7-storey 2-section panel residential building

Introduction

The main purpose of architecture is to create a favorable and safe living environment for a person, the nature and comfort of which was determined by the level of development of society, its culture, and the achievements of science and technology. This life environment is embodied in buildings that have internal space, complexes of buildings and structures that organize external space: streets, squares and cities.

In the modern sense, architecture is the art of designing and building buildings, structures and their complexes. It organizes all life processes. At the same time, the creation of a production architecture requires a significant amount of public labor and time. Therefore, the requirements for architecture, along with functional expediency, convenience and beauty, include requirements for technical expediency and economy. In addition to the rational layout of the premises, according to certain functional processes, the convenience of all buildings is ensured by the correct distribution of stairs, the placement of equipment and engineering devices (sanitary appliances, heating, ventilation). Thus, the shape of the building is largely determined by the functional pattern, but at the same time it is built according to the laws of beauty.

Cost reduction in construction is carried out by rational space-planning solutions of buildings, correct selection of construction and finishing materials, design facilitation, improvement of construction methods. The main economic reserve in urban planning is to increase the efficiency of land use.

1 General Plan

The plot plan is made on a scale of 1:500. The design is carried out according to GOST 81.50885 "Master Plans of Enterprises, Structures and Civil Buildings." Architectural and planning solutions of the master plan are developed in accordance with the purpose of the designed building, compliance with sanitary and fire safety standards.

The building area in shape is a polygon. The building is located in a residential area of ​ ​ the city of Ryazan, where the infrastructure is well developed. Nearby are: children's playground, adult recreation ground, carpet cleaning ground, laundry drying ground, volleyball court. To ensure the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions, a set of measures for landscaping and landscaping is planned at the site.

The general plan shows: roads; designed building; existing buildings; sites for various purposes and their equipment for recreation; trees; shrubs; flower beds; lawns; the device of asphalt drives, passes, platforms for the economic purposes, sports activities, games for children, rest of adults. The designed building is located in the center of the site, it is oriented relative to the sides of the world: with a facade to the north, and with an end to the south; relative to the prevailing winds: the strongest wind blows into the corner of the building, which contributes to its small blowing.

Landscaping is carried out by artisanal plants, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the city of Kursk. According to the conditions of the existing relief, the project provides for the planning of the territory of the site with the maximum preservation of the vegetal layer of soil and existing green spaces. The system of removal of surface water from the building is provided due to the slope of the terrain, through adjacent driveways and roads. For the corners of the building, the interpolation method determines black elevations and red design elevations by means of a chain of calculations. Calculations also determine road slopes that should not exceed or be less than standard. Slopes are indicated along the lower edges of the roads. Access roads are planned so that the slope of the access road is towards the street. A solution of the drainage organizations inside the section is being developed and the direction of the natural drainage is shown with arrows.

The proximity of the highway, as well as organized access roads to all buildings in the district, make the movement of cars convenient and safe. Asphalt paving paths (1.5 m) are provided for pedestrians. The highway passes through the territory shown on the general plan. The protective zone is landscaped and is 1.5 m. The width of the lane is 3 m. The radii of rounding of the roadway of streets and roads along the edge of sidewalks and dividing lanes are 6 m. The area is well landscaped: trees and shrubs are planted between the road and the buildings, which makes the air clean.

Around the house there is a pavement with a width of 1000 mm, a slope of i = 2%.

On the building site, contours are marked that show a calm terrain, and a geodetic grid for splitting the building. For elevation 0.000 the level of clean floor of the 1st floor corresponding to absolute elevation is 97.65m.

In accordance with the prevailing winds in winter, the building is oriented relative to the sides of the world. Facade in axes A-D to the west, in axes 117 to the north. Also, the orientation of the building is made taking into account the amount of solar radiation. In summer, the prevailing wind in this area is north, in winter - north-west. Vertical layout is made taking into account preservation of relief, minimum of earthworks and discharge of surface waters. The relief of the site is calm, with smooth declines to the southeast.

1.1 Technical and economic indicators for the general plan

Area S = 7714 m2

Building area S = 711 m2

Paving area S = 2699m2

Landscaping area S = 4242 m2

Percentage of development (711/7714) * 100% = 9.2%

Tiling percentage (2699/7714) * 100% = 34.9%

Greening percentage (4242/7714) * 100% = 55.9 %

2 Space planning solution

General dimensions of the building, m:

In axes 117 51.600m

In axes A-D 14.400m

Floor height 3.20m

Number of floors -7

The building has a basement 1.6 m high. Next to the stairwell is a freight and passenger elevator with a carrying capacity of 440 kg. Evacuation is provided through the main staircase and one exit, as well as an evacuation hatch on the balcony.

