Excavation during excavation of the pit - course

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1. DETERMINATION OF EXCAVATION VOLUMES

1.1.Determination of soil volume in the pit

1.2. Determination of plant layer cutting and bottom grinding volumes

1.3. Determine backfill volume

1.4. Sizing Cavaliers

2. SELECTION OF SET OF MACHINES DURING EARTHWORKS

2.1. Selection of machines for planning works

2.2. Selection of excavation machines in the pit

2.3. Excavation of soil in the pit by excavator. Calculation of penetrations

3. CALCULATION OF LABOR COSTS

4. SHIFT SCHEDULE OF WORKS EXECUTION

5. JOB INSTRUCTION FOR PIT ARRANGEMENT

5.1. Scope of Application

5.2. Technology and organization of the construction process

5.3. Quality and Acceptance Requirements

5.4. Safety and health, environmental and fire safety

5.5. Technical and economic indicators of the construction process

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST

APPLICATION

Introduction

Soil processing in construction is carried out with the aim of preparing foundations for buildings and structures, changing the natural terrain, arranging the roadway, underground workings, etc. During the main works, the soil is developed, moved and laid, as a result of which earthworks of design sizes are created. The execution of the main processes is preceded or accompanied by preparatory and auxiliary processes - preliminary site planning, cutting of the vegetable layer, cleaning of the construction area. This whole complex of events is called earthworks.

The purpose of this course work is the student's mastery of the basics of designing the technology for developing, moving and laying soil when extracting a pit for the structure.

Coursework tasks:

- determination of excavation volumes;

- selection of a set of machines for the development, movement and laying of soil, as well as the selection of vehicles for the removal of excess soil;

- selection of process diagrams of machines operation;

- determination of labour intensity and cost of excavation works;

- preparation of shift schedule of works;

- development of Job Instruction for pit arrangement.

Technology and organization of the construction process

List of preparatory construction processes:

- preliminary site layout;

- cutting of vegetable layer.

List of main construction processes:

- development of soil in the pit with removal to the cavalier;

- excavation in the pit with removal into the vehicle;

- cleaning of pit bottom;

- manual grinding of pit bottom;

- backfilling of pit sinuses;

- backfill sealing.

Work Sequence:

First, plant layer is cut by B10M bulldozer with power of 132 kW, based on T10M tractor. During cutting, the bulldozer layer-by-layer cuts the vegetation layer, moving from the sulfur-din of the intended pit to its edges. The number of machines, determined depending on the labor intensity of the work, is 1.695. The co-crew includes the driver of the 6th category. Work on cutting the vegetable layer is carried out in two shifts, one worker per shift. The duration of work is found as the ratio of labor intensity of work to the number of workers multiplied by the number of shifts. The duration of the plant layer cutting work is two days.

We are moving to the main construction processes.

First, we develop the soil of the pit with unloading into the cavalier. To do this, we use an excavator EO4121A with a "reverse blade," a ladle capacity of 1 m3. Cavaliers are located along the entire perimeter of the pit, at a distance of 1 meter from its brow, between the cavaliers there is a passage of 4 meters. The number of machine names is 2.76. The brigade includes a driver of the 6th category. The number of workers per shift and the number of shifts are set to one. The duration of work, depending on the labor intensity of work, as well as on the number of workers per shift and on the number of shifts, is 6 days.

Next, we develop soil with its unloading into a trans-tailor facility. When developing, we use the same earth-moving machine as when developing soil in the cavalier, but in the amount of two mechanisms. That is, the number of workers per shift increases to two, we establish a two-shift schedule of work. The number of machine men, coming from labor intensity, of work is 32.21 mash. The team consists of two drivers of the 6th category. The duration of work on the development of soil with removal into the vehicle includes 16 working days.

We discharge the soil into the cavalier during the first and last penetrations, at all subsequent penetrations we discharge the developed soil into the vehicle.

The excavator workplace, including the parking of vehicles, is called a face, and the areas of soil developed as the excavator moves through penetrations. Development of EO4121A soil is carried out by cross-end penetration, while the excavator moves across the pit. This type of penetration was chosen based on inequality:

B>3.5R

, where B- the width of the pit, which in its narrow part is 51.350 m, and in a wide 123.35 m, R- the maximum cutting radius of the accepted excavator (Table 2), equal to 9 meters.

51.35 m > 31.5 m, 123.35 m > 31.5 m

The maximum width of the first penetration along the top is 13.7 m, along the bottom 10.35 m, the width of the second and subsequent penetrations along the top are 12.20 m, along the bottom 8.85 m (see para. 2.3.).

The amount of working movement of the excavator is 2 meters.

Excavator operating cycle:

1. separation of soil by the ladle cutting edge from the massif;

2. simultaneous filling of the ladle;

3. movement of ladle with soil;

4. unloading to a dump or to a vehicle;

5. return to slaughter.

The next step in the arrangement of the pit is the grinding of its bottom, carried out using the bulldozer DZ104, with a 96 kW engine, based on the tractor T4AP1, equipped with a rotary from-shaft. The bulldozer moves the soil from the middle, moving to the edges of the pit. The thickness of the shear strip of the excavator gap is 3.28 m. When each subsequent strip is circulating, the bulldozer enters the previous strip by 0.5 m. The cycle of the bulldozer consists of a set, movement, leveling of soil and reverse travel. Bulldozer is transported to and from pit by means of manipulator crane .

Work on grinding the bottom of the pit is carried out in two shifts. Number of workers per shift-1. The composition of the brigade is the driver of the 6th category. The number of machine men, determined depending on the labor intensity of the work, is 3.135 mas. The duration of work on cleaning the bottom with a bulldozer is three days.

The soil left after the bulldozer passes in the pit is cleaned manually. The operation is carried out by a digger of 2 discharges. The number of workers per shift is two. The number of shifts installed is also two. The duration of work, calculated by the ratio of labor intensity of work per product of the number of brigade personnel and the number of shifts, is 6 working days.

The final stage of excavation works is backfilling of pit sinuses and backfilling compaction. These two processes follow each other. Back filling of sinuses is carried out with the help of bulldozer B10M equipped with 132 kW engine, based on tractor T10M. The number of machine names is 0.33 mash. The team consists of a driver of the 6th category. The number of workers in the shift and the number of shifts are 1. The duration of the process is one working day.

Manual pneumatic rams IP4503 are used for backfilling compaction. The work is done by the construction worker. Number of workers per shift and number of shifts-2. The duration of work is six days.

Conclusion

During this course work, I gained initial skills in mastering the basics of designing technology for the development, movement and laying of soil during the construction of a pit for the structure. It was time to bother with new regulatory documents for me, such as TER, HESN, SK. Fix the material obtained during the study of disciplines: construction machines, technology of construction processes.

As a result of the work done, the following tasks were achieved:

- The scope of earthworks has been determined;

- a set of machines for the development, movement and laying of soil, as well as a dump truck for the removal of excess soil;

- process diagram of work on soil development in the pit with a single bucket excavator and process diagram of bulldozer movement during pit bottom grinding were selected;

- labour intensity and cost of earthworks are determined;

- work shift schedule has been drawn up;

- Job Instruction for pit arrangement has been developed.