Process Training in Construction with Drawings

Contents

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION

INPUT DATA

1 NOMENCLATURE OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION STAGE OF THE UNDERGROUND PART OF THE BUILDING

2 DEFINITION OF SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 Pit sizing

2.2 Determination of excavation volumes

2.2.1 Calculation of pit volumes and entry trench (ramp)

2.2.2 Calculation of sand volume for sand cushion for foundation slabs

2.2.3 Development of soil damage

2.2.4 Calculation of soil volume for backfilling

3 DEFINITION OF SCOPE OF CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION WORKS

4 SELECTION OF SETS OF MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

4.1 Bulldozer calculation

4.2 Excavator calculation

4.3 SELF-DRIVING CALCULATION

4.4 CRANE CALCULATION

4.5 CALCULATION OF RAMMING MECHANISM

5 COMPOSITION OF PERFORMERS, LABOR INTENSITY OF WORKS AND WAGES OF WORKERS

6 WORK SCHEDULE

7 ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION WORKS

8 REQUIREMENTS FOR LOGISTICAL RESOURCES

9 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

10 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND SAFETY

10.1 EARTHWORKS

10.2 CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS

10.3 INSTALLATION WORKS

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST

Introduction

Construction processes are manufacturing processes that take place on a construction site in order to create a finished product - a building (structure), its part or a technological cycle, for example, zero.

A simple construction process is a set of technologically interconnected work operations performed by one worker or one link, for example, when performing waterproofing.

A complex construction process is a set of simple processes carried out that are in direct organizational and technological dependence, which ensure the production of final products (in this course project - the underground part of the building).

Construction processes are called production processes, on the construction site, in order to create finished products - a building (structure) or part of it or a technological cycle, for example, zero. A simple construction cycle is a set of technologically interconnected work operations performed by the same work or the same link, for example, when performing waterproofing. A complex construction process is a set of simple processes carried out that are in direct organizational and technological dependence, which ensure the production of final products (in this course project - zero cycle of the building).

Earthworks are carried out during the construction of any building or structure and make up a significant part of their cost and especially labor intensity. For example, in industrial construction, they account for about 15% in terms of cost and 18-20% in terms of labor intensity of the total amount of work.

In industrial and civil construction, earthworks are carried out during the construction of trenches and pits, during the construction of the roadbed, as well as during the construction of planned sites. All these earthworks are created by forming excavations in the soil or erecting embankments from it.

Minimum cost and labor intensity of excavation works can be provided with minimum design scope of the developed soil and such sequence of works, when each volume of soil developed in the design excavation immediately fits into the place provided for it in the design embankment, which precludes repeated processing of the same soil volume; and the most cost-effective and labour-intensive methods and mechanization of earthworks.

As part of the land works complex, two main groups of production processes are distinguished: the main and related. The first group includes soil development and displacement, the second - drainage, installation of fasteners, etc.

Nomenclature of construction processes for erection phase

underground part of the building

The following simple processes are included in the construction practice after geodetic works, stumps or disassembling of buildings, etc. will be carried out at the construction site, directly zero cycle of the building (with the exception of underground communications and roads):

- excavation of soil in the pit with its transportation by dump trucks to the cavalier outside the construction site;

- development of part of the soil up to the design level in the pit or trench after the work of excavating machines (development of soil damage);

- arrangement of sand underlying layer for foundation slabs;

- installation of foundation slabs, wall blocks and floor slabs above the basement;

- pouring of seams between slabs with cement sand mortar;

- construction of the concrete floor of the basement;

- adhesive waterproofing of basement walls;

- reverse layer-by-layer filling of pit sinuses with soil with its layer-by-layer levelling;

- layer-by-layer compaction of soil in the sinuses of the pit.

Selection of sets of machines and equipment

The whole set of processes at the construction site is carried out with the help of several sets of machines operating in the same stream. The set includes the driving machine and its components (driven) machines and mechanisms.

4.1 Bulldozer calculation

It is recommended to take a bulldozer at Vc > 1000 m3, DZ-18

Technical characteristics of DZ-18

highest height of dump lifting, m - 1.1

length of dump, m - 3.03

cutting angle, deg - 50-60

power, kW - 79

weight, t - 1.58

tractor brand - T-100

4.2 Excavator calculation

Excavators according to the capacity of the ladle are accepted depending on the volume of soil being developed. According to the type and category of soil, the type of excavator ladle is chosen: for sand without impurities - with a continuous cutting edge. Select a single bucket excavator with a straight blade with a mechanical drive - E-655 with a solid cutting edge with a volume of 0.65.

Work Schedule

The process sequence of construction processes (operation of all machines and performance of all types of works) can be presented in the form of a schedule (Table 6). Duration of works according to the schedule must not be more than specified. When developing a schedule, consider the possibility of time matching processes without violating safety requirements.

Work that runs on the same thread at the same time should be combined.

Normative machine capacity and labor intensity (columns 7, 10) are accepted according to production calculations for the corresponding construction processes. Planned machine capacity and labor intensity (graphs 8. 11) are determined taking into account overfulfilling of norms for 5... 20%. Overperformance should be based on the application of rational technology and progressive methods of work.

The number of shifts per day, the number of machines and the number of workers per shift (columns 12, 6, 9) is accepted in accordance with the planned organization of work, taking into account the need to perform work within the specified time frame. The operation of all leading machines should be planned, as a rule, two-shift. When converting the number of hours to the number of shifts, the shift duration is taken to be 8 hours.

The duration of the process in days is determined by dividing the value of the received machine capacity (graph 8) by the product of the number of workers in the link (graph 9) and the number of machines (graph 6).

The percentage of norm fulfillment (graph 14) is defined as the quotient of dividing the normative machine capacity (graph 7) by the received machine capacity (graph 8) multiplied by 100%.

The execution of the process is represented by a line (single, double, triple, depending on the number of working shifts per day). The length of the line must correspond to the duration of the process.

During planning, it is necessary to ensure the full loading of machines and organize the work in-line method, while observing the correct sequence of individual works and ensuring their quality. To avoid errors in the column "Name of works" the works are entered in the sequence in which they are performed on the construction site. See Annex 4 for the zero cycle process schedule.

After installation of the basement floor slabs, it is necessary to immediately, especially in winter, fill the sinuses of the pit with careful compaction of the soil.

In the case when the total duration of the zero cycle is initially more than the specified one, it is necessary to adjust the composition (number) of performers in the most labor-intensive processes.

Technical and economic indicators

The maximum number of workers is 29 people.

The average number of workers is 18 people.

Duration of work according to the calendar schedule: 143 working days.

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