Course project for site planning and excavation of pit for the building

Contents

CONTENTS

Design Task

Introduction

1. Cutting of vegetal layer of soil

Determination of vegetable layer volume

Choice of earth-moving machine

2. Vertical layout

Defining Cut and Fill Volumes

Determination of average distance of soil movement

Planning Machine Selection

3. Soil compaction in fill

3.1. Selection of soil sealing machine

4. Pit development

Determination of pit volumes

Determination of soil volumes to be exported

Select Excavator

Selection of vehicles and determination of the required number of vehicles

Pit bottom cleaning

Determination of soil rework scope

Bulldozer selection

6. Backfilling of pit sinuses

Determination of backfilling soil volumes

Bulldozer selection

7. Backfilling soil compaction:

7.1. Selection of ramming mechanism

8. Backward movement of vegetation soil

8.1. Selection of an earth-moving vehicle

Costing Labor and Wages

Technical and economic indicators

Work Schedule

Procedure of works execution

Features of technology in winter conditions

Safety precautions

List of used literature in project design

Task No. 25

Draw up a project for the execution of work on site planning and digging

pit for the building.

Data for project development.

1. Site Type and Relief "C"

Extreme horizontal number "73"

Spacing of contours (m) "0.5"

Direction of slope "live"

Site size (m) "350x200"

Building size in plan (m) "175x50"

Foundation depth (m) "4"

Soil type "loam"

Vegetable layer thickness (m) "0.10"

Distance to dump (km) "3"

Deadline for performance of works (day) "35"

Introduction

Manufacturing technology is a historically defined method of connecting a person and a technician. This fundamental statement also applies to the technology of construction production. In modern conditions, the acceleration of technological progress in construction, the importance of construction production technology is significantly increasing.

An urgent task is the radical reorganization of capital construction with an increase in its efficiency. The implementation of this task should be carried out by sequentially turning construction into a single construction process for the construction of facilities, improving and expanding the range of materials and structures used, providing construction with high-performance equipment, wide implementation of progressive scientific and technical achievements, resources and energy-saving technologies, economical space planning and organizational and technological solutions, improving the quality of documentation development and improving design and shift business.

In the course project on the technology of earthworks, the tasks of designing individual types of works are solved taking into account the given conditions at the production site, calculations are carried out to determine the scope and labor intensity of land works. Mechanization tools are adopted on the basis of comparing the technical and economic indicators of the considered possible options.

Determination of plant layer

During land works, in accordance with the current legislation on environmental protection, the fertile layer is removed for further use for reclamation. In the aisles of the location of the land structure, the fertile layer is cut by a bulldozer

or a scraper and is wrapped, then immersed by an excavator in a vehicle and delivered to dumps for further return during improvement of the construction site or to reclamation sites. Land reclamation consists in the restoration of fertile soil in areas with disturbed soil cover. At the same time, surfaces are planned by pouring soil, and then the entire surface is covered with a new fertile layer.

Geodetic breakdown of structures consists in fixing on the ground their position in the plan and vertical alignment. At horizontal separation positions of axes of objects under construction are determined and fixed on terrain and contour of structures is marked, and at vertical separation depth of excavations and height of embankments are determined.

Drainage of the territory in wetlands is carried out by arranging drainage ditches. The collection and removal of groundwater is also carried out by a drainage system with special devices in the soil.

Prior to excavation, they must be protected from flooding by atmospheric water drains. For this purpose, drainage ditches are arranged, through which atmospheric water is supplied by gravity from the site aisles, or fence drains are erected.

1.1. CUTTING OF VEGETAL SOIL LAYER.

The vegetation layer is cut off by the layout site and slopes.

Volume of vegetable layer is determined by formula:

Vp = (Sn + So) xho, where

Sn-area of the site

So-area of slopes,

ho-height of vegetation cover.

1.2. SELECTION OF EARTH-MOVING MACHINE.

To remove the vegetable layer with a thickness of 0.2 m, we use the machine assigned for the vertical layout of the site (i.e., a scraper).

DZ-30 (DT75); DZ20 (DT-100); with ladle volume 3 and 7

Stapler is the most high-performance earth-moving machine

For this soil we accept DZ20 scraper (DT-100);

Vertical Site Layout

The volume of developed soil corresponds to the total volume of earthen structures. Initial materials are obtained during surveys, but they do not allow to accurately reproduce the terrain. Therefore, the actual volumes will always differ from the calculated volumes. Vertical layout is carried out either under the specified layout elevation, or with zero balance of mass haul movement, when the soil on the site is distributed without export or import.

