Production of non-carbonated soft drinks with a capacity of 100dal/hour with the development of a bottle washing machine

Contents

Introduction

1. Analysis of modern bottle washing machines

1.1. Purpose and classification of bottle washing machines

1.2. Modern bottle washing machine designs, prototype selection

1.3. Patent search

2. Process Part

2.1. Requirements for raw materials and finished products

2.1.1. Requirements for finished products

2.1.2. Requirements for raw materials and materials

2.1.3. Requirements for auxiliary materials

2.2. Production technology, production line flow chart

2.3. Material balance of the beverage production line

2.3.1. Calculation of the quantity of main beverage products

2.3.2. Calculation of the amount of intermediate products and water per 1000 dal.

2.3.3. Determination of quantity of containers and auxiliary materials for beverage production per 1000 dal.

2.4. Description of the designed bottle washing machine

2.4.1. Purpose, Scope and Technical Specification

2.4.2. Device and principle of operation

2.5. Bottle washing machine conveyor calculation

2.5.1. Conveyor traction calculation

2.5.2. Calculation of belt tension at characteristic points of conveyor route

2.5.3. Determining the minimum allowable belt tension

2.5.4. Tensioner selection

2.5.5. Calculation of drive drum speed

2.5.6. Calculation of the drive

3. Design Part

3.1. Design calculations of bottle washing machine

3.1.1. Calculation of bath wall thickness

3.1.2. Strength calculation of drive shaft

3.1.3. Calculation of Keyway Connection

4. Installation, operation and repair

4.1. Equipment Repair and Maintenance Management

4.2. Equipment maintenance and overhaul

4.2.1.General Provisions

4.2.2 Equipment Maintenance

4.2.3 Equipment Repair

4.2.4 Scheduled and unscheduled repairs

4.3. Repair documentation

4.4. Installation, operation and repair of bottle washing machine

5. Automation of the production line

5.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions

5.2 Automatic regulators and instrumentation

5.3 Equipment Automation

6. Safety and environmental friendliness of the production line

6.1 General requirements

6.1.1 Production rooms

6.1.2. Meteorological conditions at the workplace

6.1.3. Characteristics of workplace ventilation

6.1.4. Lighting system, lighting standards

6.1.5. Safety Measures:

6.1.6. Ensuring electrical safety

6.1.7. Noise and vibration

6.1.8. Organization of fire protection at the enterprise

6.1.9. Explosion resistance and fire resistance characteristics

6.1.10. Environmental protection

6.2 Life Safety Status and Analysis

at the projected beverage production area

6.2.1. Characteristics of factors of production environment

6.2.2. Measures and technical means to create healthy and safe working conditions at the designed facility

6.2.3. Environmental Protection Activities and Equipment

Wednesdays

6.2.4. Measures and means to prevent and eliminate emergencies

consequences

6.2.5. Design and calculation of lightning protection of production facility

7. Economic part

7.1. Project Objective and Objectives

7.2. Summary, Key Parameters and Business Plan Key Figures

7.3. Characteristics of the goods provided to the consumer and its comparison with competitive goods

7.4. Analysis and preliminary assessment of market conditions, demand and sales volumes

7.5 Project Resource Support

7.5.1. Equipment Investment Calculation

7.5.2. Calculation of operating costs

7.6. Determine the cost-effectiveness of the project

Conclusion

List of literature used

Introduction

The increasing pace of economic development in Russia calls for a more progressive approach to the development of industrial industries. And the degree of this development directly depends on the awareness and competence of the engineering staff of enterprises.

It must be borne in mind that previously industrialized countries had created complex equipment, thus depriving third world countries of the possibility of copying it. But with the industrial development of the countries of Asia and Latin America and the creation on their territory of enterprises of developed countries, the need for the use of simple and cheap equipment increased. For this reason, it is not necessary to copy equipment produced in the world before 1998.

Under these conditions, it is necessary, without holding on to the old theories, to conduct equipment design using bold, if possible own, extraordinary technical solutions. The development of the market of components and spare parts of world leaders in the field of food engineering should also be taken into account, this will allow the use of individual parts and equipment units of companies - leaders in newly created equipment in Russia.

The diploma project presents a process line for the production of soft drinks with a capacity of P = 1000 bopd/h with the development of a new design bottle washing machine.

Analysis of modern bottle washing machines

1.1. PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BOTTLE WASHING MACHINES

Washing machines are distinguished by the number of tanks and rinsing sections. Also, machines differ in the number of container flows to be washed.

Mostly used machines with two cameras: one for soaking the other for intensive washing. The number of rinsing sections depends on the type of detergent and the degree of contamination of the container.

