Routing for earthworks within the course project

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1. DETERMINATION OF EXCAVATION SCOPE

1.1 DETERMINATION OF BLACK ELEVATIONS

1.2 DETERMINATION OF RED ELEVATIONS

1.3 DETERMINATION OF EXCAVATION SCOPE DURING PIT DEVELOPMENT

2. EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGY FOR PIT DEVELOPMENT

2.1 SELECTION OF METHOD OF WORKS AND MEANS OF COMPLEX MECHANIZATION

2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF PIT ARRANGEMENT PROCESSES

2.3 DESIGN OF PREPARATORY WORKS

2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

2.5 GROUND SAFETY GUIDELINES

2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES

Introduction

During the construction of any building or structure, as well as the planning and improvement of territories, soil processing is carried out. Processing includes the following main processes: soil development, its movement, laying and compaction.

This process is in some cases preceded or accompanied by preparatory and supporting processes. Preparatory processes are carried out before the beginning of soil development (cleaning of the territory from plantations), and auxiliary processes - before or during the construction of structures.

Earthworks are expensive and particularly labour intensive. So, for example, in industrial construction, they amount to about 15% cost and 18... 20% labor intensity of the total volume of work. About 10% of the total number of construction workers are employed in earthworks.

In course work, it is necessary to plan the construction site, calculate the amount of excavation during the development of the pit, select the necessary excavation machines, calculate the technical and economic indicators of the work.

1. Determination of excavation quantities

1.1 Determination of black elevations

According to the assignment for course design (geotechnical survey), we select a construction site with a certain terrain, the elevations of which conditionally correspond to the wellhead elevations.

The black marks are determined at the nodes of the construction grid by interpolation from the shortest distance between neighboring wells and applied in the drawing, after which we draw contours.

1.2 Determination of red marks

Red elevations, that is, design elevations of the pit, are determined according to the assignment for course design (building plan) and construction area. For Kazan, the depth of ground freezing is 1.6 m. According to these data, the depth of the pit is 1.9 m (139.40 m), i.e. 0.3 m below the boundary of freezing. The dimensions of the bottom of the pit are taken more by 1 m of the dimensions of the future building. The slope of the slopes due to the difference in the soils of the construction site will be 1:1 .

According to the assignment of the course work, the position of the layout plane is not set, therefore, we accept the backfill mark of 141.30 m in order to minimize the amount of excavation.

2.2 Development of technology and organization of pit arrangement processes

Organization of pit arrangement processes:

Cutting the vegetable layer by a thickness of up to 20 cm is carried out by bulldozer DZ18 on the basis of tractor T180, cutting is carried out by parallel penetrations, in a layer-by-layer manner. In this method, the recess is developed in layers for the thickness of the peeled chips in one pass of the bulldozer, sequentially over the entire width of the recess.

When moving the ground, the bulldozer moves in a straight line, reciprocating without turns (returning to the place where the cutting began in reverse). The width of the layer depends on the width of the oval. The layers overlap each other by 0.3 m (to avoid soil loss during transportation).

To develop soil in the pit, a ripper and an excavator with working equipment are used, a reverse shovel with a ladle capacity with teeth of 0.5 m3. EO3322B. The loosener moves in a straight line during loosening of the soil, making reciprocating movements without turns (return to the place where the cutting began in reverse). After loosening, soil mining is carried out by widened penetration with the excavator moving along the pit, since B < 2 .5R, where R is the largest cutting radius, the length of the working movement is equal to the difference between the maximum and minimum cutting radii and in our case - 7.54.8 = 2, 7 m. Complete cycle of excavator operation consists of cutting of soil and filling of ladle, lifting of ladle with soil (clay), turning of excavator around axis to place of unloading, unloading of soil from ladle, reverse turning of excavator, lowering of ladle and its supply to initial position. The maximum dimensions of the excavations depend on its operating parameters, which are: the maximum possible digging depth, digging height, the largest and smallest digging radii at the excavator parking level, unloading radius, unloading height. Development by a single bucket excavator is carried out positionally. The area in which the excavator operates at one position is called the face. It includes: the site on which the transport for loading is installed. Development is carried out in 1 tier.

At the end of soil development in this face, the excavator moves to a new position. The excavator and vehicles shall be positioned in the bottomhole so that the average angle of rotation of the excavator from the place of filling the ladle to the place of unloading is minimal.

The developed soil from the developed pit is transported to the dump, which is located at a distance of 4 km. In our case, 2 dump trucks (KrAZ256 with a lifting capacity of 12 tons) operating according to the pendulum scheme were adopted.

Bulldozer grade DZ18 on the basis of tractor T100 is used to grind the bottom of the pit after excavator operation, to level and plan the soil.

2.3 Design of preparatory works

Preparatory work during site planning includes: clearing the construction site from forest, stumps, shrubs, rolling trees for forest removal, cutting shrubs and small forests, breaking stumps, stones and roots and their harvesting, clearing from boulders, removing the plant layer and loosening the soil.

The line forest is sawed with motopils followed by stumps. Trees that are not used as business wood are felled together with the roots, while the energy cost will be much less than when felling with subsequent stumps.

For felling trees with roots and rooting individual stumps, roosters-gatherers or bulldozers mounted on tractors are used. The thickness of the trees to be piled depends on the power of the tractor, the density of the soil and the location of the roots in the ground. When rolling trees with a root system lying parallel to the surface of the earth (spruce, etc.), 2025% less energy is required compared to trees of the same thickness with vertical roots (pine, oak ).

Roosters can also clear stones and boulders.

After selecting the machines to clear the site, the scope of work is set.

2.6 Environmental measures

Construction of the facility is preceded by site engineering preparation. In this case, the composition of the processes can be different and depends on the local conditions of the construction site and its position. In general, these processes include clearing the site area, removing surface and ground water, and creating a geodetic breakdown base.

When clearing the territory, we transplant green spaces, if we use them in the future, protect them from damage, feed stumps, clean the site from shrubs, demolish or disassemble unnecessary structures, remove a fertile layer of soil.

Green spaces that are not subject to cutting or transplantation are covered with a common fence. The trunks of separate trees falling into the work area are protected from damage, covering them with lumber waste. Separate bushes transplant. Trees and shrubs suitable for landscaping are dug or transplanted into a specially designated protection area.

We clear the territory from the shrub with bushes. For the same operation, bulldozers with tooth growers on the dump, roosters-gatherers are used. Cushions are replaceable equipment for a caterpillar tractor.

Immediately after cleaning the territory from stumps and tree trunks, we choose fragments of roots from the vegetable layer with parallel transitions of rootstocks with widened dumps. Removed roots and remains from the cutting of trees are removed from the cleared area to specially designated places for subsequent export or incineration.

The fertile soil layer to be removed from the site is cut off and moved to specially designated places where it is stored for subsequent use. Sometimes it is taken to other landscaping sites. When working with a fertile layer, it should be protected from mixing with the underlying layer, from contamination, erosion and weathering.

Building sites are enclosed or marked with appropriate signs and inscriptions.