ZIL engine - 130 - drawings

Contents

Introduction

1 General Information

2 Calculation of basic characteristics

2.1 Fuel characteristics

2.2 Select Compression Ratio

2.3 Selection of excess air factor value

2.4 Calculation of air quantity required for combustion of 1 kg of fuel

2.5 Quantity of fresh mixture

2.6 Composition and quantity of combustion products

2.7 Theoretical coefficient of molecular change of mixture

2.8 Inlet Conditions

2.9 Selection of residual gas parameters

2.10 Selection of heating temperature of fresh charge

2.11 Determination of head loss in inlet system

2.12 Determination of residual gas ratio

2.13 Determination of inlet end temperature

2.14 Determination of filling ratio

2.15 Selection of compression polytropne index

2.16 Definition of compression end parameters

2.17 Determination of actual molecular change

2.18 Heat loss due to incomplete combustion

2.19 Heat of mixture combustion

2.20 Molar heat capacity of combustion at compression end temperature

2.21 Mole heat capacity at constant compression end

2.22 Mole heat capacity at constant volume of working mixture

2.23 Visible combustion end temperature

2.24 Characteristic values of Tz

2.25 Maximum combustion pressure and pressure increase

2.26 Degree of preliminary -p and subsequent - expansion

2.27 Selection of index of expansion polytrope n

2.28 Definition of expansion end parameters

2.29 Check that residual gas temperature Tr is correctly selected

2.30 Determination of average indicator pressure

2.31 Determination of indicator K.P.D.

2.32 Determination of specific indicator fuel consumption

2.33 Determination of average effective pressure

2.34 Definition of mechanical K.P.D.

2.35 Determination of specific effective fuel consumption

2.36 Hourly fuel consumption

2.38 Cylinder working volume

2.39 Determination of cylinder diameter

2.40 Piston stroke

2.41 Check of average piston speed

2.42 Main engine parameters are determined

2.43 Engine basic data table is compiled

3 Building an Indicator Chart

3.1 Drawing Curves of Compression and Expansion Polytrop Lines

3.2 Construction of a chart corresponding to the real cycle

4 Dynamic calculation

4.1 Diagram of specific inertia forces of moving masses of KSM

4.2 Diagram of total force acting on piston

4.3 Force diagram N, K, T

4.4 Polar force diagram of the active crankshaft

4.5 Analysis of engine balance

4.6 Diagram of total indicator torque Mkr

List of literature

Introduction

Currently, there are a large number of devices using thermal expansion of gases. Such devices include carburetor engines, diesel engines, turbojet engines, etc.

Heat engines can be divided into two main groups:

1. External combustion engines - steam engines, steam turbines, Stirling engines, etc.

2. Internal combustion engines. As automotive power plants, internal combustion engines have become most widespread, in which the process of combustion of fuel with the release of heat and its transformation into mechanical work occurs directly in cylinders. Most modern cars have internal combustion engines.

The most economical are piston and combined internal combustion engines. They have a fairly long service life, relatively small overall dimensions and weight. The main disadvantage of these engines should be considered the reciprocating movement of the piston, due to the presence of a crank mechanism that complicates the design and limits the possibility of increasing the speed, especially with significant engine sizes.

And now a little about the first ICE. The first internal combustion engine (ICE) was created in 1860 by the French engineer Etwen Lenoir, but this machine was still very imperfect.

In 1862, the French inventor Bo de Rocha proposed using a four-stroke cycle in an internal combustion engine.

This idea was used by the German inventor N. Otto, who built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1878. The efficiency of such an engine reached 22%, which exceeded the values ​ ​ obtained using all previous types of engines.

The rapid spread of ICE in industry, transport, agriculture and stationary energy was due to a number of their positive features.

The operation of the internal combustion engine in one cylinder with low losses and a significant temperature difference between the heat source and the refrigerator ensures a high economy of these engines. High efficiency is one of the positive qualities of ICE.

Among ICE, diesel is currently such an engine that converts the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical work with the highest efficiency in a wide range of power changes. This quality of diesel engines is especially important, given that the reserves of oil fuels are limited.

The positive features of ICE are also that they can be connected to almost any energy consumer. This is due to the wide possibilities of obtaining the corresponding characteristics of the change in power and torque of these engines.

The engines in question are successfully used on cars, tractors, agricultural machines, diesel locomotives, ships, power plants, etc., i.e. ICE are well adapted to the consumer.

The relatively low initial cost, compactness and small mass of ICE allowed them to be widely used on power plants that are widely used and have small dimensions of the engine compartment.

Installations with ICE have great autonomy. Even aircraft with ICE can fly for tens of hours without replenishing fuel.

An important positive quality of ICE is the ability to quickly start them in normal conditions. Engines operating at low temperatures are equipped with special devices to facilitate and accelerate start-up. After start-up, the engines can take full load relatively quickly. ICE has a significant braking moment, which is very important when using them in transport installations.

The positive quality of diesel engines is the ability of one engine to work on many fuels. So known are the designs of automotive multi-fuel engines, as well as high-power ship engines that operate on various fuels - from diesel to boiler fuel oil.

But it would be impossible to create internal combustion engines, their development and use, if not for the effect of thermal expansion. After all, in the process of thermal expansion, gases heated to a high temperature perform useful work. Due to the rapid combustion of the mixture in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine, the pressure increases sharply, under the influence of which the piston moves in the cylinder. And this is the very necessary technological function, that is, force, the creation of high pressures, which is performed by thermal expansion, and for the sake of which this phenomenon is used in various technologies and in particular in ICE.

As automotive power plants, ICE was the most widely used, in which the process of combustion of fuel with the release of heat and its transformation into mechanical work occurs directly in cylinders. But most modern cars have internal combustion engines, which are classified according to various characteristics:

According to the mixing method - engines with external mixing, in which the combustible mixture is prepared outside the cylinders (carburetor and gas), and engines with internal mixing (the working mixture is formed inside the cylinders) - diesel engines;

According to the method of implementation of the working cycle - four-stroke and two-stroke;

By the number of cylinders - single-cylinder, two-cylinder and multi-cylinder;

According to the location of the cylinders - engines with a vertical or inclined arrangement of the cylinders in one row, V-shaped with an angle (when the cylinders are located at an angle of 180, the engine is called an engine with opposite cylinders, or opposite);

According to the cooling method - for engines with liquid or air cooling;

According to the type of fuel used - gasoline, diesel, gas and multi-fuel;

By compression ratio. Depending on the compression ratio, high (E = 12... 18) and low (E = 4... 9) compression engines are distinguished;

According to the method of filling the cylinder with fresh charge:

a) engines without pressurization, in which the inlet of air or combustible mixture is carried out due to the discharge in the cylinder during the suction stroke of the piston;

b) supercharged engines, in which air or combustible mixture enters the working cylinder under the pressure created by the compressor, in order to increase the charge and obtain increased engine power;

In terms of speed: slow-moving, increased speed, high-speed;

By purpose, they distinguish stationary, auto-tractor, ship, diesel, aircraft, etc.

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