Process Part

2.1. REQUIREMENTS FOR RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS

2.1.1. Requirements for finished products.

The number and ratio of beverage components are determined by the current recipes. The flavor and aroma properties of the beverages should correspond to the characteristics inherent in the original raw material, the color - the standard of color established for each drink. Beverages shall be transparent and shall not contain any suspended particles, sludge, muti or opal.

The acidity of beverages ranges from 1.3 to 3.5 ml 1 N. alkali solution per 100 ml of drink, which depends on its nature, but for each drink it is strictly regulated by the recipe. The dry matter content (density) also depends on the nature of the drink and ranges from 7.5 to 11.1% (sugar meter).

2.2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PROCESS DIAGRAM OF THE LINE

Production of non-carbonated soft drinks includes the following main technological steps:

preparation of sugar syrup;

dealcoholization of alcohol-containing raw materials included in the beverage;

preparation of blending syrup or beverage;

pasteurization of the beverage;

bottling the beverage;

brakerage;

sticking labels and transferring finished products to the warehouse ;

storage and transportation of finished products.

The organization of production of non-carbonated soft drinks is carried out in accordance with the technological scheme given in Fig.2.3.

Blending syrup for non-carbonated beverages on infusions, essences and other flavouring agents is prepared in cold way. For this purpose, the sugar sand from the bags delivered on the pallets is weighed on the scales 1 and filled into the receiving bucker of the hole 2, which delivers it to the intermediate hopper 3. If necessary, sugar is added to syrup boiler 4 with stirring, where corrected water is preset from collecting chamber 8.

After dissolving the sugar, the solution is boiled and boiled to kill the mucous-forming bacteria. Then, the syrup is sent through the strainer 5 and the heat exchanger 7 by the pump 6 to the sucrose inversion collector 12 (inversion is carried out at the request of the beverage manufacturer). Inverted syrup is pumped by pump 6 into blending apparatus 13, where all components of beverages, including preservative (when producing a beverage with a preservative), are introduced from collectors 8. The mixture is thoroughly mixed for 15... 25 min and left alone for 2 h to destroy the microflora. After that calculated amount of water of temperature not higher than 20 ° C is introduced into the blending apparatus, solution is thoroughly mixed during 15... 20 minutes, physicochemical and organoleptic indices are determined, and filter press 9 for filtration is supplied by pump 6. The clarified beverage is then delivered to the collector 8 and transferred to the pasteurization unit 10 and then bottled.

The packaging bottles are stored in boxes and fed to the conveyor of the notch machine 14 as required and washed in the machine 15.

Cronenbrokes from the stopper bin 21 are fed to the conveyor 23 by means of a magnetic lift 22 and directed to the bottle closure machine 17.

The alkali from tank 25 is supplied to mixer 24 together with water to obtain a detergent solution. The solution is sent by pump 6 to washing machine 14. The solution effluent is filtered in the filter 5 and returned to the mixer 24 for reuse.

2.4.2. Device and principle of operation

Machine consists of base 1 (sheets 4) and cover 2. Conveyor belts 13 and 14 are mounted on drums 3 and 4. In the side part of the base there installed are TVH receivers 11, in the lower part - an ultrasound source 12. Water and detergent solution heating unit 5 is installed on side wall of base outside. The machine conveyor is driven by a drive 10.

The machine operates as follows. Bottles entering the receiving area of ​ ​ the base cover advance along it under the pressure of incoming bottles and, turning over to the side, slide into the holes of conveyor belts. After passing into the holes of the tapes, the bottle is installed on plastic guides with "shoulders" at the neck. Moving on, the bottle is covered with water from the nozzles located above and below. Further, the bottle, enveloping the drum into the side part and exposed to high-frequency currents, humidified particles of contaminants and labels are intensively heated and burned out although the bottle itself is not subjected to heating. The bottle then enters the bottom for soaking in a detergent solution. At the upper level of the liquid there is an ultrasound source, which, due to a variable frequency, effectively removes contaminants from the surface of the bottle. The envelope drum of the bottle rises along the side where it is syringed with a detergent solution from below and from above. Then the bottle enveloping the drum is released from the detergent solution and I get to the upper level and is rinsed with hot, cool and cold water. The washed bottle then advances into the gap between the guides and slides down the complex surface upside down onto the belt of the receiving conveyor of the next machine and is transported downstream.

An important feature is that the bottle in the process of movement moves along the guides located away from the center of gravity and due to the uneven contact, its chaotic rotation around its axis occurs. This facilitates better cleaning of the bottle, prevents the formation of crude zones.

