Barley cultivation technology with modernization of disk harrow L-113

Contents

Introduction

1 Production and economic characteristics of Barsuchank SEC

Dokshitsky district

1.1 General information about the farm

1.2 Natural and climatic conditions

1.3 Analysis of crop production

1.4 Analysis of livestock production

1.5 Composition and efficiency of the machine-tractor fleet

1.6 Engineering Service Structure

1.7 Project Objectives and Objectives

2 Basics of high barley yields

2.1 National economic value of barley

2.2 Biological features of culture

2.3 Basics of Agricultural Machinery for Barley Cultivation

3 Development of barley cultivation technology in Barsuchanka SEC

3.1 Analysis of the existing technology of barley cultivation in the farm

3.2 Barley Yield Forecasting

3.3 Proposed barley cultivation technology

3.4 Development of operational-process instruction for stubble removal

disk harrow L-

3.5 Calculation of Job Instruction Indicators

4 Design development

4.1 Overview and comparative evaluation of known structures

4.2 Justification of machine modernization

4.3 Device, operating process and settings of disk harrow L-

4.4 Design Calculations

5 Occupational safety

5.1 Analysis of the state of labor protection in the Barsuchanka SEC

5.2 Development of measures to improve labor protection

5.3 Analysis of hazardous areas of Belarus-1221 + L-

5.4 Development of safety instruction for operation with disk

harrow L-

6 Energy saving

6.1 Measures for resource saving during barley cultivation

6.2 Calculation of new technology application efficiency indicators

barley cultivation

7 Technical and economic indicators of the project

7.1 Calculation of economic efficiency of the proposed technology

Barley cultivation in Barsuchanka SEC

7.2 Business Case for Implementation Effectiveness

design development

Conclusion

List of sources used

Applications

Project Description

The diploma project consists of a calculation and explanatory note with a volume of 97 pages, 28 tables, 14 figures, 3 annexes and 10 sheets of A1 format of the graphic part.

Barley, disk harrow L113, stubble levelling, discing, working tools, process chart, modernization, improvement.

The purpose of the project is to improve the technology of barley cultivation in the Barsuchanka SEC and the modernization of the disk harrow L113.

An analysis of the production and economic activities of Barsuchanka SEC, the state and efficiency of the use of the machine and tractor fleet was carried out, the structure of the engineering service in the economy was considered.

The characteristics of barley as a crop that is strategically important for our country are given, the biological features of the crop are described and the basics of agricultural machinery for cultivating barley are given.

An analysis of the existing technology is presented, as well as a promising barley cultivation technology. Calculation of operating and process charts indicators was performed.

The modernization of the disk harrow L113 is justified. Description and principle of operation of the upgraded disk harrow are given. Engineering calculation of mechanisms, assemblies and parts was carried out.

An analysis of the state of labor protection was made in the Barsuchanka SEC and measures were developed to improve labor protection, dangerous and harmful factors were analyzed during the technological process of spinning the stubble with a disk harrow L113 and an instruction on labor protection was developed.

The principles of energy saving are justified and fuel saving is determined according to the proposed barley cultivation technology.

An economic justification of the diploma project was made: an economic assessment of the proposed barley cultivation technology was given, as well as an economic justification for design development was provided.

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. It accounts for about 19.5 per cent of gross national income. In addition, agriculture is an important source of commodity resources for many types of food products (potatoes, berries, vegetables and fruits, grains, etc.). It supplies raw materials for food and light industry. Since agricultural products play a very important role in foreign economic relations, interest in its development and situation is obvious, especially given the opportunities available in Belarus for the development of highly developed agriculture. They allow not only to meet the needs of the population of the republic in the main types of products, but also to give it a lot for export. Everything will depend on how efficiently we can exploit the potential of the agricultural land available in Belarus.

Since land in agriculture is the main means of production, consider the structure of agricultural land. They occupy 45.1% of the territory of the republic, their arable land accounts for 65.3%, hayfields - 13.8%, pasture land - 19.4%, and the rest (1.5%) - perennial plantations.

In the agriculture of the Republic of Belarus, two main commodity industries are distinguished - crop production and animal husbandry. Crop production recently gave 46.7% of all gross agricultural output, and the rest - livestock production. With regard to commercial products, about 70 per cent of these are livestock.

In Belarus, barley occupies an important place as a grain crop. Barley is used for food and livestock purposes. Several types of cereals are produced from it: pearl, barley, ivy, flakes. Barley grain is used to make coffee substitutes in the pharmaceutical, alcohol, textile and confectionery industries. Barley grain is of great importance as a raw material in brewing, for the preparation of malt. Malt barley extract is used in baking technology.

Barley straw and puberty are good coarse feed for livestock, especially in steamed form. Barley-bean mixtures are used for green food and hay.

