Mechanization of winter wheat sowing by sowing SZT-3,6 with development of combined ploughshare

Contents

Contents

Introduction

1. Overview of soil preparation technologies and methods of crop cultivation and crop processing

1.1 Analysis of existing sowing structures and ploughshares

1.2 Agrotechnical requirements for the machine under development

1.3 Description of combined unit design

1.4 Rationale of the course project theme

2. Design Part

2.1 Process calculation of seeds sowing by combined ploughshare

Development of design and process diagram of the designed combined unit

2.2 Calculation of basic parameters of the designed machine

2.3 Determination of ploughshare parameters

2.4 Power and Power

2.5 Determination of traction resistance of equalizer-seal

2.6 Calculation of strength of loaded part by compression coil spring

2.6 Power calculation of the designed unit

2.7 Preparation, setup and working process of the machine

2.8 Machine Safety

2.9 Calculation of technical and economic parameters of the combined bathroom unit

Conclusion

List of used literature

Morozov "OKPD Handbook 2 - 28.30.33.110." - M.: Agropromizdat

Introduction

One of the most important indicators of the efficiency of soil use by purpose is the indicator of yield. Mineral fertilizers are used to improve this indicator and change soil fertility.

Mineral fertilizers are introduced in order to optimize and increase the efficiency of fertilizer application and carry out nitrogen fertilization of crops.

However, the use of even optimal doses of fertilizers without taking into account the need of plants for nutritional elements at the early stages of growth and development and the nature of internal soil transformation of nutrients may not give a proper increase in the crop and/or improve its quality. The main factor of which is the provision of crops with nutritional elements can be achieved through the use of mineral fertilizers.

The purpose of this course project is to improve the technology of mechanized work when creating cultural pastures with the development of a combined unit for tape application of mineral fertilizers and sowing grass seeds. This will allow the unit to perform several operations in one pass, which should significantly reduce labor costs, capital investments, which will allow more rational use of production and labor resources.

This application of fertilizers serves to provide plants with nutritional elements, and especially phosphorus, in the early stages of their development. After seedlings, plants quickly use phosphorus reserves in grain for growth, and since during this period they have an underdeveloped root system, they are not able to provide themselves with phosphorus on poor soils .

Therefore, in the first week after seedlings (810 days), plants have a critical period in relation to the main elements of nutrition. In all cultures at a young age, the lack of phosphorus is most acute. The reason for this is its low mobility in the soil, since in water and sand culture phosphorus deficiency in normal conditions is quite rare. To prevent phosphorus deficiency in young plants, granular superphosphate or ammophos is used as a common fertilizer in doses of 1015 kg/ha P2O5 . Under cultures quite sensitive to the concentration of salts: flax, onion, cucumber, carrots and corn, the dose of phosphorus should not exceed 8 kg P2O5 per 1 ha. For potatoes, beets and other crops resistant to an increased concentration of soil solution, it is better to use complex fertilizers (azophosca, nitro-ammophosca, carbofosca, nitrophosca, etc.) in doses of 1015 kg/ha of each food element.

Overview of soil preparation technologies and methods of crop cultivation and crop processing. Analyze existing sowing and ploughshare designs.

Overview of existing machines and working bodies for local application of mineral fertilizers

Agricultural equipment is intended for the local application of mineral fertilizers in our country is not yet available, but many farms mechanize this operation with the help of described grain seeders, cultivators and other machines equipped with various devices. These machines are not modern and low-performance, but their use can compensate for the temporary lack of specialized equipment.

Machines for local application of mineral fertilizers can be classified:

Combined, combining local application of fertilizers and sowing;

For preliminary application of the main dose of mineral fertilizers.

According to the method, these machines aggregated with energy means can be:

Hinged

Semi-hinged

Hook-on

Disk grain seeders without conversion are used for local application of the main dose of fertilizers for crops of continuous sowing before sowing. They provide the optimal fifteen centimeter intervals between the places of fertilizers introduced, plugging them to a depth of 8 cm. The limit for fertilizer application is about 10 c/ha. When the grain apparatus is turned on, SZ3.6 family seeders can contribute up to 14 c/ha of fertilizers.