Installation, operation and repair

4.1. EQUIPMENT REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

Equipment repair and maintenance management is one of the most complex areas of enterprise management. The variety of equipment repair facilities, their structural and technological complexity, the absence of stereotyping in the work performed, the combination of design, technological and production functions in one service makes the work of the engineering and technical personnel of the repair service very complex and responsible.

In the current conditions of increasing mechanization and automation of production processes, the economic results of the enterprise depend on the quality of the organization of repair and maintenance of equipment, on the work of the repair services of the enterprise.

The main task of the repair service is to ensure the normal technical condition of the equipment and its uninterrupted operation; reduction of equipment downtime and production losses related to its repair and malfunction; lower repair and maintenance costs.

The main task of the repair service is to ensure the normal technical condition of the equipment and its uninterrupted operation; reduction of equipment downtime and production losses related to its repair and malfunction; lower repair and maintenance costs.

There are two types of major repairs, the need for which arises as a result of normal wear and tear due to time, and the current one, the task of which is to eliminate minor accidental problems.

The overhaul and replacement of equipment has one objective - maintaining the required level of production, and both are financed from depreciation. This creates problems when choosing to carry out major repairs or upgrades. But in most cases, the introduction of new equipment leads to an increase in production capacity, which is not always acceptable, and the use of equipment at full capacity is not economically profitable. But also overhaul may not be feasible due to the high cost as a result of increasing the age of the equipment. Therefore, the benefit of major repairs or upgrades is determined on a case-by-case basis.

Repairs can be made when further operation of the equipment becomes impossible due to wear and tear, or before waiting for failure. In the first case, repairs are carried out according to demand, in the second planning, the purpose of which is not only to restore the technical condition of the machine, but also to prevent an unexpected failure. If it is necessary to postpone any repairs to the next month, in view of the fact that the total volume of repairs is more than the average monthly, it is more profitable to postpone the repair of a machine that was operated less strenuously, in a better condition, which is not especially important for production. Where the schedule for the month is less than the monthly average and other equipment in the plan for the next month is to be included in the monthly plan, it is advisable to include heavy-duty equipment in the plan ahead of schedule.

Monthly repair plans agreed with the workshops and approved by the chief engineer shall be mandatory for both repair personnel and manufacturers. The relevant orders for the plant should regulate the unconditional issuance for repair of equipment, which is indicated in the monthly plans, within the deadlines set in them. Change of the period of issue of equipment for repair or its exclusion from the plan shall be carried out only at the written instruction of the chief engineer.

The equipment that has undergone ongoing repair is accepted by a commission consisting of the head of the workshop operating this equipment, the inspector of the department of the chief mechanic, the control foreman and the mechanic of the workshop who led the repair. Acceptance shall be executed by an act drawn up immediately after inspection of the presented equipment and its inspection in operation.

Equipment leaving the overhaul undergoes preliminary technical acceptance and final acceptance after trial control operation.

Preliminary acceptance shall be executed by the certificate of form after passing idling and under load tests, vibration and noise, at satisfactory tests of these tests and checks. The act of preliminary technical acceptance of equipment from the overhaul is a document giving the basis for the production personnel of the workshop to begin trial operation on work and under conditions that correspond to its normal use.

Continuation of trial workshop operation is indicated in the certificate. It is usually from 2 to 5 days. At the end of this period, if no defects were found in the work of the repaired equipment, it is presented for final acceptance, which is issued in form. In this case, the pre-test operation time is not included in the simple machine due to downtime. If in the course of its detection defects of equipment preventing its normal use are found, the repair is considered not complete, and the trial operation time is counted as simple to repair.

Testing and acceptance of repaired equipment shall be carried out in the presence and with the participation of the working and repair team working on it, performing repairs.

4.2 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND OVERHAUL

4.2.1. General provisions

The maintenance and repair system is a set of interconnected provisions and norms that determine the organization and procedure for the maintenance and repair of equipment for given operating conditions in order to ensure the quality indicators of products provided for in the regulatory documentation of the relevant production and rational use of consumables, spare parts and components.

The equipment maintenance and repair system is designed to provide:

keeping the equipment operable and preventing its failure;

possibility of performing repair works in accordance with the production plan;

timely preparation of spare parts, materials and tools necessary for repair, including creation of reasonable emergency stock for production facilities operating in a continuous cycle;

increase of equipment technical usage factor due to improvement of repair quality and reduction of downtime in repair.

