Coursework-diagram on the theme of a one-story industrial building

Contents

Contents

Initial data for the development of the course project

Introduction

1. Specification of prefabricated elements

2. Material resource requirements

3. Installation methods of prefabricated structures and number of installation flows

4. Number of mounting grips and their insertion into the installation process

5. Selection of main mounting devices and load grippers

6. Labor costs of workers and working hours of machines

7. Selection of installation crane by technical and economic parameters

8. Installation technology of individual structural elements (requirements for quality and acceptance of works)

9. Safety and health, environmental and fire safety

10. Technical and economic indicators

List of literature used

Introduction

Construction is one of the main areas of human production. As a result of construction production, completed construction products are created - a building or a structure of a certain functional purpose. The variety of structures of buildings and structures gives rise to the need for re-work and the use of a wide range of construction technologies. The leading element of any construction technology is the construction process.

The list of construction production technologies is large, they are constantly updated, progressing, developing. The main directions of further improvement of construction technologies are related to solving the problems of resource saving, increasing the level of flexibility of construction technologies, their safety, quality, reducing the load on the environment and the social environment.

Construction, as one of the basic sectors of the economy, is undergoing major structural changes. The share of construction of non-production facilities has increased, the volume of reconstruction of buildings, structures, urban microdistricts has increased significantly, as well as the requirements for the quality of work, environmental protection, and the duration of the investment cycle of the construction of the facility. New relationships between construction participants were being created, and elements of competition and competition were emerging. The scale of prices, values, wages, resource consumption has changed dramatically.

In industrial construction in Russia, the installation of building structures is a leading technological process. This is facilitated by a developed industry for the production of structures and parts for prefabricated construction, the presence of effective mechanization tools, the ability to carry out installation by in-line methods, including combined construction processes, large-block assembly, and conveying.

Installation of building structures is carried out when erecting not only full-assembly, but also incomplete-assembly buildings. For example, during the construction of a building with brick walls, foundation blocks, frame elements, floor slabs and pavements, stairways, etc., are installed.

The share of installation works in construction increases every year. Along with a decrease in the weight of individual structures, their enlargement occurs with bringing them to maximum factory and technological readiness.

For construction needs, powerful cranes have been created with increased load capacity and mobility. At the same time, crane-free mounting methods based on the use of jacks and electromechanical lifts are used. Installation methods using aircraft - helicopters and airships are being mastered. Remote control of the installation process on the basis of television and radio communications is increasingly being used, and robotization of installation operations is entering into industrial development.

A complex process of erection of building structures means a set of all processes and operations, as a result of which a frame, part of a building or structure or the buildings and structures themselves are obtained. These processes and operations allowing to obtain finished products are divided into transport (delivery, unloading, warehousing and acceptance of structures), preparatory (enlarged assembly, temporary reinforcement of structures, arrangement and supply of structures in the form of an installation unit for installation) and actual installation processes (slinging, lifting, aiming, orientation and installation with temporary attachment, disassembly, reconciliation, final fixation of structures in the design position and removal of temporary anchorages).

1.3. Installation methods of prefabricated structures and number of installation flows

Installation methods are selected on the basis of the following positions, which take into account the given type of building and its structural characteristic.

The methods are applied depending on:

I. Construction techniques, i.e. installation of mounting elements in the design position: build-up when erection of structures is carried out from above on previously installed structures, and it includes slinging, lifting to the design position, installation of the structure on supports, temporary attachment and alignment of the position, disassembly and/or attachment of the structure to the design position

II. Organizational and technological factors:

- sequences of structural installation: differentiated (separate), in which structures of the same type are installed in each stream; complex, in which the crane in a separate flow establishes alternately two or more structures of different types; the combined method is a combination of the previous two.

This one-story industrial building with reinforced concrete bearing and enclosing structures is mounted by cranes on a caterpillar track using a combined method of 5 flows.

In this single-storey industrial building, columns are differentiated, since they are embedded in foundation sleeves with grouting of the joint and they should be loaded with other structural elements after achieving 70% of the concrete strength in the joint. Crane beams and metal links are mounted in a differentiated manner. Rafters and slabs shall be integrated in a single stream. Installation of wall panels - the last flow - is carried out by a separate mounting crane using a separate method.

- organization of the supply of structural elements to the place: the method of preliminary laying of elements at the installation places (in the area of ​ ​ the installation crane), but the plates and trusses of the coating are mounted from vehicles ("from the wheels").

- directions of installation process development.

In this one-story industrial building, a horizontal longitudinal method is used when structures are sequentially mounted along the building. Except for metal bonds which are mounted by transverse methods.

- method of mounting the mounted element on supports: the free method is used during the installation of slabs, metal bonds, wall panels; by a limited-free method, which provides partial restriction of freedom of movement of structures during installation by means of braces, spacers, inserts, columns, crane beams, and coating plates are mounted.

- degree of size of mounted structures - element-by-element. When erecting this industrial building, when installing "from vehicles," an element-by-element method is used - from individual large (panels, columns, slabs, etc.) structural elements that require a minimum cost of preparatory work.

The main factors determining the effectiveness of the installation works are the minimum path of the crane along the installation site and the maximum number of elements mounted from one crane parking lot.

1.4. Number of mounting grips and their insertion into the installation process

Number and size of grips are set after determination of building installation method and direction of installation process development. The number of grips is 2, assigned based on the organization of the in-line method of installation work and the smallest total duration of these works. The size of the grips (66x60 m) is selected based on the condition of the same duration of work on each of them.