In front of the entrance to the building is a porch, above which is a canopy

On the typical and first floor there are four two-room apartments (with a total area of ​ ​ 55.9 m2), two three-room apartments (with a total area of ​ ​ 55.9 m2) and two four-room apartments (with a total area of ​ ​ 91.42 m2).

In addition, each apartment has a loggia.

The sanitary unit in the apartment is separate. Sanitary units are equipped with: toilets, baths, washbasins. In sanitary units there are exhaust ventilation devices with natural traction directly from the room.

Gas supply and hot water supply is provided from the external network. Heating - water, central sectional.

Rooms are isolated, have natural lighting through windows.

External walls of the building have a reference: transverse 90mm

longitudinal 90mm

Internal walls have a reference of 90mm. The premises in the building are provided with the necessary insolation and ventilation. Ventilation of living rooms is provided through windows and windows .

The orientation of the building is latitudinal, engineering and geological conditions are normal. The building is designed according to the second degree of durability. The degree of fire resistance is the second.

3 Constructive solution of a residential building

Structural solution: frame diagram with transverse and longitudinal arrangement of structural walls.

3.1 Foundations

Foundations - underground structures that transfer loads from the building to the ground.

The foundation base is medium-density sand with sandy sandy layers. The terrain in this area is calm.

Pile foundation. Piles for the project are taken round full-body solid. Pile diameter d = 300 mm. Piles are clogged to a depth below the depth of ground freezing, which is characteristic of this construction area. In this case, the depth of ground freezing in the city of Ryazan is 1.2 m. The exact arrangement of piles (which together form a pile field) and all distances establish calculations. In this design, the arrangement of piles in the pile field is designed as follows: for the end transverse walls, the piles are clogged in two rows, for the internal transverse piles staggered, for the internal longitudinal piles are arranged in one row. Minimum distance between piles shall be not less than the sum of three diameters of one pile. In this case, the distance between them is assumed to be 900 mm. Since the frame building transfers concentrated loads to the foundation, first of all the piles are clogged at the intersection of the axes of the building. For uniform distribution of loads from the building to the foundation, a monolithic pile is arranged on top of the piles. The height and all other dimensions of the pile are taken according to the calculation. In this design, the height of the pedestal is accepted as 600 mm. Piles enter the pedestal at 300 mm. For increase in coupling of piles with a grillage fittings from piles are brought to a grillage. Distance from pile edge to pile axis is equal to one pile diameter (300 mm). Crushed stone training is arranged under the pile. Basement panels are installed on the pedestal.

Along the entire perimeter around the building there is a pavement with a slope of i = 2%, which consists of two layers: gravel, asphalt. It is designed to protect the foundation from rain and meltwater penetrating into the ground near the walls of the building.

To protect the basement floor from groundwater, waterproofing is provided - coating with hot bitumen, in two layers. External sides of basement panels with contact with soils are insulated by adhesive waterproofing to the level of pavement, above the level of pavement basement panels are painted with moisture-resistant paint. All utilities are located in the basement

3.2 Walls

Walls are the most important structural elements of the building. The walls of the building are designed to protect and protect against environmental influences and transfer loads from the above structures - floors and coatings to the foundation.

In this project, longitudinal load-bearing enclosing walls are made of single-layer panels made of light concrete on porous aggregates (expanded clay). Thickness of enclosing structures is accepted according to heat engineering calculation. In this case, the thickness is assumed to be 340 mm. End enclosing structures consist of two panels: insulation, 90 mm thick from cellular concrete and a hinged enclosing panel 250 mm thick from light concrete. Inner transverse and longitudinal walls are made of single-layer panels 180 mm thick from ceramic concrete. At horizontal joint of panels in place of their connection, hernite is laid between panels. In the space between the panels and the floor slab, an effective insulation is laid, in this case a wiper. The insulation is wrapped in a ruberoid on a bitumen mastic.

Partitions perform only enclosing functions in the building. Partitions in the designed building do not perform carrying functions, but separate one room from another. In this project, the partitions are made of single-layer panels 100 mm thick from light concrete.