The basis of the "Maintenance and Repair System" is a combination of:

a) maintenance

daily;

periodic;

according to the PPM schedule;

by operating time;

stopping;

b) repair

planned;

according to the PPM schedule;

by operating time;

stopping;

unscheduled (by technical condition). (See Plant Maintenance Diagram)

The provision on the "Plant Maintenance System" is an integral part of the enterprise's production and financial planning.

This provision applies to all production units of the experimental plant and departments (laboratories) of the institute.

4.2.2. Equipment Maintenance

Maintenance is a set of operations or an operation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the equipment when used for its intended purpose.

Depending on the nature and scope of works, GOST 1832278 provides for daily maintenance (ES) and periodic maintenance (TS) carried out during the overhaul period.

Daily maintenance is the main and decisive preventive measure designed to ensure reliable operation of the equipment between repairs.

The EO includes the following main works: regular external inspection (checking the condition of oil and cooling systems of bearings, monitoring the condition of fasteners, joints and their lifting, checking the serviceability of grounding, detecting the general state of thermal insulation and corrosion protection, checking the condition of enclosing devices in order to ensure safe working conditions) wiping, cleaning, lubrication, lifting glands, elimination of minor defects, partial adjustment, etc. EO is usually carried out without stopping the process.

Maintenance is carried out by operating personnel (technicians, drivers, operators, etc.) and maintenance personnel (assistants of craftsmen, locksmiths, electricians, instrumentation locksmiths, etc.) under the guidance of shift supervisors (sections, departments, shift masters) in accordance with the operating instructions on workplaces and regulations.

The detected defects and faults shall be recorded in the Shift Log for recording the detected defects (Appendix 1) and eliminated as soon as possible by the process and duty repair personnel of the shift.

The replaceable register of detected defects is a primary document reflecting the technical condition and operability of the existing equipment, and serves to monitor the operation of process and duty personnel.

Periodic maintenance is maintenance carried out taking into account the operating time values ​ ​ established in the operational documentation (by time) or when the calendar period of work is reached.

The main purpose of periodic maintenance is to eliminate defects during the overhaul period of the equipment.

For equipment with a continuous process, maintenance can be carried out during the scheduled periodic shutdown (ASW) of the equipment in accordance with the requirements of the technological regulations in order to carry out technological cleaning of precipitation in tanks, devices, units, machines, main pipelines and other equipment that is not provided with backup, and without which the technological system cannot work.

For the rest of the equipment, maintenance is carried out during the period when the equipment is in reserve or during a non-working period.

Work on periodic maintenance is carried out by the repair personnel of the unit under the guidance of the master (mechanic) of the corresponding repair service.

4.2.3. Equipment repair

Repair is a set of operations to restore the serviceability or operability of equipment and restore equipment resources.

Routine repair (TR) is a repair performed in order to guarantee the operability of the equipment during the number of working hours established by the standards until the next repair. It consists in replacing or restoring individual parts or assemblies and performing related disassembly, assembly and adjustment works.

List of main works performed, as a rule, during TR:

- maintenance of maintenance works;

- replacement of quick-wearing parts and assemblies;

- repair of linings and anti-corrosion coatings, painting;

- replacement of seals, glands, gaskets, revision (replacement) of valves, bearings, etc.

Overhaul is a scheduled repair that is performed to restore serviceability and guarantee the operability of the equipment during the number of working hours established by the standards until the next overhaul. It consists in the restoration and coordination of assembly units, as well as the original places of their mutual basing, is accompanied by the replacement or restoration of parts of all assembly units with the necessary complete disassembly, assembly and regulation.

List of main works performed, as a rule, in CG:

- performance of TR works;

- replacement or repair of any worn parts and/or assemblies, including basic ones;

- complete or partial replacement of insulation, lining, corrosion protection;

- verification and alignment of the machine;

- repair tests, etc.

The object of major repairs is equipment (installation; technical arrangement) the works on which are included in the consolidated annual overhaul plan agreed by the chief engineer and approved by the director of the enterprise.

Equipment shall be put into major repair, regardless of the planned duration of the overhaul period, only according to their actual technical condition. (For example, when full or near full recovery after long-term outage (preservation) is required; based on the results of diagnostics of supervised equipment or assessment of relevant repair services.

4.2.4. Scheduled and unscheduled repairs.

According to the method of organization, two types of repairs are distinguished: planned and unscheduled.

Scheduled repair is performed through the number of hours worked by the equipment (operating time) established by the norms; or when he has reached the calendar period of work, (according to the schedule of the PPR or stop repair).

Repair according to the PPM schedule consists in the fact that the TR period is determined by the achievement of the calendar period.

