Upgrade of lightweight auto grader

Contents

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1 ANALYSIS OF PATENT LITERATURE

1.1 RF Patent 2593310 C1 B60K 23/

1.2 Russian Patent 2399724E02F3/

1.3 Russian Patent 2184813E02F3/

2 PURPOSE, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE ARRANGEMENT AND OPERATION

3 TOTAL CALCULATION OF MOTOR GRADER

3.1 Determination of dumping parameters

3.2 Calculation of running equipment, track and motor grader base

4 TRACTION CALCULATION OF MOTOR GRADER

3.1 Determination of engine power

4.2 Calculation of motor grader movement resistance forces

5.1 Dump lifting mechanism

5.2 Dump turning mechanism

5.3 Mechanism for changing the cutting angle of the dump

5.4 Dump extension mechanism

5.5 Traction frame extension mechanism to the side

6 CALCULATION OF MOTOR GRADER PERFORMANCE

7 CALCULATION OF AUTOGREDER FOR STABILITY

9 SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DURING MACHINE OPERATION

10 RESOURCE SAVING DURING DESIGN, OPERATION AND REPAIR OF MOTOR GRADERS

11 METROLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION IN MACHINE DESIGN

11.1 Main tasks of metrology

11.2 Main Standardization Tasks

LIST OF LITERATURE

Introduction

The continuous increase in the intensity of road traffic, as well as the increasing need for the construction of new industrial and transport facilities, requires increased productivity in construction and improved performance of roads and other embankments for engineering purposes. The high values ​ ​ of these indicators for such structures are largely determined by the thoroughness of planning work during their layer-by-layer construction, as well as the productivity of profiling machines. The indicators of "evenness" of clothes and coatings of roads, airfields and the upper structure of railway embankments depend on this. Therefore, the operation of profiling structural layers in the general process of construction is quite important and responsible.

Auto graders are highly efficient earth-moving machines. The innovative improvement of auto graders is associated with the development of promising trends in mechanical engineering: widespread use of hydroelectric microprocessor control systems in the drive structure of machines, computerization and intellectualization of machines, hybridization, the creation of multi-purpose equipment and machines with wasteless technology, ensuring a high level of operator comfort and safety, improving equipment reliability, ensuring efficient service and optimizing parameters of auto graders. Using the achievements of basic sciences: nanotechnological materials, gas and hydrodynamics, ultra- and infra-oscillations, microwave, etc., is a promising reserve for increasing efficiency.

The problems of creating effective grading equipment based on the implementation of innovative programs are solved together with ensuring an increase in its operational reliability. At the stage of production operation, it is important that the motor graders of the corresponding type are operated under the conditions in which they have the greatest effect. At the technical service stage, it is important to minimize non-production downtime of machines. It is also necessary to increase the level of environmental safety, fuel economy and operational materials, as well as reduce metal consumption.

Patent Literature Analysis

Auto graders are designed for planning and profiling work during the construction of roads, airfields and other linear and area objects. They are also used for the construction of road embankments up to 1 m high from side reserves and the construction of dirt roads with side ditches, for the construction of a road trough and the distribution in it of stone materials of the foundation of road clothing, for the profiling of road shoulders, for the construction and treatment of irrigation and roadside ditches up to 0,7 m of trapezoidal and triangular sections, for grinding and planning slopes, embankments, excavations, channels, for destruction (yelling) of road surfaces during repair, for cleaning the road of airfields from snow and ice. Graders are used on melted soils, as well as on small stone materials (crushed stone, gravel).

Calculation of grading dump control mechanism

The procedure for calculating the operating mechanisms of the auto grader is as follows: the type of control drive is selected; its approximate kinematic diagram is compiled; in accordance with the calculated: the provisions draw the mechanisms and actuators of their control on a scale; Efforts are in place for each mechanism; actuating speeds of motion are selected; determining drive power of each mechanism, its total gear ratio; the possibility of combining operations during machine control is evaluated and the total (total) power of the control drive is set; the kinematic scheme is specified.

Resource saving during design, operation and repair of motor graders

Rising energy prices led to a significant increase in the energy component of production costs, as a result of which product prices increased by more than 20%. The current situation has increased the interest of specialists in various industries in the problems of energy conservation.

The goal of energy saving is to save resources by saving final energy (electrophysical, electrochemical, low, medium and high temperature, power, converted energy (electric, steam, hot water, ennobled fuel, etc.), primary energy resources (organic fuel, hydropower, nuclear fuel, solar energy, wind, geothermal sources, etc.).

Energy conservation is one of the most effective areas of scientific and technological progress and a means of intensifying structural adjustment, a determining factor of long-term action that has an economic effect on the repair enterprise. It helps to accelerate production growth, lower product prices, achieve high final results, and solve social and environmental problems.

An active energy-saving policy is a prerequisite for improving the competitiveness of products and accelerating scientific and technological progress in the fuel and energy complex, as well as in engineering and other related industries. There is an important macroeconomic indicator of energy intensity - the number of petajoules spent on the production of products worth $1 billion of GNP. According to this indicator, the technological backwardness of the Republic of Belarus today is obvious.

The development and implementation of organizational measures for energy saving and energy efficiency improvement at the enterprise is the first and very important stage of reducing energy costs in general. These activities include:

development and adoption of the Energy Saving Program for the organization and units;

Development of a Regulation on how to encourage workers to save energy and energy resources;

appointment of a responsible person (s) for compliance with energy conservation measures and reporting on the achieved savings;

Financial consideration of the economic impact of energy-saving activities and the organization of refinancing of savings for new energy-saving activities;

Adoption of the Regulation on the procedure for placing an order for energy-saving events in the organization.