2.1. DETERMINATION OF CUT VOLUMES, FILL.

We determine the black elevations of the vertices of squares by the method

interpolation.

We determine the average design elevation Nsr of the site from the condition

zero balance. When calculating V by the method of tetrahedral prisms, Nsr is determined by the formula:

We determine the position of the zero work line. Zero line

passes through the sides of squares, the vertices of which have opposite

by sign working marks. Its position can be determined using

linear scale. Apply a zero line by sequential

zero point connections. Hatch the fill area.

We determine the slope by the formula:

We determine the V of soil development within the square site.

For elements square in the plan, we use the formula:

For zero-line clipped shapes: in triangles

Calculation of soil volume in the site aisles

We determine the volume of soil in the slopes by the formula:

- for square elements in the plan

- for trapezoidal elements in plan

- for triangular elements in the plan:

m - slope laying;

c is the length of part of the side of the square d.

We summarize the results into a table.

Calculation of soil volumes in slant chapels

We determine the increase of soil volume due to residual loosening:

where Kr is the coefficient of residual soil loosening (for loam Kr

We make up the balance of haul masses.

The difference in volumes was

2.2.DETERMINATION OF MEAN DISTANCE OF SOIL MOVEMENT

Calculations are carried out by analytical method. The coordinates of the center of gravity of the volumes of excavation (CTV) and embankment (CTN) are determined relative to the coordinate axes, for which it is recommended to accept the boundaries of the rectangular platform:

-level - y;

- lower - beyond x.

Calculations are carried out according to the formulas:

Determining the Coordinates of Gravity Centers

We determine the average distance of soil movement as the distance between the coordinates of the centers of gravity of the excavation and embankment by the formula:

2.3.SELECTION OF PLANNING MACHINE

DIFFERENT sets of machines can be used to develop the same site according to the work conditions. So, it is advisable to carry out the main planning work at a planning excavation height of up to 5 meters by bulldozers or staplers, the selection of which is determined by the average range of soil movement. To perform vertical layout of the site with an average range of soil movement of 163 meters, it is advisable to use a bracing set.

The scraper kit may include:

• one or more staplers for development

• moving soil from excavation to embankment;

• bulldozer with hinged device for layer-by-layer loosening

• soil in excavation and leveling in embankments;

• trailed or self-propelled rollers for compaction of soil in embankments;

a pusher tractor for increasing the filling of the bucket of the fastener;

reduction of loading time.

The final selection of the scraper set is carried out by comparing the technical and economic indicators (TEP) for each possible of the compared options: the cost of developing 1 m3 of soil, the labor intensity of its development and the duration of work.

Compare TEP of three options:

1- DZ20 grade scraper (ladle capacity 7 m3).

2- DZ26 grade scraper (bucket capacity 10 m3).

1. We define TEP for DZ-20

The cost of development of 1m is calculated according to the formula:

DZ-20 S.m.s. = 23.44gr. Nt = 2.1 m/h = 100

2. We define TEP for DZ-26

DZ-26 S.m.s. = 36.41gr. Nt = 1.2m/h = 100

Soil compaction in fill

hoopl. - thickness of successively sealed layers depending on soil type and type of sealing equipment, m;

Vn -geometric volume of fill to be compacted, m3;

Fupl .sl. - total area of compaction, m2.

3.1. SELECTION OF SOIL SEALING MACHINE.

The total compaction area is:

For soil compaction we accept DN16 roller with MAZ-529E tractor

- seal width 2.8m

- mass with ballast 34t.

- without ballast 18.5t.

-compaction thickness 0.4m

Pit development for the building

From a geometric point of view, the pit is a truncated tetrahedral pyramid.

Pit Layout

Dimensions of pits are determined by working drawings of structures, for the erection of which land works are carried out

4.1 DETERMINATION OF PIT VOLUMES.

INITIAL DATA FOR CALCULATION:

- building size in plan (on external axes):

- pit depth: h = 4 m;

- soil type - loam;

SOLUTION: We determine the dimensions of the pit by the bottom:

A = A + a1 + a2 + 1 = 140 + 1 + 1 = 52 m.