Barley is unpretentious with regard to both soil and climate. For the cultivation of barley of all varieties, sod-carbonate, sod-podzolic loamy and sandy soils underlying moraine loam, as well as drained peatlands of the lowland type, are suitable. However, brewing barley should not be sown on light soils swampy with close groundwater standing, as well as drained peatlands with excessive nitrogen nutrition.

For barley, the best predecessors are potatoes, fodder roots, sugar beets, corn, one-year-old clover, two-year-old clover blends, leguminous crops, buckwheat, oats and flax.

For brewing barley, the best predecessors are missing crops. It is not recommended to place brewing barley on the clover bed and after the precursor, leaving a lot of nitrogen in the soil (lupine, peas).

Barley is distinguished by speed, ahead of wheat and oats in its development. Barley yields under the conditions of the Republic of Belarus can be 45... 50 c/ha.

The main task of the agro-industrial complex is to achieve sustainable growth of agricultural production, reliable provision of food and agricultural raw materials to the republic. The average annual volume of gross output needs to be increased, mainly through the introduction of the latest science, technology and best practices in the effective use of established productive capacities.

To obtain high yields, it is necessary to strengthen the work on the creation and introduction into production of new varieties that meet the requirements of intensive technologies and are resistant to adverse environmental conditions and have all the qualities necessary for the food industry. Also, to obtain high yields in our country, it is necessary to increase the supply of mineral fertilizers and protective equipment, improve the economic mechanism of management in the agro-industrial complex. Implement integrated mechanization and automation of production processes, apply new units and improve existing ones.

Currently, farms have low yields of barley due to the low crop of agriculture, the use of old equipment.

The main way to achieve an increase in the production of crop products and improve its quality is the introduction of intensive cultivation technologies. This method of organizing production offers the use of a set of agrotechnical, technological and economic measures that allow obtaining high yields on the lands of the republic under any weather conditions.

Production and economic characteristics of Barsuchanka SEC of Dokshitsky district

1.2 Natural and climatic conditions

The climate of the Dokshitsky district is temperate continental with warm and humid summers, moderately cold winters with unstable (especially in recent years) snow cover.

Atmospheric circulation processes of the region provide a general predominance of western and southwestern winds, in spring and summer the recurrence of eastern and south-eastern winds increases, in winter - southern ones, which determine weather fluctuations, with summer cooling and winter thaws.

In general, the natural and climatic conditions of the economy allow you to successfully cultivate all agricultural crops grown in the area. The average monthly temperature varies from -7.2 ° C in January to 17.2 ° C in July, but heat often shifts to June or August, and cold - to December or February. The period with an average daily air temperature above 0 ° C is on average 233 days, the vegetation period of plants lasts 180 days, active vegetation (temperature above 10 ° C) - 132 days.

The first snowfalls are possible in October-November, the latest in late March - early April. Permanent snow cover is established in the middle - end of November and lies within 106 days. The average snow height in the open space is 12.5 cm. The destruction of the snow cover occurs on average at the end of March.

During the growing season, 390... 400 mm of precipitation falls, and the average annual amount is 623 mm. Relative humidity is high throughout the year - 80%, the maximum (84... 89%) is observed in October-February, the minimum (72... 77%) - in April-July.

The relief of the farm is elevated-flat with small hills. Highest point - 264.4 m

Soils. Soil-forming rocks are submerged loess-shaped, loamy deposits, different in power and mechanical composition. Soils are formed mainly of a medium and strongly podzolic type. The average score of agricultural land is 29.5, arable land - 29.5. Soil agrochemical indices: RH - 6.12, P2O5 content - 176 mg/kg of soil, K2O - 190 mg/kg of soil, humus content - 1.84%.

1.6 Engineering Service Structure

The engineering and technical service of the Barsuchanka SEC is fully staffed. Thanks to the engineering and technical service, the equipment in the farm is in good technical condition. Machines are maintained and repaired in a timely manner. All faults are eliminated quickly, repair work is carried out in the workshops in a timely manner.

The chief engineer heads the engineering service. Two workshop managers, an agricultural machine engineer, and a safety engineer are subordinate to the chief engineer. All of them are responsible for fulfilling the duties assigned to them in maintaining equipment in good technical condition.

1.7 Project Objective and Objectives

The village workers are faced with the task of increasing food production and providing the processing industry with agricultural raw materials. This can be achieved by intensifying production by moving to an industrial basis. The use of energy-saturated tractors, high-performance combines and wide-grip machines will allow field work to be carried out in a short time and at a high agrotechnical level. In addition to the equipped material and technical base, it is necessary to further increase the use of chemical means of plant protection against weeds, pests and diseases, and the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers.

Successful implementation of the tasks facing agriculture involves the mandatory introduction of a scientifically sound agricultural system in each farm, a set of interrelated agrotechnical, organizational, technical and economic measures, Developed for specific farming conditions and aimed at the effective use of each hectare of soil and other logistical resources, a systematic increase in soil fertility, an increase in yields and gross fees of agricultural products with a minimum investment of labor and funds.