In this industrial buildings of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, the boundary of the grips is a deformation seam installed after 60 m.

1.5. Selection of main mounting devices and load grippers

During the installation of building structures, load gripping devices (crossarms, slings) were used to lift the prefabricated elements; technical means for alignment and preliminary fixation of structures; equipment ensuring convenient and safe operation of installers at height.

Selection of load-gripping devices (slings, crossbars) is made for each structural element of the building. The crossbeam is used to lift long structures.

Alignment and temporary fixation of columns in the foundation cups are carried out using wedges (wooden). When the height of the columns is more than 8 m and the mass exceeds 5 t, braces for temporary bracing are used.

During trusses installation, stability of the first two rafter structures is provided by braces fixed to movable inventory anchors and frozen in sleeves of column foundations. The stability of the subsequent trusses at the pitch of the columns of 6 m is ensured by means of inventory spacers fixed to the previously mounted truss. With a structure length of 18 m, one spacer is placed in the middle of the span, and with a length of 24 m, two spacers are placed in the third of the span.

The work station of the installer at height is equipped with mounted mounting platforms with suspended stairs. The installation site has barriers for the safety of work.

1.8. Installation technology of individual structural elements.

1. Installation of columns.

Columns are pre-laid out at installation places. Laying is performed parallel to longitudinal axis in direction of crane movement. Axial hairlines are applied on four faces at the level of the foundation top, as well as axial hairlines on consoles are de-laid for laying crane beams. Installation of columns is carried out by "on weight" method. Column slinging is performed using self-balancing crossbars. The columns raised by the crane are lowered into the foundation sleeve, combining axial hairlines in the lower part of the columns with axial hairlines on the foundation. Then columns verticality is checked by means of two theodolites. For temporary fastening and reconciliation, special inventory wedge inserts are used, which are installed one on each side (with a section of columns of 400x400 mm) and 2 on each side (with a section of 500.600 mm), and braces are also used. After installation, reconciliation, and temporary fixation, the joints are frozen using a concrete mixture with aggregate. Temporary fasteners are removed after final fasteners and concrete reaches 70% of design strength.

2. Installation of crane beams.

Before installation of crane beams geodetic check of elevations of support platforms is performed and installation horizon is installed. The beams are laid out before lifting during installation by boom cranes within the crane range (when the crane from installation parking performs their lifting and laying without changing boom departure) parallel to the column axis. Crane beams are slung by means of crossbars. When lifting, the beam is kept from swinging with hairs from hemp rope and turned in the desired direction. Beam is installed on axial hairlines with temporary attachment. After temporary fixation of crane beams within one temperature block geodetic alignment is performed in plan and along you-cell. Adjustment of beam in height and in plan is performed by means of jack and horizontal screw device. At the end of alignment, the calculated thickness of the gasket is laid under the beam and fixed with anchor bolts. Elevation of upper shelf and position of longitudinal axis are checked with geodetic tools. The beams are fixed by welding embedded plates in the ends of the beams and in two levels near the column - at the upper face of the crane cantilever and on the side face above the beam shelf.

3. Installation of metal bonds

Installation of metal links is performed in a single flow with crane beams. Installation of metal links by columns shall be performed in the following sequence:

- before installation, mating surfaces are cleaned from dirt and rust:

fine straightening of bent elements and preparation of element for lifting;

- linkage elements are slung and by command of one of the installers the structure is lifted to the installation site by means of a crane, directing it with braces;

- installers located on mounted platforms accept the element supplied to the installation site and set it to the design position;

- with the help of assembly bolts the element is fixed relative to columns and electrical tack is performed in attachment units;

- making sure that the attachment is reliable, the installers release the structure from the sling;

- electric welders perform electric welding of attachment units.

4. Installation of rafter trusses.

Installation is carried out directly from vehicles. Before lifting, trusses are equipped with mounted platforms and stairs, braces, spacers and braces are hung. For lifting trusses crossbeams with grasping of structure in four points are used. Grips are semi-automatic, allowing you to remotely upset the structure. Trusses are installed in design position, combining axial hairlines at their ends with hairlines on columns.

Stability of the first truss is provided by installation of four braces. After installation of the first pair of trusses, 2 plates of coating for a rigid system co-building are laid on them and fixed. Then all inventory spacers and braces are removed. The second and subsequent trusses are fixed to previously installed by means of temporary bonds in the form of inventory struts. Trusses are fixed to columns by bolts and welding of embedded element-elements .

5. Installation of coating plates.

Installation of the coating plates is carried out immediately after installation and permanent fixation on the supports of the next truss. This ensures the necessary rigidity of the next coating cell. Coating plates are laid by marking on upper belts of trusses in order to ensure design position. The coating plates are pre-laid at the installation sites in stacks of 6 pieces. Crossarms are used to lift the coating plates. The coating plates are laid from one end of the truss to the other, starting from the side of the previously mounted span. Embedded parts of each plate in three corners of support are welded to embedded parts of upper girder belt. The seams between the slabs are sealed with cement sand mortar.

6. Installation of wall panels.

Prior to installation of wall panels, their design position is determined by marking and drawing. Hairlines are applied along the height on the face of the columns. Wall Panel Storage

is performed in the area of the installation crane. Wall panels are installed using two cradles suspended from the inside of the building. The pan-lei are lifted using a two-branch sling. Adjustment of wall panels is performed using leveller and mechanical or electric rack-plumb. Welding of wall panels with columns is achieved using parts that are welded to embedded parts of columns and trusses. External seams are uncovered from two cradles suspended on special consoles fixed to building cover.

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