Sound insulation is important in the arrangement of partitions: when the floor adjoins the partitions, it is necessary to lay sound-insulating layers of elastic material; arrange special diaphragms made of dense materials under the bottom of the partition with careful sealing of all slots; when connecting the partitions with the walls and with each other, it is necessary to ensure the density of the seams, for which it is necessary to penetrate the gaps and seal the seams with mortar; partitions should not be brought to the ceiling by 10... 15 mm, and the gap is penetrated and sealed with solution. Partitions in this design have a height of 3.2 m.

The structures of these walls and partitions meet the regulatory requirements for strength, stability, fire resistance, sound insulation.

3.3 Overlaps

Floors along with walls are the main structural elements of buildings. Slabs - horizontal bearing and enclosing structures dividing buildings into floors and accepting loads from their own weight, the weight of vertical enclosing structures, stairs, as well as from the weight of interior items, equipment and people on them. These loads are transferred from floors to the structural walls of the building.

In this building, the floor is designed as multipost panels. They have high strength, durability, immaturity and water resistance. Thickness of panels is taken equal to 160 mm. Slabs are laid on internal and external walls along the layer of cement mortar. One panel overlaps one room. In those rooms from which there is an exit to the balcony for the floor, balcony panels are used, which simultaneously perform two functions: they cover the room below the located floor and are a balcony for this floor. At the location of the elevator shaft, a slab of the CP type is used. On external walls ends of plates are anchored into wall, and when they are laid on internal layers of cement mortar they are fixed to each other with anchors. This anchoring provides a rigid link between slabs and walls. The purpose of anchoring is to create a connection between the floor and walls to give them stability and increase the overall rigidity of the building .

Special requirements are made for attic and over underground floors. The floors above the basements shall have a heat insulation layer (the thickness of which is assumed by calculation); a vapor insulating layer which is positioned above the insulation. In order to increase the soundproofing capacity of the floor between floors, layered structures are used in which clean floors are arranged on soundproofing layers.

3.4 Roof

The roof is a structure that protects the building from precipitation and is the upper fence of the building.

The roof is designed with several small slopes, which provide the outflow of water from the roof to special water intake funnels. Also, slopes are designed so that the flowing water does not wash the elevator shaft and air ducts exiting the roof. The number of funnels is taken according to the calculation according to the formula n = S/350, where S is the roof area, n is the number of funnels. The resulting value is rounded to an integer upwards.

The roof in this project is mastic.

The building provides a cold attic. The roof drainage is designed to be organized internal through two gutter funnels with the diversion of water to the storm sewer. A parapet 900 mm high is provided on the roof. The roof is provided with an exit from the engine room of the elevator shaft. In places of roofing adjoins to walls, shafts, layers of the main water insulation carpet in mastic roofs - three layers of mastic reinforced with glass materials (the surface of the abutments should be painted with BT177 paint according to GOST 563170 *). For layers of additional water-insulating carpet, the use of mastic with increased heat resistance should be provided. Upper edge of additional water-insulating carpet is fixed and protected from atmospheric precipitation by parapet plates. Filling of seams between parapet plates with sealing mastic shall be provided. At the places of passage through the roofs of pipes, shafts are reinforced by two layers of water insulation carpet and protected by an umbrella made of galvanized steel.

3.5 Windows and doors

Windows - building elements designed for lighting and ventilation of rooms. Doors are used to connect isolated spaces and to enter the building.

For this building, wooden structures of double-glazed window blocks with translucent filling from double-glazed windows are used. The thickness of the window blocks is 80 mm, which gives the right to judge their sufficient heat and sound insulation. Dimensions of windows are taken in accordance with conditions of solar insulation of internal rooms. To increase durability and better appearance, wooden structures are covered with paint. The project used windows of individual shapes with dimensions: 1800 x 1500 mm; 2100 x 1500 mm, 2400 x 1500 mm.

Windows measuring 2100 x 2100 mm are also provided at the entrance on the staircases to provide natural lighting of the staircase and ventilation.

Doors are used to isolate the passage rooms from each other and enter the buildings.