In Belarus, barley occupies an important place as a grain crop. Barley is used for food and livestock purposes. Several types of cereals are produced from it: pearl, barley, ivy, flakes. Barley grain is used to make coffee substitutes in the pharmaceutical, alcohol, textile and confectionery industries. Barley grain is of great importance as a raw material in brewing, for the preparation of malt. Malt barley extract is used in baking technology.

Barley straw and puberty are good coarse feed for livestock, especially in steamed form. Barley-bean mixtures are used for green food and hay.

Barley is distinguished by speed, ahead of wheat and oats in its development. Barley yields under the conditions of the Republic of Belarus can be 45... 50 c/ha.

One of the most effective reserves for increasing barley production is the quality and timely execution of the envisaged technological operations, which depends mainly on the mechanization and organization of work.

Thus, the purpose of the diploma project is the development of barley cultivation technology, which ensures the production of products with low costs, high planned yields and compliance with agricultural deadlines.

To achieve the goal of the diploma project, we define the following number of tasks:

- develop barley cultivation technology, calculate Job Instructions;

- upgrade the disk harrow L113, perform design and technological calculations;

- develop an operational-technological disk map of the upgraded disk harrow L113;

- develop safety measures when cultivating barley, as well as develop instructions on labor protection when working with disk harrow L113;

- determine the technical and economic efficiency of the developed technology;

- to give an economic assessment of design development.

Basics of high barley yields

2.1 National economic value of barley

Barley is a culture of versatile use. Spent on livestock and food. Several types of cereals are produced from it: pearl numbered and ground, barley crushed and sorted, ivy steamed and corrugated, flakes.

Barley grain is used to make coffee substitutes in the pharmaceutical, alcohol, textile and confectionery industries. Barley grain is of great importance as a raw material in brewing, for the preparation of malt.

Malt barley extract is prepared along with wheat and rye have firmly taken a place in the baking technology and currently cannot be replaced by other ingredients, as they enhance the aroma, taste and color of the finished products.

Straw and puberty are good coarse feed for livestock, especially in steamed form. Barley-bean mixtures are used for green food and hay.

Barley is one of the oldest useful agricultural plants. Excavations indicate that it, along with wheat, was known in the Stone Age. The homeland of barley is Front Asia. Barley cultivation begins in the Neolithic era, that is, 12... 10 thousand years BC. Its cultivation in Front Asia is associated with the breeding and domestication of animals. The remains of charred barley grains found in Iraqi Kurdistan date back to the 9th millennium BC. On the territory of the former USSR, the oldest areas of barley cultivation were Turkmenistan and the south of Ukraine, where it was grown back in the 5... 4 millennium BC. In Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan), barley was known in the 4... 3 millennium BC, and in the European part - in the first millennium BC. Since prehistoric times, it has been grown in Greece, Italy, and China. Barley was used not only for animal feed and as a food for humans, but also for beer production.

Since ancient times, it has been known that the use of barley grain products allows the human body to build muscles, be strong and hardy, so in ancient Rome gladiators were fed such food and called them "barley people"

Civilization in northern and middle Europe also developed on the culture of beer and barley bread, which were the main food of the poor.

In Russia, our ancestors brewed beer 1... 2 once a year. Brewing beer was a public matter. Herodotus and Virgil 70... 19 BC wrote in their writings that the Scythians, who then lived in the regions of modern Kazakhstan, Ukraine and the Lower Don, consumed a drink prepared from barley, which was not inferior to good wine. In excavations made by archaeologists of Rostov State University in the Aksai region, grains of multi-row cultural barley were discovered. These finds belong to about the third century AD.

In 1848, the German botanist K. Koch first described two-spotted wild barley with a brittle spike rod. Wild barley was close to cultural double barley on morphological grounds. It differed from the cultural one in that it had not only a brittle spike, but also disintegrated during ripening, had a stiff pubescence along the ribs of the spike segments, continued on the spike scales in the same direction. The middle flower is fruiting, and the lateral ones are barren. The bones are coarse, rigidly serrated, long and very long, that is, 1.5... 2 times and 3 times the length of the spike.

A sharp push in the expansion of barley in the XIX century. associated with the growth of the population and the increased need for livestock products. The reliability of culture played a role. Barley is unpretentious with regard to both soil and climate. Sown in the early spring, it endures all kinds of adversity and spring matinees, and hot, and sometimes rainy summers. Until 1860... 1870. Sowing and cleaning were carried out manually. With a lack of labor, this dictated the need to cultivate mainly grain crops that withstand a long stop to the root. Over time, the hand spit is replaced by lobograkes, winglets, sheepskins, steam thresers appear. All this made it possible to reduce the cleaning time and increase barley production several times.