B = B + b1 + b2 + 1 = 50 + 1 + 1 = 177 m.

The value is taken as per 0.5 m (approximately due to absence of working drawings).

We determine the dimensions of the pit on the top, taking the value of t = 0.5 for loam at a pit depth of not more than 5 m (SNiP Sh-4-80 * "Safety in construction").

A1 = And + 2hm =52 + 2 • 4 • 0.5 = 58.8 m,

We determine the volume of developed soil in the pit (in dense

body).

We determine the volume of the developed soil of the entrance trench (in a dense body), taking the values: C = 6 m, m1 = 3.9

We determine the total volume of excavation from the pit (in a dense body).

4.2. DETERMINATION OF VOLUME OF EXPORTED SOIL.

We determine the total volume of the underground part of the building, taking the values: d = l = 0.3 m (approximately, due to the absence of working drawings).

Vvg = Vv.h. = [(A + d + 1) • (B + d + 1)] h, m3.

Vv. = Vn. h = [(140 + 0.3 + 0.3) • (50 + 0.3 + 0.3)] 4 =35541m3.

Therefore, the volume of soil to be removed to the dump is (in a dense body):

Vv. about =3680.9.

4.3. SELECTION OF EXCAVATOR.

Excavating method of works is used in construction, which is determined by mobility of single-bucket excavators, which also have replaceable working equipment and possibility of their operation with different types of vehicles.

When selecting a single-bucket excavator, it is necessary to choose the type of excavator (straight, reverse shovels, dragline). The selection is made depending on the types of work and the size of the earth structure, the group of soils, the level of groundwater and the season of work.

The choice of a single bucket excavator consists in comparing the values ​ ​ of the reduced costs for the development of 1 m3 of soil, which are calculated using the formulas. The choice is made by comparing two options.

For comparison, we take two excavators equipped with a straight shovel with a ladle capacity of 1.5 m (with a continuous cutting edge and with teeth).

CALCULATION OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF EXCAVATORS.

gr/m3

С - development cost of 1 m3 of soil, calculated according to the formula

0.07gr

En - normative efficiency factor of capital investments

(En = 0.15);

K - specific capital investments for the development of 1m3 of soil, determined by the formula:

Ngod is the normative number of shifts of the mechanism in a year, equal to 408 during two-shift operation of the excavator with a ladle capacity of more than 0.65. Replaceable operational performance of the excavator pays off on f to a ffffformula:

formula:

С = 8.0 - working shift duration, h;

qk.e. - excavator ladle capacity, m3;

pt - technical number of excavator cycles per minute;

Kv is the time utilization factor of the excavator, adopted equal to Kv = 0.84;

K1 - coefficient of excavator ladle filling with soil in dense body, determined by formula:

where:

Rc. river. - initial soil loosening coefficient (for loam Kp.r. = 1.18... 1.30);

Kn. - ladle filling factor with loose soil (for wet loams Kn = 1.20... 1.32).

Excavator of EO-4321 brand

We determine the interchangeable operational capacity of the excavator

We determine the cost of development of 1 m3 of soil:

We determine the costs for the development of soil I:

Excavator grade EO-505

We determine the interchangeable operational capacity of the excavator:

We determine the cost of development of 1 m3 of soil:

We determine the costs for the development of soil I:

The final choice of an economically profitable excavator is made based on a comparison of the reduced development costs of 1 m3 of soil. Comparing both options for selecting an excavator, it can be concluded that the EO505 excavator with the cutting edge of the ladle is economically profitable and more productive.

m

o. / item. Technical characteristic Value

1. Ladle capacity, m3 0.8

2 Largest digging radius 9.2

3 Maximum unloading radius 5.4

4. Highest unloading height, m 1.7

5. Highest digging height, m 4

6. Cycle duration, sec. 28.7

7 Engine power, kW 59

8 Weight, t 20.5

4.4. SELECTION OF VEHICLES

AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR REQUIRED QUANTITY

At excavation method of excavation works for transportation of soil to dump (or to embankment) vehicle is selected and their quantity is determined.

Vehicles are used as trucks and heavy-duty trailers, (rational distance of soil transportation from 0.5 to 5 km), tractor trailers (average distance of transportation from 0.3 to 3 km).

