulsion paint in 2 layers.

6. Calculation of radiation protection.

It is necessary to determine the dose of penetrating radiation. A means of damage for calculating doses of penetrating radiation is a nuclear air explosion with a capacity of 100 kt at a distance of 1500 m. The UGO wall is made in two layers. The first layer is ceramic brick, 510mm thick. The second layer is polyurethane foam, 50 mm thick.

7. Sealing and waterproofing.

Waterproofing of shelters should be designed in accordance with the requirements of the manual for designing waterproofing of underground parts of buildings and structures. The degree of permissible humidification of the enclosing structures of shelters should be taken depending on the purpose of the premises used in peacetime, but not lower than category II.

Embedded parts for attachment of protective-hermetic and hermetic doors (shutters) and commissioning of utilities should be designed taking into account loads from impact wave. Along the perimeter of the embedded parts of the doors, it should be provided to install connectors with a pitch of 0.5 m to pump mortar through them on expanding cement.

In embedded (tubular) parts after laying of power supply and communication cables, filling of free space with cable mastic shall be provided. In other entries, the free space inside the embedded parts should be filled with sealing gaskets.

8. Sanitary systems.

Ventilation, heating, water supply and sewage systems shall be provided in the premises adapted for protective structures, providing the necessary conditions for staying in them sheltered.

8.1. Ventilation system.

The ventilation system of shelters, as a rule, should be designed for two modes: clean ventilation (mode I) and filtering (mode II).

The required amount of air supplied to the LM in ventilation mode is 10 per 1st person; in filtering mode - 2 per 1st person.

The required amount of air supplied to the UGO with a capacity of 300 people in ventilation mode is 3500. In the filtering mode - 700.

6 ERV 600 fans with the following characteristics are required for the ULV ventilation system:

1. Performance:

by clean ventilation mode - 600

by filtering mode - 300

2. Full head - 125/60

3. Impeller diameter - 315mm

4. Electric motor - 4AA

type/power - 63/0.55 kW

rotation speed - 3000

5. Number of manual actuators - 2 people

6. Weight - 55 kg

The fans rotate in the vent.

8.1.1. DPS ventilation system.

In the DPS room, supply ventilation shall be provided for operation in I and II modes of shelter ventilation, designed to remove heat and gaseous hazards released into the room by the diesel generator, as well as to supply the diesel engine with air for fuel combustion.

Ventilation of DPS rooms equipped with units with radiator (water-air) cooling with unposted cooling unit, in which it is possible to switch to two-circuit (water-water) cooling, should be designed:

for I and II modes - air flowing from the main premises of the refuge, or in case of its lack - external air cleaned from dust; in the latter case, in the II mode, the maintenance personnel must work in gas masks.

Ventilation of DPS rooms equipped with units with water or direct-flow cooling systems in the clean ventilation and filtering mode of the main rooms of the shelter should be provided, as a rule, with air coming from the sheltered rooms.

The volume of water in the diesel cooling tanks is determined based on the duration of the entire period of operation of the shelter.

Ventilation shall be provided in the vestibule between the shelter and the DPS. During ventilation of the DPS room with air coming from the room for sheltered ones - through overpressure valves with a diameter of 150 mm, installed one at a time on the inner and outer walls of the vestibule.

For ventilation of DPS room it is necessary to provide installation of supply and exhaust fans or only exhaust fans.

8.2. Heating system.

The UGO provides for heating from the heating plant (heating system of the building). Shut-off valves are installed for temperature control and heating shutdown.

When calculating the heating system, the temperature of the shelter premises in cold time is taken to be 10 ° C, if according to the operating conditions in peacetime they do not require higher temperatures.

The heating pipes and other utilities inside the shelter shall be coloured accordingly.

UGO heating is carried out from the central heating network. Required amount of energy for room heating:

V - room volume, m3

q - heat flow (0.041 kW)

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