The actual operating time repair consists in the fact that the TR period is determined by the actual equipment mileage and in accordance with the approved standard (Appendix No. 3).

The actual operating time repair covers the plants and the process equipment included in them, the predicted operating time of which is less than 600 hours per month (6500 hours per year) (taking into account the downtime during repair).

Shutdown repair is a planned preventive repair of technological, energy or other equipment, which can be carried out only if the production is completely stopped and the production is stopped by this technological system, workshop, enterprise.

The main objects, the repair of which requires the shutdown of the process system, workshop, enterprise, production include:

-technological systems and power facilities with continuous process and without reserve;

- common main communications and structures;

- public utilities and structures;

-specific installations.

To organize the shutdown repair, the director of the enterprise issues an order on the enterprise, which indicates the timing of the work, the list of works on the divisions (departments) of the enterprise and the managers responsible for their implementation, as well as the procedure for submitting the reporting documentation to the OGM.

After completion of the shutdown repair, the head of the subdivision submits a Report to OGM, which indicates the actual list of performed works, used materials and components, actual labor costs.

Unscheduled repairs are carried out in an unscheduled manner, according to demand or according to the technical condition of the equipment (as a rule, pre-emergency).

Repairs carried out by third parties (contractor).

This type of repair work, usually capital, is carried out due to:

inability of the enterprise to carry out work in certain (rather short) terms on its own (seasonal work; stop repair, etc.);

lack of special equipment and devices at the enterprise;

The company does not have specially trained or qualified personnel and/or a license (permit) for the performance of any type of work.

4.3. REPAIR DOCUMENTATION

In order for the repair of the equipment to acquire the nature of a planned preventive, a system of equipment repair must be created, which is a set of organizational and technical measures, the implementation of which would allow the bulk of the repair work to be carried out in advance known, planned time. Providing prevention of progressive wear of equipment parts in operation and reduction of losses in production due to its malfunction.

During the transition to the planned preventive repair system, the current and major repairs plan is planned as follows. By means of periodic inspections, the condition of the machine is established, depending on it, the repair time is set. Based on these data, a plan is drawn up for the repair of all equipment (current or capital). The system of scheduled preventive repairs is based on the system of periodic inspection of equipment. But the assessment of the state of the equipment during the inspection is subjective, since the system does not set certain criteria, and it is also visually impossible to assess the complete state of the equipment. Therefore, the enterprises use a system of periodic repairs, based on the dependence of equipment wear and tear and individual parts on the time of equipment operation.

All repair stages (planning, preparation, execution, commissioning of repaired equipment) are documented. The state of documentation is controlled by the OGM of the enterprise and the OGM of higher organizations (association, head office, ministry).

The composition of the documents and their content are determined by the approved provisions on the PPM and on the system of maintenance and repair of equipment of the relevant industry. These provisions establish the following forms of documents.

1.Year schedule of equipment commissioning presented by shop management (supervisor and mechanic). It is coordinated with the head of the production department and the chief mechanic and approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise. This schedule shows the repair type (current, capital) and the month during which it is to be posted. The schedule also provides standards for the time of continuous operation of equipment between repairs and downtime in repairs, labor requirements for repair work, data on the annual simple repair and annual working time fund.

2. The equipment repair plan for the planned month, drawn up by the workshop mechanic in accordance with the annual schedule. This plan is approved by the head of the workshop.

3. Schedule of shutdown for overhaul of plants, workshops and especially important facilities, presented by the chief mechanic together with the head of the department and approved by the director of the enterprise after approval with the management of the higher organization. It indicates the duration of equipment downtime in overhaul in days by month for the entire planned year.

4. The itular list of major repairs, compiled by the chief mechanic and the head of the planning department and approved by the director of the enterprise. It shows the distribution of funds allocated for major repairs among all facilities to be overhauled, and gives a quarterly cost of the total amount.

5.Removery log for scheduled preventive repairs and inspections, compiled for each individual equipment, which has its own inventory number. It records the date of the repair (beginning and end) and its type, brief content of the repair, the names of the performers, as well as the actual working time after previous current and major repairs.

6. List of defects (list of repair works) to be eliminated during each repair. The statement is submitted by the shop management after approval with the head of the PPR bureau and the technical supervision service. It is approved by the chief mechanic of the plant and, as it was said, contains a list and scope | of works to be carried out during the repair, a list of necessary materials and spare parts, information about the qualifications of the performers, etc.

7. List of works to be performed during overhaul. The list is submitted by the shop management after approval with the chief mechanic and approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise. It contains the names and scope of work, list and quantity of materials required for repair. On this list, the cost of each type of work is estimated, and all works are distributed among the executors.

