Low-rise building - cottage

Introduction

Currently, when designing and building residential buildings and, in particular, residential houses of small storeys (cottages), special attention is paid to engineering communications systems. Creating comfortable living conditions for people is an urgent problem of modern construction. Uninterrupted supply of water - hot and cold, timely drainage and disposal of waste, gas supply, heating, electricity, etc. - pressing problems of construction. It is particularly important to address these issues in the absence of centralized networks.

The section discusses the issues of designing, device and calculation of engineering life support networks of the building.

The objective of the project is to develop methods of routing and hydraulic calculation of water supply and drainage systems. The correctness of the choice of transportation (at the initial stage of design) depends on the uninterrupted supply of the building in the building, the presence or absence of pumping installations, pipe diameters and, as a result, higher than listed, the cost of construction.

When designing the water supply systems of this building, not only the rationality of engineering solutions, but also the household interests of residents were taken into account. So, the project provides for the possibility of installing modern automatic washing machines, a variant of the bath and garage device has been developed. Summer water supply is provided for irrigation of the garden.

The design and calculation of cold water supply and drainage systems, as well as the yard sewage system, are mandatory sections in this project.

In addition, the topic of gas supply and heating is being developed.

When performing section 4 of the comprehensive course project, normative literature was used. The design of engineering communications was carried out taking into account the comfort of housing and economic requirements. Section "Heat Engineering Calculation" - is mandatory in this project. Carrying out this part of calculation, were checked correctness of the material chosen for external enclosing structures and wall thickness.

Water supply

This work envisages the development of a cold water supply system.

Internal water supply systems include: entrances to the building, water metering unit, dilution network, risers, supply to water collecting devices, water collecting, mixing, shutoff and control valves.

The choice of the internal water supply system is made depending on the technical and economic feasibility, sanitary and fire safety requirements, as well as taking into account the adopted external water supply system.

For this building, it is recommended to accept dead end systems with lower wiring of the internal cold water pipeline with one input.

In the designed building there is an inlet, therefore, a water metering unit and main pipelines are located in the basement.

In the basement and 1st floor plan, valve HL 900 is planned, EN 12 380 allows not to remove the riser above the roof.

Main pipelines are laid along the internal capital wall for 40-50 cm below the basement ceiling. Pipes are attached on brackets or hooks. Main pipelines are designed with a slope of 0.002-0.005 towards the inlet to carry out water descent from the building water supply system.

Site Vertical Layout Plan

The plan of vertical planning of the construction site as per the task is performed in the design elevations.

The relief on the construction site with a slope of 33.7 ‰, the difference between the northeastern side and the southwestern side is 1.19 m. With a decrease to the southwestern side. The territory of the site is divided into squares with sides 10 * 10 m. In the tops of the squares black elevations are placed (under the line), calculated by interpolation.

We plan along the black contours with arrows of drain direction from the territory and a general scheme of relief correction (drawing 1). We set the minimum slope for the territory of the site - 5 ‰, and the maximum - 25 ‰. Analyzing the slopes on the sides of the squares, we identify that the operation of such a section is unacceptable, and also does not meet the requirements for construction sites, for warehousing materials and for crane movement. Invalid slopes must be corrected by changing overfill. Part of the soil for filling will be taken from the trenches under the tape foundation. To create a high-quality soil layer, filling is provided throughout the territory for landscaping of fertile soil up to 0.1 m thick.. The vertical layout plan shows profiles on the site and on the roads.

Building Terrain Fit

To ensure quick removal of surface water from the building, the basement elevation near the building wall is raised with respect to the edge of the basement by 0.1 m, which is the slope of the pavement at its width of 1 m. – 100 ‰. The height of the ring is designed to be the same along the entire perimeter of the building.

The pavement is designed with the same high-altitude landing - 82.96 m. The slope change is provided for the adjacent area. The level of clean ground is designed at elevation 83.56 m, which provides a basement height from the top of the pavement of 0.6 m.

Such a decision of the vertical layout and high-altitude location of the building made it possible to ensure the normal removal of surface water from the building, organize the filling of a fertile ground layer for green plantations, and resolve the issue of diverting water from the entrance of the building along the access road to the passage.