Sowing disc nipples do not always provide sufficient depth of fertilizer sealing. In this regard, B.N. Yanushevich and V.N. Volodkevich (TsNIINES) proposed replacing them with tug ploughshares made of spring cultured C-shaped or S-shaped legs

The pipe ends are connected to the lower (working) part of the legs on the rear side and are protected by U-cut fairings made of sheet steel to prevent premature raining of soil in the furrow.

Such ploughshares simultaneously with the sealing of fertilizers intensively treat the soil. They can be supplied with decommissioned seeders of various types .

Studies have found that S-shaped ploughshares have the best quality and operational characteristics. Their traction resistance is relatively small, which allows increasing the operating speed of the unit to 15 km/h, while C- shaped only to 10 km/h.

SZP3.6 sowing plant is designed for sowing crops with an interval of 15 cm, introducing starting fertilizer and rolling rows into rows. The device installed on the sowing mill, developed by R.N. Konyukhov at the Irkutsk Agricultural Institute, allows, simultaneously with sowing, to introduce the main fertilizer with ribbons into the middle of each second interval to a depth of 12 cm.

The accessory is mounted in front on the sower frame. It includes: in ATD2 12T6 tug-seeding devices of feeding knives (from plant breeders) with leashes; lifting and setting mechanism; chain transmission. Individual jars of tug machines can be replaced with a common box of increased capacity. The tug-seeding devices are brought by chain transmission from the counter-drive shaft of the seeder. Pulling devices are interconnected by spacer sleeves. For suspension of feeding knives leashes from disk ploughshares of grain seeders are used. The mechanism for lifting the feeding knives is balanced with the square shafts of the sower. Thanks to this, the lifting and lowering of feeding knives and ploughshares occurs simultaneously.

In foreign countries, combined sowing has become widespread for local application of basic fertilizer and sowing. Small-capacity bunkers in keeled ploughshares. This is not convenient for mechanized loading.

More versatile Finnish tuk sower "Tunisia." Depending on the ploughshares complexes used, local fertilizers can be added by ploughshares with an acute angle of entry into the soil.

Pneumatic duck seeders, on heavy-duty fertilizer spreaders, can be promising. Such machines are produced in Sweden and Germany. The non-uniformity of distribution by pneumatic seeders is 1015%, in addition, the units have a small metal consumption. The principles of operation of the "Accord" sower are as follows: when the unit moves, mineral fertilizers from the hopper are delivered by gravity to the coil sowing apparatus, then the fertilizers are picked up by air flow created by a high-pressure centrifugal fan and delivered directly to the ploughshares or distribution heads through a corrugated pipeline. There are other structures of heavy trucks for local application of fertilizers to the soil.

The machine for local application of fertilizers has not yet been studied fully enough to apply them everywhere with maximum effect. The most investigated tape method. It has been found that the soil surrounding the fertilizer belt is highly saturated with mineral substances. At fertilizer doses of 50100 kg/ha, the concentration of mobile phosphorus in it can reach 600 mg, and nitrogen and potassium 200 and 100g per 100g of soil.

A number of special requirements are placed on tape application of fertilizers. This is primarily highly concentrated fertilizer strips that cannot be placed in contact with or too close to the seeds. Excessive removal of fertilizer ribbons from seeds or separation of ribbons in large intervals is also not permissible .

In case of pre-fertilization, the following parameters are important:

Interval between fertilizers and each seed row to be sown

Depth of fertilizer ribbons in soil from seed location level

Compliance with agro-machinery standards for grass sowing

The experiments of VIUL, BSHA and the Ramenskaya agrochemical station of the fertilizer research institute show that the placement of the main fertilizer tape should be in the middle of fifteen centimeters between rows, that is, at a distance of 7-8 cm from each of the two adjacent rows of seeds.

The most promising are ploughshares for sowing in a narrow manner (with an interval of 7-8 cm) and simultaneous application of fertilizers by tape in the middle of the interval, that is, at a distance of 3-4 cm from each of the two sown rows of seeds with placing fertilizer below the seeds by 5 cm at any depth of travel without mixing the soil with fertilizers and seeds.

Currently, our country does not mass-produce equipment for seedlings of local application of mineral fertilizers. Therefore, this project has developed an aggregate that will combine production processes, increase labor productivity, which will ultimately lead to increased yields.