In 1940, barley occupied the fourth place in the structure of sown areas of grain crops, which corresponded to 6.6% of all crops. The area increased by 2.46 times, the yield increased by 44%, and its gross collection increased by 3.57 times compared to 1928.

A sharp increase in area and its production occurred in 1957, then in 1961 and in the seventies, that is, barley occupied the second place in sowing areas and gross harvest after wheat. This increase is primarily due to the development of the livestock industry to meet the population's need for food, and industrial raw materials.

2.2 Biological features of culture

Barley belongs to a large group of wild species and only one type of cultural barley, which is represented in culture by about 20 varieties, of which only the nutans variety is used in the brewing industry, with yellow film and yellow jagged bones. Barley has a urinary germ and nodular root system, located mainly in the arable layer, but the primary roots can penetrate in arid conditions up to 1... 1.5 m or more. The stem has five to seven nodes, the leaf vagina leaves the node and fits the stem, terminates in a leaf plate at the next node. Barley is a self-pollinating culture, with bisexual flowers collected in single-flowered spikelets, surrounded by two flowering scales of the outer and inner. Spike scales are poorly developed, the outer flower scales bear a serrated long bone. The inflorescence of barley is a spike. Spikelets are located in two rows opposite on ledges of spike rod segments. On each ledge, one spike is formed at the double barley and three one-flowered spikelets at the six-row. The number of spikelet segments in barley depends on the nutritional conditions, soil moisture and air temperature, and their number in twisty barley ranges from 2... 4 in conditions of severe drought to 16... 18 in favorable conditions.

The grain is oblong, with a groove on the abdominal side. It has fused fruit and seed shells, a highly developed endosperm (up to 70% volume) and an embryo (3... 5% of the volume). Barley, in which the grain film is thin and wrinkled, is more suitable for brewing than varieties with a coarse smooth grain shell. Barley goes through the following phases of growth and development: germination, seedlings, swelling, entry into the tube, coloration, flowering, formation and ripening of grain. The beginning of the phase begins when 10% of the plants pass it, and the complete phase is observed at 75% of the plants of the massif that entered it.

Germination - seedlings. Barley requires relatively little heat for its development and the sum of the necessary temperatures is from 1200 to 1800 ° C, depending on the speed of the variety. Seeds begin to germinate at soil temperature 1... 3 ° C, but the biological minimum for development is 5 ° C. The best temperature for seedlings is 10... 12 ° C, then the seeds germinate after 3... 4 days, and with a cold long spring - after 15... 18 days. For swelling and germination, 48... 65% moisture from the mass of the grain is required. Friendly and uniform seedlings appear when there is moisture in the arable layer 60... 70% from a full field moisture capacity. The quality of seeds has a great influence on the friendship of seedlings. Large grain (mass 1000 grains 42... 52 g with high germination (95% and above) provides friendly full seedlings. Barley seedlings withstand frosts up to -7 ° C, and sometimes -9 ° C, while the leaves are damaged, but the smoking knot is preserved. But the ovary, anthers and embryo withstand only 1... 3 ° С. Barley is better than other cereals and tolerates high temperatures 32... 35 ° С. However, at such temperatures, all growth processes are inhibited and the crop is reduced. Moreover, high temperatures (above 25 ° C) are more detrimental to crop reduction than a small moisture deficit in the soil in any phase of development. Barley germinates 5... 8 with germ roots, which grow intensively and by the time of formation of 3... 4 leaf penetrates to a depth of 30... 40 cm. The sum of active temperatures in the seedling phase is 80... 100 ° C and the duration of seedlings depends on the temperature of the soil. Optimal temperatures and sufficient moisture in the soil in combination with good aeration contribute to the conversion of starch into available sugar to the germinating embryo. Oxygen also acts on the enzyme system of the protein complex of the germinating seed.

Under optimal conditions, 5... 7 days after sowing, the first germ leaf, protected by colorless colioptil, appears on the surface of the soil and is deployed a few hours later, breaking through the caleoptil. From this time, the transition of nutrition due to photosynthesis begins.

An embarrassment. 8... 15 days after seedlings, depending on the conditions, by the time the third leaf appears, a thickening forms at the soil surface at a depth of 1... 3 cm - a stem knot. Its depth depends on humidity and temperature. High air and soil temperatures reduce the duration of smoking, so late crops, as a rule, lead to a decrease in bush. Real leaves, additional shoots begin to appear from the stem node, and after 2... 3 days, each escape of smoking forms its roots. The main escape at this time is suspended in growth. The best temperature during the period of smoking is 10... 12 ° C, however, barley does well at 15...... 27 ° C, and the topsoil should be wet for 7-10 days, since when dried, the roots of the shoots of smoking "hover" in dry land and cannot penetrate deep. Distinguish between general and productive bush. In continuous crops, 1.5... 2 productive stems are usually formed, which form a spike and grain. The remaining shoots serve as a reserve of food elements and from them the products of photosynthesis subsequently pass into productive stems. The fertility of the soil has a great influence on barley bush - on poor soils with a nitrogen deficit, it almost does not stop. Since each escape forms its roots when squeezed, high bush is to a certain extent the key to a good harvest, the best resistance of plants to creeping.