Structural diagram of the building and provision of spatial stiffness

Structurally, the building was decided as arceless with longitudinal and transverse bearing walls made of expanded concrete blocks with a pitch of longitudinal walls of 2.55 m.

Spatial rigidity and stability of the building is ensured by conjugation of external walls with internal walls, with floor slabs resting on these walls and attached to them with the help of reinforcement anchors. The seams between the floors are frozen with mortar, therefore, in the aggregate, the structure of the floor floor forms a rigid horizontal disk, which increases the spatial rigidity of the building.

Floors and Floors

Floors are accepted from prefabricated reinforced concrete multistage slabs:

L = 5100, 4200, 2400 mm.

B = 1200 mm.

δ = 220 mm.

Slabs are laid on a pre-prepared layer of cement sand mortar

M 100 having a thickness of 30 mm. The seams between the plates are carefully ground to the entire height of the seam with solution M 100. To prevent the ends of the slabs from crushing from the overlying wall, as well as to improve the heat and sound insulation qualities, holes at the ends of the slabs are sealed with light concrete. Plates are attached to external walls and to each other by welding of connecting steel rods with mounting hinges of flooring. Structural solutions of floors are presented in Annexes No. 4, 5, 6.

Annex No. 4, 5 contains floor plans indicating the type of floor in each room. Appendix No. 6 shows the explication of the sexes.

Appendix No. 7 contains the specification of prefabricated floor elements.

Roof

Roof - attic gable in axes 1-4, attic gable in axes 3-4, B-G. The water drain is external. Roof covering - metal lining. The sheets are laid on a grid of 50x50 mm bars with a pitch of 350 mm. Sheets are attached to the screen by roofing self-cuts.

Main roof features:

Layered rafters, the main elements of which are rafter legs made of sawn timber with wood humidity < 23%. Rafter elements touching the walls are antiseptic and insulated with 2 layers of toll.

Rafter legs rest on wall bars - mauerlat with a section of 150x150 mm. In the center of the rafters are supported by a system of braces with a section of 150x150 mm, which in turn rest on a bed of 150x150 mm laid on a supporting wall structure.

The rafter legs are tightened by a twist of wire, firmly fixed by a neck or a turned bracket in the wall or mauerlat, which provides a spatial roof structure.

Windows and doors

Windows.

Windows are the main vertical structures for providing natural illumination of rooms. The structure of the window block includes: a wooden window box embedded in a wall; window paired bindings and sill board. According to the material of the structure, the windows are made of wood. The boxes are reinforced with nails, which are clogged in wooden antiseptic plugs specially installed in masonry. The gap between the box and the wall is carefully jute fiber. The box is covered with antiseptic and is covered with a layer of toll around the perimeter. Slopes are plastered outside and inside. Window blocks were brought to the construction site fully prepared for installation (with suspended, primed, painted with special enamel and glazed bindings made of refractory glass, equipped with instruments). The windows have double glazing with a distance between the glasses of 47 mm.

Doors.

External doors - wooden entrance and tambourine.

Internal doors - wooden panel structure.

All types are listed in the Window and Door Schedule table. The location, number and dimensions are determined taking into account the number of people equal to 4; view of the building. Doors consist of boxes representing frames fixed in doorways of walls, partitions and canvases hung on door frames. According to the number of canvases, single-floor doors are designed. By position in the building: internal and external.

Door boxes in the openings of brick walls are attached with nails, followed by wooden plugs specially installed in masonry. The box is antiseptic and wrapped in fat. In partitions the gap between the box and the wall is closed with a platter.

On sheet No. 1 of the architectural and structural part, floor plans indicate the positions of the elements for filling the door and window openings. Specification of opening filling elements is provided (Appendix No. 8).

Ladders

In the project, an intra-apartment wooden staircase along the thread was designed. In such stairs, the steps are mated with the thread in its side face by means of the arrangement of slots in which the ends of the tread boards and risers enter. The width of the staircase is 800 mm. Handcuffs - wooden with a height of 900 mm. The size of the steps is 250 x 152 (h) mm.