8. Dimensions - calculation of the cost of each type of work and all major repairs. They are drawn up on the basis of a list of defects and a list of works. Estimates are signed by their responsible executors and approved by the director of the enterprise.

9. Certificate of equipment delivery for repair by the management of the process shop and acceptance for repair by the management of the repair shop, which confirms the fact of readiness of the facility for repair work. The certificate is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of GOST 19504-74 ("Procedure for delivery for repair and acceptance from repair. General requirements ").

10. Certificate of equipment delivery from repair by the management of the repair shop to the management of the process shop, which indicates the quality of the works performed, their compliance with technical conditions, as well as the date of repair completion.

4.4. INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND REPAIR OF BOTTLE WASHING MACHINE

4.4.1. Installation of the machine.

The machine is delivered to the customer packed in boxes. Do not roll the box during loading and transportation. Before unpacking, inspect the box and make sure that it is serviceable, remove the upper cover, then side walls, the bottom can be removed only after the machine is delivered to the installation site. Check the contents of the box with the packing list. The base is fixed by anchor bolts to the floor through fastening holes.

Remove preservation grease from the surface. Connect the machine to AC mains according to the electrical diagram. Ground the machine housing according to PUE requirements. Several times by pressing the "Start" and "Stop" buttons, check the correct direction of rotation of the motor, smooth and silent operation of the machine.

Automation of the production line

Automation of the production process is one of the main directions of technological progress of production. Very important is the automation of the food industry, in particular the production of non-carbonated soft drinks, the pace of development of which has increased sharply in recent years. Automation allows you to increase the productivity of technological equipment and the labor productivity of maintenance personnel, improve product quality, increase job safety, and also allow you to carry out new high-intensity processes that are inaccessible during manual control.

The main task of automation is to maximize the economic benefits, the indicator of which can be a decrease in the cost of production or some free indicator that can combine the largest production, the best quality, the lowest cost.

5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

An automatic device can be considered as a group of interconnected elements, each of which performs a certain conversion of a signal carrying information for monitoring and control.

Depending on the functions performed, the components of the automation systems can be divided into the following main groups:

- receiving elements, or sensors directly measuring the monitored parameters and converting their value into signals of a certain type, convenient for transmission to subsequent elements of the system;

- intermediate elements, or control elements, which perceive signals from sensors and perform functions of amplification, conversion of these signals, their distribution over various channels for transmission to subsequent elements of the system. Intermediate elements include comparison elements, amplifiers, relays, distributors, rectifiers, stabilizers, etc.;

- actuating elements performing various functions depending on the purpose of the automation system. Actuating elements include various motors, measuring instruments, signalling devices.

Sensors of automation systems are different in their purpose and design. Depending on a number of features, sensors are divided into electrical, mechanical, radioactive, acoustic, optical, physicochemical, hydropnumatic, etc.

Electrical sensors have found the most use in automation due to the convenience of transmitting information using current and voltage.

Mechanical sensors are used mainly as elements that perceive movements, since in many cases the conversion of controlled parameters into movements is relatively simple.

Acoustic sensors are based on measuring parameters of elastic vibrations propagated in controlled medium. The effect of optical sensors is based on the phenomenon of refraction or complete internal reflection of the flux of light rays by a monitored object.

A measuring device is a device designed to compare a measured value with units of measurement. By the measured value, measuring instruments are divided into the following groups:

a) temperature measuring devices;

b) pressure and vacuum measuring devices;

c) instruments for measuring quantity and flow;

d) instruments for measuring the level of liquids and bulk materials;

e) instruments for measuring physical and chemical properties of a substance.

The accuracy of the measuring device is determined by the degree of approximation

readings of the instrument to the actual value of the measured value. The accuracy of the instrument is estimated by the value of the largest reduced relative basic error. For each device, the maximum allowable deviation of its readings from the actual value of the measured value is established. This deviation is called permissible error, it can be expressed in both absolute and relative values.

If during the operation of the device its condition deteriorates and the given relative basic error becomes higher than permissible, then its further use is possible only after repair and verification.

5.2. AUTOMATION OF EQUIPMENT

Automation scheme provides for:

automatic control of machines and mechanisms;

automatic monitoring and alarm of machines and mechanisms operation;

automatic monitoring, control and recording of temperature in devices;

automatic monitoring, control and recording of pressure in the devices;

automatic level control in the sets;

automatic emergency sound and light signalling of abnormal operation of devices.

Automatic control of machines and mechanisms is carried out using relay equipment and command devices for general industrial purposes, on the basis of which elementary electrical circuits are compiled.