The duration of the smoking phase 8... 14 days for medium-early and medium-ripe and 12... 18 days for medium-late varieties depending on weather conditions.

By the end of smoking, barley plants absorb about half of nitrogen and phosphorus and 75% of potassium from total consumption.

Going into the tube. Towards the end of the smoking, the lower internode lengthens, the internal tissues as the stem thickens separate, and a cavity forms. The beginning of tubing begins when the stem knot rises 3... 5 cm above the surface of the earth and probes well through the vagina of the leaf. The duration of this period 15... 25 days depending on weather conditions. In this phase, plants are very sensitive to the lack of moisture, nutrients and other factors, the limit of which can lead to the formation of a short spike with a small number of grains. The most favorable temperature during this period is 12... 18 ° C. At the beginning of the exit into the tube, an incipient spike is formed, so be careful to use preparations from the 2.4D group, since when the recommended dose of the preparation is exceeded and treatment at the beginning of the exit into the tube leads to deformation and sterility of the spike. In this phase, one can already judge the future harvest. It is believed that if the second internode in barley is well developed, then the crop will be high. The period from entry into the tube to coloration is also one of the critical in the life of the plant, since during this period a leaf surface forms, straw grows, a spike forms and develops. By the beginning of coloration, barley absorbs about 75% of the nutrients of their total consumption.

Colossus. This phase occurs simultaneously with the enhanced growth of the stem and occurs when the spike half exits the vagina of the last leaf. The coloration phase in the Black Earth region varies greatly in time. In dry conditions and high air temperatures, it lasts 6... 7 days, and in humid conditions and moderate temperatures 15... 18 days. A single variety stings out in 3... 5 days. In this phase, the death of the lower leaves begins.

Flowering. Flowering in barley begins when the spike is in the vagina of the leaf and the bones come out of it only on the 1/2... 1/3 of its length. In dry hot conditions, flowering occurs during the period when the bones are only shown from the leaf vagina. The most intense flowering and fertilization is observed in the morning hours and flows in 6... 8 hours. During this period, barley is sensitive to a lack of moisture in the soil, which disrupts the process of pollen formation, which leads to sterility of spikelets.

Grain maturation. During the ripening of the grain, barley distinguishes three phases of ripeness: milk, wax and full. The pollen tube penetrates the germ sac and one of the sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the embryo, and the other merges with the central diploid cell of the germ sac and forms a triploid endosperm. Together, they form a grain as a result of numerous mitose divisions. In the initial period of grain formation, mineral substances, especially nitrogen, enter it. At later stages, products of photosynthesis are sent to the grain, from which reserve nutrients are formed. Nitrous compounds accumulate mainly in the aleuronic layer, and starch and polysaccharides in the endosperm.

In the phase of milk ripeness, which occurs 10... 14 days after flowering and lasts 12... 14 days, green grain, reaches its maximum size, its humidity is 40... 60%. In this phase, intensive starch photosynthesis occurs and up to 90% of the dry matter accumulates in the grain relative to complete ripeness. The lower leaves die off, the embryo is developed, acquires the ability to germinate, but its formation is still ongoing. When crushed, the grain releases a milk-colored liquid. In the wax ripening phase, plants acquire a yellow color, the greenish tint is preserved only in two or three upper stem nodes, the grain is soft, the nail is cut, its humidity decreases to 20... 25%, and the content of dry substances is maximum and the influx of nutrients into the grain stops. The grain is fully formed, the embryo does not grow. The duration of this phase is 8... 12 days.

In the full phase of ripeness, which occurs in hot and dry weather after 3... 4 days, the grain hardens, loses moisture to 14... 16%, leaves and stem die off completely. Rainy weather during this period leads not only to a delay in the phase of complete ripeness, but also to the washing out of organic and mineral substances, the development of microorganisms on the grain, which reduces the brewing properties of the grain, especially when it germinates. Forced rapid maturation in heat and low air humidity leads to low accumulation of starch, a decrease in its valuable loose fractions, and an undesirable increase in the content of protein compounds. According to the length of the growing season, varieties of early ripe (65... 75 days), medium ripe (80... 95 days) and late ripe (100... 125 days) are distinguished. In each zone, the speed still depends on the prevailing weather conditions. For brewing purposes, medium-sized varieties are more suitable, which are better adapted to weather conditions and in most years provide the necessary quality raw materials.

Temperature requirements. Barley belongs to the breads of the first group, which does not have a high temperature requirement. But among this group, he stands out in speed, ahead of wheat and oats in his development.