Usually, with a soil transportation range of more than 1 km, car dump trucks are used, while the ratio of the capacity of the excavator bucket and the capacity of the car dump truck body 1:4 or 1:5 is considered optimal.

It is necessary to select vehicles for the removal of soil from the pit and determine the required number of them.

Source Data:

• volume of removed soil from the pit - 28457 m3 (in a dense body);

• soil type - loam;

• soil transportation range Ltr. = 3 km;

• road with gravel pavement;

• EO505 excavator equipped with straight shovel,

capacity of ladle with cutting edge;

- dead end method is adopted during frontal soil development with feed

one machine for loading.

SOLUTION.

As a vehicle, we take a car dump truck. We determine its carrying capacity, taking into account the recommendations of catalogs and tables. Q= 12m.

We select the brand of the automatic dump truck corresponding to the load capacity

12 t. To it there corresponds GAZ53B with a capacity of body of P =18.7,

We determine the number of buckets loaded into the car truck body:

P - 8 - volume of the body of the self-propelled truck;

q = 1.5 - capacity of excavator bucket;

Kn = 1.32 - ladle filling factor, wet loam

We take N = 6 buckets.

Determine the number of excavator cycles per minute:

for the received excavator EO505, the duration of one cycle tye = seconds.

cycles per minute.

We determine the value of the transport influence coefficient using the recommendations of the tables, with the number of ladles loaded equal to 4.

CT = 0.90.

We calculate the duration of one transport cycle:

Lmp. = 3 km;

Vcp = 30 km/h;

tp = 1.5 min (accepted without calculation);

tm = 2.0 min (accepted without calculation).

We determine the required number of dump trucks for uninterrupted operation of the excavator:

We accept 6 GAZ53B cars with a rising side

Pit bottom cleaning

Pit bottom is cleaned after excavation works. The thickness of the soil deficit by the excavator can be different, depending on the type (straight or reverse shovel) and the capacity of the ladle.

The bottom is cleaned with bulldozers of various brands. Ground cut by bulldozer to preset elevation is removed from pit by excavator.

5.1. DETERMINATION OF SOIL REWORK VOLUME.

Soil rework volume is determined by formula:

where:

A, B - dimensions of the bottom of the pit in m;

- amount of soil shortage by excavator, m.

A x B = 177 x 52 m;

hd = 0.15 m;

5.2. BULLDOZER SELECTION.

We select the bulldozer taking into account the average range of soil movement in the pit. The recommended tractor power is 75 hp. This capacity will correspond to the bulldozer brand DZ26. We determine its performance:

Backfilling of pit sinuses

Backfilling of pit sinuses is performed after foundation arrangement. Backfilling soil is located at a distance of 3 m from the pit edge along the entire perimeter of the building. This soil is moved in the sinuses of the pit by bulldozers in layers, compacting with ramming mechanisms. The thickness of the layer to be poured is in the aisles of 20... 40 cm.

6.1. DETERMINATION OF BACKFILL SOIL VOLUME.

We determine the volume of soil reserved at the site for backfilling of the sinuses of the pit and the entrance trench (in a dense body).

6.2. BULLDOZER SELECTION.

It is advisable to backfill the sinuses of the pit with a bulldozer, which we used to grind the bottom of the pit, i.e. a bulldozer of the brand DZ26, with a capacity of:

Backfilling soil compaction

Soil of backfilling is compacted in layers using small-sized soil compacting and ramming mechanisms. To seal the lower layers, manual electric tampers are used, and the upper layers can be sealed with more productive small-sized rollers, self-transmitting vibration rolls and other mechanisms.

7.1. SELECTION OF RAMMING MECHANISM.

Compaction of upper layers will be performed by DU-16 rollers

Soil compaction of the pit sinks near the foundation walls will be carried out by electrical rams of grade IE4502, with capacity equal to:

The volume to be compacted is:

The total compaction area will be:

Backward movement of vegetation soil

The reverse movement of the soil of the vegetable layer is the final stage of excavation. The vegetal layer of soil cut from the site and located in the dump is moved back by scrapers or bulldozers. The vegetation layer is necessary for the formation of playgrounds, lawns, etc. near buildings.