Agrotechnical requirements for the machine under development

Ensuring good quality planting 4

The priming method of applying mineral fertilizers should place all rows of seeds at optimal distances from the ribbons of fertilizers.

Working organs of the machine should provide optimal conditions for the appearance of seedlings, uniform mineral nutrition and plant development by ensuring the placement of tapes of the main fertilizer 2-4 cm away from the row of seeds to a depth set taking into account soil and climatic conditions. On sandy and sandy soils, the machine should provide the introduction of mineral fertilizers at 3-5 cm, and in the arid steppe zone at 5-7 cm, the depth of the seeds.

The working bodies of the combined unit shall ensure sowing of seeds in a narrow manner with an interval of 7-8 cm and application of mineral fertilizers in the middle of the interval, i.e. at a distance of 3-4 cm from each of the two sown rows of seeds

Deviation from the specified depth of fertilizer sealing is not more than ± 15% of the norm.

Sowing devices shall not compact fertilizers, sowing irregularity with the device is not more than ± 8%

The uneven sowing of fertilizers by individual ploughshares should not exceed ± 4%

Presence of unincorporated tuks and seeds is not allowed.

Description of combined unit design

The basis of the designed machine is the grain-grain sowing SZT 3.6. Sower frame rests on two pneumatic support-drive wheels. Leashes of twenty-four ploughshares are attached to the ploughshares of the frame. To implement local application of fertilizers with simultaneous sowing of seeds, this project has developed a combined ploughshare with an obtuse angle of entry into the soil, which is shown in the figure

Ploughshare consists of working elements including knife-shaped naralnik1 in the form of a runner, body 2 is welded to it. Funnel 5 is attached to naralnik with housing, through which mineral fertilizers are supplied to funnel 3, divided by divider into two channels-passages for seeds.

Each seed channel ends with a keel 4 sealing the bottom of the furrow. The grain and tug part of the ploughshare is attached to the ploughshare bar of the frame. Rod (9) with spring is attached on square shaft of ploughshare lifting and lowering. To supply fertilizers and seeds to the funnels of 3.5 ploughshares, elastic corrugated tug wires and seed wires are used.

The tuke part of the ploughshare is made 5 cm lower, along the axis of symmetry, of the seed part. Such a ploughshare design places fertilizers at a distance of 37 cm from the seeds at any depth of travel, without mixing the soil with fertilizers and seeds. With such a ploughshare, inter-rows will be 7.5 cm.

The tuke part of the ploughshare is made 5 cm lower, along the axis of symmetry, of the seed part. Such a ploughshare design places fertilizers at a distance of 3.7 cm from the seeds at any depth of travel, without mixing the soil with fertilizers and seeds. With such a ploughshare, inter-rows will be 7.5 cm.

During operation of the ploughshares, the knife-shaped noralnik forms a gap in the soil, the keel expands it and strengthens the bottom on which fertilizers come along the funnel. This gap is covered by soil driven by keel-shaped naralniks of the seed part of the ploughshare. Seeds from the sowing apparatus enter the funnel, are separated by a divider, and enter through two channels into grooves formed by keel-shaped naralis. Seed grooves shall be sealed by soil crumbling under the action of sunbathing agents.

In order to better sow and improve the conditions for germination of seeds, the soil before sowing must be leveled and partially compacted. Special levelling devices 2VU 3,6 can be used for this. This tool is designed to smooth the surfaces and partially compress the soil.

The leveller seal is a wooden board edged with an angle 63x40 installed at an angle of 60 ° to the horizon. The board is hinged by special bolts to two posts made of a 40x60 rectangular pipe. The posts, in turn, are attached to the ploughshare. To provide the ground clearance, the equalizer is made connected to the shaft for lifting the ploughshares using a rod.

During operation, the board is independently installed at the optimal inclination angle depending on the compression of the rod springs. When the unit moves, the board cuts off the opposite soil hills, distributing the soil over the width of the grip. Soil compaction is achieved by means of bottom shelf of board-angle bent at angle of 10 ° to horizon. The openings in the tip also allow the height equalizer to be mixed. Thereby adjusting the pressure force on the board. The design of the leveling-compactor allows it to be used on any soil, including on soils clogged with stones.