The sum of active temperatures necessary for barley varies according to the interfacial periods: sowing - seedlings 120... 200 ° С, seedlings - swelling 250... 350 ° С, swelling - coloration 400... 600 ° С, coloration - complete ripeness 550... 650 ° С. In general, the sum of active temperatures is 1300... 2000 ° C, depending on the speed of the variety. It should be noted that barley suffers more from high temperatures than from drought during all periods of development, and especially during periods of tubing and grain filling.

Lighting requirements. Barley requires relatively long lighting for its development, so in the northern regions the growing season is less than in the southern regions, where daylight hours are shorter. It is the factor of demanding the length of the day that explains the phenomenon that varieties created in the west are cultivated far beyond the zones of their creation.

Soil humidification requirements. Between 60 and 120 mm of soil water is used to produce 1 ton of grain, and the poorer the soil, the more moisture is used to produce 1 ton of dry matter. Barley has two critical periods in consumption to provide moisture to the soil. These periods quenched tubing and the end of tubing. Lack of moisture in the first period leads to weak swelling, weak development of the secondary root system, the beginnings of the spike do not develop enough. Even a favorable situation with humidification in the second critical phase - the end of tubing can save the situation only in areas with a large reserve of effective temperatures and high soil fertility, when high yields are obtained from shoots of smoking (overheads). But valuable brewing raw materials under such conditions are very difficult to obtain.

Barley grows poorly on light sandy and gray forest soils without sufficient fertilization, since the drainage of such soils is high and moisture accumulates poorly. Barley spends moisture economically and in this regard is favorably different from wheat and oats. It grows poorly on overwetted clay soils, since the root system suffers from a lack of oxygen. From sowing to entering the tube, barley consumes up to 25% of moisture, from tubing to spiking - 45% and about 25% - from spiking and to harvesting. If in the phases of seedlings - plant sprouting mainly use moisture of the arable layer and adjacent soil layers, then after sprouting barley consumes moisture from the depth of 80... 120 cm of soil layers

Development of barley cultivation technology

IN BARSUCHANKA SEC

3.1 Analysis of existing barley cultivation technology

The technology of barley cultivation in the Barsuchanka SEC was developed taking into account the presence of a machine and tractor park, the mode of operation, the loading of tractors and labor, crop yields and natural and climatic conditions characteristic of the economy.

The current technology in the farm for the cultivation of barley in a number of technological operations is outdated, and the work on these operations does not justify the cost. This mainly applies to those operations where new equipment has not been introduced or is not enough. It cannot be argued that the economy lacks high-speed, high-performance equipment for tillage, sowing, and harvesting. In the technology used, there are both modern and obsolete operations that need to be changed.

The best precursor for barley are: winter rapeseed, corn on silage, peas, early potatoes, lupine. In agriculture, the precursor for barley is winter rapeseed.

Soil treatment for barley in the farm begins with the spinning of stubble by the Belarus 1221 + L113 unit. Next, mineral fertilizers are introduced by the Belarus 1221 + RU7000 unit with an application rate of 250 kg/ha. Loading of mineral fertilizers into spreaders is carried out by loader EO2621 on the basis of tractor Belarus820.

The gravel ploughing to the depth of 20... 22 cm is performed by the Belarus 3022 + PPO840 unit, after which the soil is leveled and rolled by the Belarus 820 + KPN4M unit.

In spring, the second part of fertilizers is introduced by the Belarus 1221 + RU7000 unit and pre-harvested by the Belarus 11522 + AKSH6 unit.

Preliminary seeds are etched on PS10A machine. By means of ZPS100 unit seeds are immersed in ZAZ1 sowing machine loader based on GAZ53B. Barley sowing is carried out by Belarus-1221 + unit

SPU-6.

Pre-harvesting of barley is carried out by Belarus-820 + unit

SP-11A + 53OR-0.7. The seedlings are fed with carbamidoammiac mixture (CAS) using Belarus 820 + OP250018 unit. Transportation of CAS and filling of sprayers is carried out by Belarus 820 + MZHT6 unit.

In June, crops are chemically treated with Belarus 820 + OP250018 .

Harvesting is performed by direct combine harvesters KZS10A "Palesse GS10" with grinding and spreading of straw along the field. Grain removal is carried out by road. Grain drying is performed by KZS25Sh dryer.

Based on the above and a brief analysis of the existing technology for the cultivation of spring barley, it can be concluded that all soil preparation processes are mechanized, but in some operations it is necessary to use more productive equipment, thereby reducing labor costs and energy consumption. In addition, in order to increase the yield of barley, an operation of applying organic fertilizers should be included in the process list.

3.3 Proposed barley cultivation technology

According to the proposed technology of barley cultivation, tillage also begins with the spinning of stubble by the Belarus 1221 + L113 unit. Next, mineral fertilizers are introduced by the Belarus 1221 + RU7000 unit with an application rate of 250 kg/ha. Loading of mineral fertilizers into spreaders is carried out by loader EO2621 on the basis of tractor Belarus820. Loading of organic fertilizers (2 t/ha) in spreaders is carried out by loader Amkodor 342V, and transportation and application of organic fertilizers - by unit Belarus3022 + MTU24.