In addition to the described control elements, the electrical circuit contains process and alarm elements. The circuit consists of signal lamps that record the operation of the machine, as well as all emergency modes. In emergency situations, an audible signal is also turned on.

Economic part

7.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.

The purpose of the study in this work is the production of non-carbonated soft drinks, justified from the point of view of economics. The economic justification of the projects being created remains a weakness in the development of capitalism in Russia.

In Russia, a deplorable situation has developed with the production of drinks. Manufacturers could not escape from the "gigantism" or "underground workshops" of the socialist system.

In the first case, enterprises are created on the basis and by the type of huge enterprises of the Soviet system. Such enterprises are created with the money of third-party investors and are focused on foreign cheap raw materials, stimulating the development of industry in foreign countries. The quality of such products is frankly low, and the production of such products is lobbied at the level of local and republican officials.

In the second case, the mini-enterprise is built on personal funds, its activities are not properly registered. The raw materials for such an enterprise are overdue or illegal raw materials. The quality of such products is even lower than the previous version.

This all happens in an environment where the Russian government in every way stimulates the development of small businesses. And the presence of long-term low-interest target loans makes the opening and running of such a business very attractive.

In this work, the workshop for the production of non-carbonated soft drinks from high-quality domestic raw materials will be considered. The existence of such a workshop is most beneficial in the framework of cooperation with producers of relevant raw materials.

The strength of small enterprises is the lack of clear economically sound, requiring complex forecasts, calculations. Small enterprises are focused on meeting immediate demand in small consumption areas. With the incorrect or untimely development of a large number of such enterprises, part of the bottom is simply broken or repurposed. This allows you to most fully and economically meet the demand for products without risking large enterprises or leading to overproduction.

Thus, the goal of the project is the economic justification of the workshop for the production of non-carbonated soft drinks with a capacity of P = 1000 booth, and the replacement of the outdated design of the bottle washing machine VMA1.5 with a new development machine using progressive washing methods .

7.2 SUMMARY, KEY PARAMETERS AND BUSINESS PLAN INDICATORS.

This project considers a small workshop for the production of non-carbonated soft drinks with a capacity of 1000 bout/h. The organizational and legal form of doing business is an individual entrepreneur. This form of doing business allows you to save on taxes and simplifies accounting and mutual settlements.

The degree of success of the enterprise is estimated as very high, since the demand for such drinks remains invariably high almost always, especially in the summer.

Enterprise Description

An enterprise engaged in the production of non-carbonated soft drinks with a one-shift mode of operation.

Service Description

A company that produces non-carbonated soft drinks and distributes them through retail stores - supermarkets, grocery stores of walking distance, kiosks.

Market Analysis

The market of non-carbonated soft drinks is traditionally developed in Russia. The territory of the Tver region is no exception. Non-carbonated soft drinks are an inexpensive and useful way to provide the body with a need for moisture .

But in this market there are often low-quality drinks. With inflated amounts of low-grade chemistry. Which are often introduced "on the eye." In sho, this leads to the fact that the popular type of product becomes the subject of consumption only in emergency cases or the product of consumption of low-income segments of the population.

This situation can be corrected when producing products with high quality indicators and an acceptable price.

The main competitors in this area are large enterprises that have created such a situation in the market. Competition with large enterprises simplifies the competition process. Since the organizational structure of such enterprises is cumbersome and slow.

Sales Plan

This business plan of the workshop provides for the sale of finished products by the manager through retail stores by establishing an agreement and signing contracts. Delivery of finished products to the place of sale is carried out by a forwarding driver.

Financial plan

Expenses:

Equipment - 2146366 rubles

Staff salary - 916825 rubles per year

Revenues:

Gross revenue - 52994500 rubles

Net profit - 8773446 rubles

Payback period - 3.8 years

NPV - 22338711 rubles.

Thus, it can be seen that the payback of this type of business is small depending on the productivity and number of employees. Therefore, the non-carbonated soft drinks shop is a fairly liquid business with an acceptable payback period.

7.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOODS PROVIDED TO CONSUMER AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH COMPETITIVE GOODS.

The object of production of the workshop is non-carbonated soft drinks P = 1000 bout/h. This is the most democratic and everyone's favorite product of wide use. Releasing such a product can be sure of its popularity among customers. The evaluation of the purchasing power of the goods was carried out visually in stores in Tver and the region. This product is used everywhere almost all year round, especially consumption grows during the hot season.

Organoleptic indices of finished drink quality: appearance, transparency, color, aroma and taste are determined according to GOST 6687.586.