Two levelers-seals are installed on combined unit and suspension mechanism is arranged at their ends. Usually leveling compactors are made locally in collective farm workshops.

Justification of the course project topic.

Consideration of a wide range of existing machines for local application of mineral fertilizers their structural and operational advantages and disadvantages. The design of the combined unit, combining several operations (introduction of mineral fertilizers, sowing, leveling and rolling of soil), is justified.

The project calculated the main technological, energy, structural and operational calculations of the modernized grain-and-grain sowing plant NZT 3.6, aggregated with the MTZ82 tractor.

In the safety section, the state of labor protection in the farm is analyzed and measures are proposed to improve it.

In the technical section of the economic part of the project, the economic efficiency of the unit modernization was calculated.

Design part Technological calculation of seed sowing by combined ploughshare.

Development of design and process diagram of the designed combined unit

The machine for local application of fertilizers has not yet been studied fully enough to apply them everywhere with maximum effect. The most investigated tape method. It has been found that the soil surrounding the fertilizer belt is highly saturated with mineral substances. At fertilizer doses of 50100 kg/ha, the concentration of mobile phosphorus in it can reach 600 mg, and nitrogen and potassium 200 and 100g per 100g of soil.

A number of special requirements are placed on tape application of fertilizers. This is primarily highly concentrated fertilizer strips that cannot be placed in contact with or too close to the seeds. Excessive removal of fertilizer ribbons from seeds or separation of ribbons in large intervals is also not permissible .

In case of pre-fertilization, the following parameters are important:

Interval between fertilizers and each seed row to be sown

Depth of fertilizer ribbons in soil from seed location level

Compliance with agro-machinery standards for grass sowing

The experiments of VIUL, BSHA and the Ramenskaya agrochemical station of the fertilizer research institute show that the placement of the main fertilizer tape should be in the middle of fifteen centimeters between rows, that is, at a distance of 7-8 cm from each of the two adjacent rows of seeds.

The most promising are ploughshares for sowing in a narrow manner (with an interval of 7-8 cm) and simultaneous application of fertilizers by tape in the middle of the interval, that is, at a distance of 3-4 cm from each of the two sown rows of seeds with placing fertilizer below the seeds by 5 cm at any depth of travel without mixing the soil with fertilizers and seeds.

Currently, our country does not mass-produce equipment for the preliminary local application of mineral fertilizers. Therefore, this project has developed an aggregate that will combine production processes, increase labor productivity, which will ultimately lead to increased yields.

Conclusion.

Combined unit for local application of minerals

fertilizers and sowing of cereals with simultaneous compaction

soil developed in this project allows to reduce implementation

field work, lower production costs, better quality

sowing with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers.

Ultimately, this will positively affect crop yields.

The proposed design of the unit is simple, which makes it possible to manufacture it under farm conditions.

The proposed technology of improving pastures provides significant savings

labor costs and cash.

The design provides specific recommendations for the adjustment, maintenance and operation of the combined unit, as well as safety measures when working with it.

List of used literature

"Handbook of the machine operator "/ed. A.M. Kushenko. - Agro-industrial publishing house.

Leaf pad "Agricultural and reclamation machines." - M.: Agropromizdat.

Frolov "Machine Details." - M.: "Higher School."

Morozov "OKPD Handbook 2 - 28.30.33.110." - M.: Agropromizdat

Levitsky V.S. "Mechanical Engineering Drawing." - M.: "Higher School."

Khalansky V.M., I.V. Gorbachev. Agricultural machines. - M.: KolosS, 2004.- 324 s.

Firsov I.P., Soloviev A.M., Trifonova M.F. Crop technology. - M.: Kolos, 2005.- 471s.

Klenin N.I., Kiselev S.N., Levshin A.G. Agricultural machines. - M.: KolosS, 2008.- 816s

Drozdov V.N., Kandeev V.F., Cardiac A.N. Adjustment and adjustment of agricultural machinery for the cultivation of grain crops. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1990. – 223 pages.

Alexandrov A.V. Resistance of materials/A.V. Alexandrov, V.D. Potapov, B.P. Derzhavin. - M.: Higher School, 2000.560 p.

. Reference Engineer-Mechanic of Agricultural Production: Textbooks. - M.: FSNU "Rosinformagrotekh." -4.1.2003.-340s.