Brick ploughing with soil rolling is performed by Belarus 3022 + PPO840 unit.

In spring, the second part of fertilizers is introduced by the Belarus 1221 + RU7000 unit.

Seeds are etched on PS10A machine. By means of ZPS100 unit seeds are immersed in ZAZ1 sowing machine loader based on GAZ53B. Fertilizer sealing, pre-preparation of soil and barley sowing are carried out by the Belarus 3022 + APPA6 unit.

The seedlings are fed with carbamidoammiac mixture (CAS) using Belarus 820 + OP250018 unit. Transportation of CAS and filling of sprayers is carried out by Belarus 820 + MZHT6 unit.

During June, two chemical treatments of crops against weeds, diseases and pests by the Belarus 820 + OP250018 aggregate are carried out .

Harvesting is performed by direct combine harvesters KZS10A "Palesse GS10" with grinding and spreading of straw along the field. Grain removal is carried out by road. Grain drying is performed by KZS25Sh dryer.

The proposed barley cultivation flow sheet in the project is presented in Appendix B.

Energy saving

6.1 Measures for resource saving during barley cultivation

Saving material and energy resources in the field of mechanization of agricultural production requires an urgent response from agro-engineering science and practice. It is necessary to justify the priority areas of development of resource-saving technologies, to update the fleet of agricultural machines with high-quality new generation technical tools that are competitive in the foreign market. They should ensure a significant increase in labor productivity, fuel and energy savings, the creation of optimal conditions for cultivating crops, and ultimately the opportunity to implement the most promising machine production technologies.

The technological schemes for barley cultivation include three fundamental components:

- crop rotation in agriculture;

- soil treatment systems;

- systems of machines providing technological operations.

One of the main requirements in the crop rotation system is the requirement of rational placement of crops with limited use of fertilizers. Field grass crop rotations with optimal provision of mineral nutrition make it possible to stop the decrease of humus in the soil and gradually increase soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation with legumes with the help of tuberous bacteria. Considering that up to 1/3 of fixed nitrogen is found in the rearing and root residues of legume grasses, after their harvesting in the soil remains from 50 to 170 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha, and when plowing herbs on green fertilizer - 150... 500 kg/ha [4].

Soil treatment is the most energy-intensive technological process for which 30... 40% energy consumed in agriculture [36] is spent. The diversity of soil-climatic conditions, as well as the differences in land use by soil type, size distribution, type and degree of clogging of individual sites, require a differentiated approach to soil treatment systems that allow creating optimal soil conditions for crops with minimal energy and resources, maintaining soil fertility, preventing water erosion and protecting the environment from pollution.

The main requirement for resource conservation in soil treatment is to minimize the costs of basic soil treatment, which consists in reducing the number of operations carried out, and reducing the depth of arable land [38]. At the same time it is more preferable to apply those types of the soil-cultivating equipment (subsurface cultivators, mills, the combined units and also new designs of disk cultivators) which promote prevention of the accelerated mineralization of a humus, stabilization of the ecological environment, microfauna .

Currently, ploughing is used as the main soil treatment for crop rotation crops, which prevents the washing out of plant feed elements and small soil particles into underground horizons. However, the annual plowing system in crop rotation is very energy-intensive and expensive: plowing to a depth of 20... 22 cm requires energy consumption over 1000 MJ/ha .

In addition, the system has a number of other drawbacks :

1) annual plowing accelerates the decomposition of organic matter in the soil;

2) water erosion is inevitable on slopes above 3 ° by plowing;

3) constant plowing to the same depth leads to the formation of a "plow sole."

Therefore, to reduce energy costs, it is necessary to either partially or completely replace ploughing with less energy-intensive soil protection techniques, such as: recoilless treatments for 20... 22 cm and 10... 12 cm, waste leveling, discing and other ways to minimize energy costs.

The level of energy consumption for small treatments is lower by 1.5... 1.9 times than for plowing to the depth of the arable layer. Small treatments for several consecutive years contribute to the accumulation of crop residues in the upper layer of the soil, there is an improvement in the water regime, there is no swim and formation of soil crust after rainfall, weed seeds in the lower layer of the soil lose germination [4, 7].

Tools for unrequited treatments should be selected taking into account the granulometric composition of the soil and the degree of clogging by perennial weeds. On loamy soil, the best is a loamy-sized diverse-depth system (ploughing and chisel treatment alternate after one year). At the same time, according to literary data, compared to annual plowing, the clogging of crops decreases, the involvement of cereals with root rots decreases, the productivity of crop rotation on 8... 10% and energy efficiency increases.