8.1. SELECTION OF EARTH-MOVING TRANSPORT MACHINE.

The backward movement of the soil of the vegetable layer will be carried out by a scraper, which we used in the vertical layout and cutting of the vegetable layer. The stapler movement diagram is an ellipse. The performance of the scraper is:

Capacity of DZ-20 fastener

Payroll Labor Costing

14. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

No. Name Value

1 Duration of work 30

2 Average cost of development of 1 m of soil, UAH

a) vertical layout

b) pit development 0.06

0,045

3 Interchangeable production of planning machine 666.67

4 Replacement working of excavator 641,25

Work Schedule

The schedule is one of the main documents on the organization of construction, establishing the technological sequence of work, their mutual linkage and combination of work by time, the timing of various types of work, the need for material and technical and labor resources.

Based on this plan, a schedule for the construction of the facility is developed with details of the performance of preparatory and specialized work, as well as the indication of specific performers.

At the same time, the standard terms of construction of the facility, production capacity and the presence of labor resources of the general contractor and subcontracting construction organization are taken into account. Depending on the object, the scheduling plans can be of the following types: construction of complex buildings; performance of works on the object; implementation of separate construction processes. They are drawn up on the basis of existing regulatory documents, working drawings and estimates.

Procedure of works execution

The composition and sequence of operations during land works depends on the purpose and type of land structure, type and nature of soil, hydrogeological conditions, terrain, etc.

Vertical planning work is carried out to level the surfaces of the site for the construction of the facility and landscaping. They consist of cutting land on one site and moving, laying in embankment in another site. These operations have the following process sequence:

- preparatory stage: site area marking, arrangement

drainage of surface and groundwater, installation of layout posts and application of red marking marks on them;

- main stage: soil cutting, transportation, unloading,

leveling, humidification, compaction, final layout of the site and slopes.

Additional wetting is necessary if the soil humidity is below the optimal by 5% or more.

On sites with a range of 50... 100 m, the vertical layout is carried out by a shuttle bulldozer, trench. Vertical layout is performed on large areas

scrapers. Depending on the group of difficulties of soil development, two methods of work are used:

• ribbed - during the development of the vegetal layer of soil, loess;

• comb - when developing loamy and sandy soils.

• In simple movements, a ribbed method is used.

Works on excavation of pits are performed for arrangement of bases for foundations. They consist of excavation and transportation of soil, with grinding of the bottom of the pit and backfilling of the sinuses. These operations have the following sequence:

• preparatory stage: territory clearing, drainage arrangement

• surface water, pit contour breakdown;

• main stage: soil development with loading into transport

• means or unloading for pit browing, soil transportation,

• pit bottom layout, humidification, compaction, drainage device as per

• contour, bottom clearing for individual foundations manually, reverse

• layer-by-layer backfilling;

Features of technology in winter conditions

To avoid increasing the depth of ground freezing, its development is carried out not over the entire area at once, but in sections. If the soil is sent to dumps, then it can be developed along with snow. In case of forced breaks (breakdowns, frosts, etc.), the face should be insulated to avoid its freezing. Soils of trench pits foundations must be protected from freezing by covering with insulation.

During backfilling, the number of frozen lumps in the soil should not be

exceed 15% of the total backfill volume. When filling the sinuses inside the building

the use of frozen soil is not permissible. When erecting the embankment, frozen

Comas larger than 15 cm in size cannot be laid, as well as frozen soil in the aisles 1 m from the surface of the embankment slopes.

Safety precautions

SNiP Sh-4-80 * "Safety in construction" shall be used to prevent accidents during land works.

In the vicinity of existing underground communication, earthworks must be carried out manually or by a mechanized tool only under the supervision of a foreman or foreman.

If gas pipelines and electric cables are active, employees of gas or energy facilities must be present during earthworks.

During the operation of the excavator, people cannot be at a distance

closer than 5 meters from its area of ​ ​ action.

Especially dangerous are comas of frozen soil, scattering during loosening with clinmolot, so you need to determine the danger zone and install protective nets during work.

Loading of soil into vehicles shall be carried out from the rear or side side.

At simultaneous operation of two or more machines performing various types of earthworks, when moving them, it is necessary to observe a distance of at least 5 m.

List of literature used

1. Drochenko B.F., Erisova L.G., Gorbenko P.G.

"Technology of construction production."

2. Snezhko A.P., Batura G.M.

"Technology of construction production" (course and degree design).

3. ENiR collection E2 "Mechanized and manual earthworks."

4. Pavlov A.P. Methodological instructions for the implementation of practical classes on earthworks.