Also, the list of organizational measures includes:

internal financial audit and determination of the share of energy costs in the cost structure;

energy survey of the enterprise;

preparation of the energy passport of the enterprise and its individual facilities;

development of measures for energy saving and energy efficiency improvement in relation to the technological conditions of the enterprise;

audit and monitoring of energy supply contracts of the enterprise and their optimization;

planning and management of commercial accounting of energy consumption and resources;

planning and organization of technological accounting of energy consumption and resources;

training of personnel on rules of energy saving and rational use of energy resources;

Information support for energy saving (regulations of meetings, dissemination of organizational and technical information)

business planning of energy efficiency and technical re-equipment measures with payback periods of more than 1 year;

implementation of measures to improve energy efficiency and technical re-equipment with a payback period of more than one year;

monitoring the implementation of internal regulations on energy use;

monitoring of technical condition of energy consumption and energy resources metering devices and commercial calculation system;

monitoring the implementation of energy conservation and energy efficiency measures;

To reduce energy and material consumption it is necessary [15, c.39]:

develop designs of parts, assemblies and mechanisms of machines for resource-saving processes of their manufacture and assembly;

Make greater use of materials with high specific strength and rigidity, including high-strength and high-modulus composites based on polymer and metal matrices and reinforcing fibrous fillers;

actively implement adaptive materials that adapt to the operating conditions of parts and structures of machines;

use methods to improve and strengthen carbon steels instead of (if possible) expensive alloyed steels;

ensure the necessary strength and rigidity of the parts in ways that do not require increasing mass (giving the parts rational shapes, using hollow and shell structures, blocking deformations with transverse and diagonal ties, rational arrangement of supports and stiffeners);

prevent corrosion of parts using resistant paint and galvanic coatings, making parts from corrosion-resistant materials;

equip machines with energy-saving systems that provide a significant reduction in energy losses and fuel savings;

expand the use of effective physical, electrophysical and physicochemical methods of working bodies to reduce energy consumption in the production of construction, earthworks, road and communal works.

Metrology and standardization in machine design

11.1 Main tasks of metrology

One of the existing factors ensuring high quality of the product is compliance with the specified accuracy of the product execution in the presence of mass content. The desire to manage the quality of the product requires knowledge of metrology, analysis of its accuracy and control. The unity of measurements in all areas of the national economy is ensured by the State Standard, which is responsible for metrological institutes and laboratories.

The most important way to maintain the uniformity of measurements is the use of standards.

The standard is a measuring means that ensure reproduction and preservation of a unit in order to transfer its dimensions according to the verification scheme of measuring means. The standard is reproduced with the highest metrological accuracy, sufficient at this stage of science and technology.

The main tasks of metrology:

1) Development of the general theory of measurements.

2) Establishment of uniform physical quantities and their systems.

3) Development of measurement methods and instruments.

4) Setting of standards.

11.2 Main Standardization Tasks

Standardization - Establish and apply rules to streamline activities in a given area for the benefit and participation of all stakeholders, in particular in compliance with operating conditions and safety requirements.

In advanced engineering, the organization of the production of machines and other products on the basis of interchangeability is of great importance. The standards are based on combining the achievements of science, technology, practical experience and determine the foundations not only of the present, but also of the future development of production.

Objects of standardization are specific products, as well as norms, rules, methods, terms, units of quantities, etc., repeatedly used in science, technology, industry, construction, transport, healthcare and other areas of the national economy.

During the course project the following GOST are used:

GOST 2.01-68 (ST CMEA 36476). The main provisions of the ESKD;

GOST 2.201-80. Designation of articles and PRZ;

GOST 2.10595 ESKD. General requirements for text documentation;

GOST 2.401-68 (ST CMEA 118178). General rules for drawing execution;

GOST 2.30168 (ST CMEA 118178). Formats;

GOST 2.30268 (ST CMEA 118178). Scale;

GOST 2.30368 (ST CMEA 118178). Lines;

GOST 2.30481 (ST CMEA 630688). Drawing fonts;

GOST 2.30768 (ST CMEA 218080). Dimensioning;

GOST 2.30568 (ST CMEA 36388). Images, views, sections, and sections;

GOST 2.30879 (ST CMEA 36876). Specifies tolerances, shapes, and surface locations on drawings;

GOST 2.31668 (ST CMEA 85678). Rules for application of inscriptions and technical requirements on drawings;

GOST 2534688 (ST CMEA 14775). Unified tolerance and fit system;

GOST 2.10973 (ST CMEA 504585). Assembly drawings;

GOST 2.10868 (ST CMEA 251680). Specification.

GOST 1103083 - Auto graders. General provisions.

Conclusion

During the course work on the modernization of the motor grader based on the MTZ92P wheeled tractor, work was carried out on the study of modern designs of domestic and foreign manufacturers, an analysis of useful inventions in the field of motor grader equipment was carried out, during which the main directions of modernization were revealed, namely the improvement of the design of the motor grader in order to reduce fuel consumption and increase the durability of the front axle drive units. All work was aimed at modernizing the already existing GS10.08.

The result of the modernization was a significant reduction in wear of the drive parts of the front driving axle, as well as a decrease in fuel consumption in the transport mode and partially in the working mode.