The following list of descriptive terms for organoleptic evaluation of soft drinks is recommended:

- color is colourless, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, light brown, brown, dark brown, flavovirent, light green, green, yarkorozovy, red, dark red, ruby, dark-ruby, crimson, beet, blue, turquoise, blue, light blue, dark blue;

- the aroma rounded, strong, weak, uncharacteristic, characteristic, inexpressive, clean, with the leading note, juicy, spicy, persuasive, easy, foreign, coniferous, pitched, peculiar to the corresponding fruit, fruits, berries, herbs and other raw materials, barmy, fusel;

- taste - with a taste of bitterness, sweet-sour, saltish, clean, full, harmonious, expressed (brightly, poorly), empty, tasteless, characteristic, rounded, peculiar to the corresponding fruit, fruits, berries, herbs and other raw materials, malt, honey, spicy, with caramel tone, juicy, saltish and sweet-sour, unpleasant aftertaste;

- transparent transparency, with gloss, opalescent (strong, weak), cloudy, without suspensions, with sediment.

The appearance of soft drinks in bottles with a capacity of not more than 1000 cm3 is visually determined by compliance with the requirements of the regulatory and technical documentation for the finished products. Correctness of label sticker, presence of distortions, deformations, breaks, purity of bottles are evaluated.

The transparency and presence of foreign inclusions in soft drinks in bottles with a capacity of not more than 1000 cm3 is determined by viewing the sealed bottles in transmitted light, turning them over.

The color of the soft drinks was visually determined in a clean, dry cylindrical beaker with a capacity of 250 cc. Color tint and intensity are evaluated for compliance with requirements of regulatory and technical documentation for finished products.

In terms of appearance, liquid beverages and concentrates of soft drinks must comply with the requirements of GOST 2818889.

Transparent - transparent liquid without sediment and foreign inclusions. Light opalescence is allowed, due to the peculiarities of the raw materials used.

Clouded - opaque liquid. It is allowed to have suspensions or precipitation of particles of bread supplies, without seeds and foreign inclusions that are unusual for the product. Commercial syrups in appearance shall meet the requirements of GOST 2849990. For clear syrups - a clear viscous liquid without sediment, haze and foreign particles. Light opalescence is allowed, due to the peculiarities of the raw materials used. For opaque - opaque viscous liquid, suspension or sediment of fruit pulp is allowed, without seeds and foreign inclusions that are not characteristic of the product.

For the production of drinks, technology and equipment provided by the AGROSIMO scientific and production association is used (Address: Odessa, Bugaevskaya, 46, Tel ./Fax: 8 (0482) 340436).

7.4. ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF MARKET CONDITIONS, DEMAND AND SALES VOLUMES.

Yes, of course, the market is saturated with drinks of this type, but its saturation is relatively. The fact is that the saturation of the market is seeming. Demand for these products is constrained by the fear of customers for the quality of the product. It is no secret that a significant part of such drinks is made from raw materials of low or very low quality. Plus, the quality of production is also not at the proper level. For this reason, this type of product is most often bought in emergency cases or by low-income segments of the population. Because of this, the goods often lie on the shelves. Television also plays a negative role in this, constantly showing stories about poor-quality drinks and underground workshops.

The company should rely on the quality of beverages produced and the products produced in this way should be sold in the production region, relying on the long-forgotten concept - "good name" of the manufacturer. A situation where you know everyone and everyone knows you and your products always play into the hands of bona fide manufacturers. Honesty and openness are the best guarantors of product quality.

By doing so, low-quality products can be easily removed from the market. And small volumes of production will not cause a negative reaction from large manufacturers, since their structure can only fight with equal-sized competitors.

The item must be priced at "below average" in the initial period. This approach will attract the largest number of buyers and as the popularity of the product increases, the price can be increased to the maximum permissible. Thus, the product will be able to go from a "gray horse" to a well-known brand of local importance. And since people rarely change their gastronomic habits, in the future of production you can count on stability of production and expansion.

7.5 PROJECT RESOURCE SUPPORT

In view of the fact that in the non-carbonated non-alcoholic beverage production line in question, the bottle washing machine has a capacity larger than other equipment and an obsolete structure, we replace it with a bottle washing machine corresponding to the performance of the line and having an improved structure.

Conclusion

When designing the structures of the new bottle washing machine, searches were made for suitable prototypes, engineering calculations were made to confirm the operability of the machine, and measures were developed for health and safety.

The bottle washing machine of the new design has a simplified design compared to the prototypes, occupies a smaller area, consumes less electricity.

The development of the machine design was carried out in the scope of the technical project.