The doors in the building are designed single-floor and double-floor, glazed (in the kitchen, doors in the living room) and deaf (non-glazed). Glazing some doors is mainly necessary in order to achieve more uniform lighting of rooms. Door webs are hung on door boxes. Door boxes in openings are attached with nails or worms clogged in wooden plugs. The box must be antiseptic and wrapped in thick. The suspension, opening, closing of the door elements is provided by a set of instruments made of steel and aluminum - hinges, door handles, tie-in locks, gate valves. All doors of the building are custom-made and decorated with decorative carvings. Door sizes: bipartite has a size of 1300 x 2030 mm, doors to bathrooms 600 x 2030 mm, front door 1500 x 2030 mm, all others have dimensions 900 x 2030 mm.

3.6 Stairs

Stairs are designed to communicate between spaces located on different floors.

The stairwell is planned as an internal day-to-day operation, made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. The staircase has a U-shape in plan. Two-march staircase resting on staircases. The space between part of the ladder and part of the platform, which are joined, is filled with cement sand mortar. Marches without frieze steps. In accordance with the design standards, the size of the stage: tread 300 mm, approach - 150 mm. The width of the march is 1200 mm, which is sufficient for its operation. The width of the sites is 3600 mm.

From the staircase there is an exit to the attic through a metal staircase equipped with a fire-resistant door. The stairwell has artificial and natural lighting through window openings. All doors along the stairwell and in the vestibule open towards the exit from the building according to fire safety conditions. The fence of stairs is 900 mm high, the handrail is lined with plastic.

3.7 Floors

The type and structure of the floor is determined based on the purpose of the room, and the requirements for the floors.

Floors are structures that are constantly subjected to mechanical effects. They must be durable, low-heat, resist abrasion, in sanitary units - waterproof. Floors along intermediate floors shall have sound-insulating properties. In the sanitary unit and bathroom, the floor cover is made of ceramic tiles. Floors adjoin walls in rooms. In order that there are no gaps between the floor and the walls, wooden plinths are nailed along the entire perimeter of the room. In the rooms where the surface of the floor is ceramic tiles, a plinth made of shaped ceramic tiles is used.

Floors are arranged along the floor. The upper structural layer of the floor directly exposed to operational effects is called pure floor or floor covering.

Insulation (mineral wool) is provided to insulate the ground floor. In sanitary units and kitchens, the floors are lined with ceramic tiles, as well as on staircases. Floors made of ceramic tiles are hygienic, water resistant. However, they are sensitive to shocks. In all other rooms - floors from piece parquet on a mastic.

In the floor structure there is a leveling layer of cement sand mortar.

3.8 External and internal finishes

The entrance walls are plastered and covered with paint for the effect of smooth walls.

In apartments, walls are paired and glued with wallpaper (corridors and rooms).

In kitchens, wall coverings are water-resistant cleaning wallpaper, in the area of ​ ​ washing and slabs there is tile tiles.

In sanitary units, the walls are lined with ceramic tiles.

At the entrance, the ceiling is whitewashed with whitewares.

In the apartments, the ceilings of rooms, kitchens and corridors are painted with water emulsion paint, in sanitary units - oil paint.

The basement is plaster with subsequent coloring.

Windows - painting with enamel, boxes and bindings in white. The outer doors are painted and covered with colorless varnish in 2 times.

3.9 Engineering Communications

Water supply in the building - from the existing well.

Hot water is provided by an electric water heater.

Sewerage - to existing networks.

Heating - centralized, (from individual furnace)

Ventilation is natural, plenum, arranged in showers and bathrooms.

Power supply - from an external network with a voltage of 380/220 V. Electricity is centralized. Wiring is laid in channels of wall panels. Kitchens equipped with electric stoves

Also in the building there is a garbage duct.

Central heating is provided in the designed building, radiators are installed in each room of the apartment.

The method of laying pipelines on the building is open.

For quick and easy access to the upper floors of the building, one freight and passenger elevator with a lifting capacity of 440 kg is provided.

The watershed is internal, organized.

Low-current devices (means of communication) - telephone.

Bathroom equipment - toilets, washbasins, bathrooms.

4 Fire prevention measures

The building has a II degree of fire resistance. Partitions and walls have fire resistance of at least 0.5 hour. In the building there are personal protective equipment against fire - fire extinguishers.

The building has one evacuation exit, as well as an evacuation hatch on each balcony. Escape doors open towards the exit. To evacuate from the second and overlying floors, stairways are used. Staircases are designed smoke-free, with entrances through air-pressurized tambours-locks and a fire system. The building also has a convenient entrance for fire engines.

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