Pre-treatment of soils is the most responsible, since it allows to achieve the most optimal combination of soil factors necessary for the normal development of plants - water, oxygen, heat.

The system of machines in resource-saving technologies allows reducing energy consumption and sowing time due to combining pre-sowing tillage and sowing with the help of combined units, as well as units composed of serial cultivators and seeders with devices for soil leveling. It is also necessary to use wide-gripping single-operation units for pre-processing in large fields and coupling of two-, three-unit units. In dry weather, a large gap should not be allowed between pre-soil tillage and sowing.

Given that pre-harvesting operations should be shortened as much as possible, the gap between harvesting and sowing should be minimal so that seeds are laid in wet soil and weed plants are not overtaken in their development by crops. The greatest effect is achieved when using combined high-performance soil processing sowing units. These units allow you to perform all pre-sowing and sowing operations in one pass through the field, which provides an increase in labor productivity to 60% and an additional reduction in fuel consumption by 1.5... 2 kg/ha compared to the use of single-operation units. The use of a promising complex of machines for tillage and sowing of cultivated crops provides a reduction in labor costs for 35... 48%, fuel consumption - for 36... 38% and metal - for 34... 35%.

The most important reserve for reducing resource consumption is the transition to minimum soil tillage systems without the use of dump plow, with a small number of aggregate passages, shallow tillage with the use of herbicides, depending on the clogging of fields. The great potential of the minimum tillage system is to save labour, equipment and fuel; ensuring high speed of field work in a time-limited and short time frame (which is typical for autumn sowing); improved soil conditions and reduced risk of water and wind erosion.

It has been found that in fields pure from perennial weeds on medium-grained soil, the main plow treatment can be completely replaced by chiseling in two traces, since this does not lead to a deterioration in the water-physical properties of the soil, increases the economic efficiency of rapeseed cultivation. The use of useless tillage and sowing technologies based on modern machines ensures a decrease in fuel consumption for 46... 53%, metal - 44... 63% and live labor - 1.7... 77.6%.

Thus, the main ways of resource saving is to improve crop rotation, which allows to increase the fertility of the soil and reduce the need for mineral fertilizers, as well as the use of wide-gripping and combined units that allow to reduce the cost of fuel for 36... 38% and labor on 35... 48%.

Conclusion

1. The Barsuchanka SEC of the Dokshitsky district is a rather large economy. The arable land area is 5742 ha. The yield of grain crops was 17.5... 20.8 c/ha, rapeseed - 10.2 c/ha, corn per grain - 60.2 c/ha, flax mills - 19.6 c/ha. The Barsuchanka SEC has a fairly large machine and tractor fleet, including 31 tractors, 22 combine harvesters, 8 feed harvesters. Tractors are equipped with agricultural machines.

2. Barley occupies an important place as a grain crop. It is used for food and livestock purposes. Several types of cereals are produced from it: pearl, barley, ivy, flakes. Barley grain is used to make coffee substitutes in the pharmaceutical, alcohol, textile and confectionery industries. Barley grain is of great importance as a raw material in brewing, for the preparation of malt. Malt barley extract is used in baking technology. Barley straw and puberty are good coarse feed for livestock, especially in steamed form. Barley-bean mixtures are used for green food and hay.

Barley is unpretentious with regard to both soil and climate. It stands out in speed, ahead of wheat and oats in its development. Barley yields under the conditions of the Republic of Belarus can be 45... 50 c/ha.

3. The existing technology in Barsuchanka SEC has the following drawbacks: in some operations, it is necessary to use more productive equipment, thereby reducing labor costs and energy consumption. In addition, in order to increase the yield of barley, an operation of applying organic fertilizers should be included in the process list.

We have developed a process map for the cultivation of barley with a planned yield of 33 c/ha and an operational and technological map for the removal of stubble from the disk harrow L113.

4. The diploma project proposes the modernization of the disc harrow L113 by installing on it disks with deep cutouts forming five knives and a leveling device in front of the rolling rink. With this type of modernization, the degree of crumbling of the formation and sealing of crop residues will increase, the leveling section will give a uniform layer for the rolling roller, and the roller will compress the soil to create optimal soil quality. In addition, due to the lower resistance of the machine, the speed and therefore the productivity of the machine-tractor unit will increase.

5. Having analyzed the state of labor protection in the economy, measures were developed to improve labor protection. A labor protection instruction was also developed when working with the L113 disk harrow.

6. The measures on energy saving during barley cultivation are presented and the project energy efficiency assessment is given. According to the proposed technology, diesel fuel and electricity costs decreased by 47.7%.

7. The economic evaluation of the project is given. Economic indicators of efficiency of existing and proposed technologies of barley cultivation are calculated, economic justification of development is given. The annual economic effect from the introduction of the proposed technology will amount to 114901.77 thousand rubles, from the introduction of design development - 3258.10 thousand rubles.