Diploma project POWER SUPPLY OF THE REVDINSKY NON-FERROUS METAL PROCESSING PLANT

Contents

CONTENTS

Introduction

1.1 Electrical loads

1.2 Selection of power supply scheme

1.3 Selection of number and power of power transformers

1.4 Calculation of short-circuit currents

1.5 Calculation and selection of supply line

1.6 Primary Voltage Side Equipment Selection

1.7 Secondary Voltage Side Equipment Selection

1.7.1 Selection of input and section switches

1.7.2 Selection of voltage transformers

1.7.3 Selection of current transformers

1.8 Tyre Selection

1.8.1 Selection of insulators

1.9 Power transformer relay protection

1.9.1 Longitudinal differential protection

1.9.2 Transformer gas protection

1.9.3 Maximum current protection with power-side voltage interlock

1.9.4 Maximum current overload protection on the secondary voltage side

1.10 Power Supply Automation

1.11 Calculation of grounding device

1.11.1 Protection of 110 kV line against lightning strikes

1.11.2 Protection of switchgears against direct lightning strikes

1.11.3 Calculation of grounding resistance

2.1 Calculation of the list of working substations

2.2 Calculation of compensation fund for workers and managers of substation

2.2.1 Calculation of the annual payroll of workers

2.2.2 Calculation of the annual salary fund of managers by monthly salary

2.3 Calculation of depreciation deductions of fixed assets

2.4 Calculation of substation maintenance cost estimate

2.4.1 Calculation of cost estimates for own needs of GPP

3. Safety precautions during RP maintenance

List of used literature

Power supply to the Revda non-ferrous metal processing plant

Introduction

The Karachaganak field is a large oil and gas condensate field discovered in 1979. The field is located in the Burlinsky district of the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The right to use the subsoil of the field in accordance with the license issued on April 18, 1997 is an alliance consisting of: Ajip Karachaganak B.V., Lukoil, British Gas Exploration and Production, Texaco International Petroleum Company. Currently, this alliance has been renamed "KRO B.V." and is registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Existing capacities for gas production, collection and processing at the Karachaganak field include wells, gas collection networks, operating plant No. 3 and unfinished plant No. 2 (Yuzhniigimromgaz project).

Currently, 83 producing wells are connected through gas collection networks to UKPG3. At the wellhead, methanol and corrosion inhibitor are introduced using a mobile specialist. techniques.

Unit No. 3 consists of three process lines based on the process of low temperature separation, designed and built by NOELLGA GASTECHNIK, one process line and condensate degassing line built according to the project.

The full development plan of the Karachagan field, as well as the reliability of power supply to existing facilities of the field, depends on the development of electricity and heat supply systems.

The field power generation and distribution system includes a power plant capable of covering all the loads of the field itself and other consumers associated with its operation. Three gas turbine plants were installed as the main sources of electricity generation

type PG6561B manufactured by GE with a capacity of 39.62 MW. In the end, after reaching the maximum level of gas condensate production and processing at the field, the number of gas turbine units up to six according to the five plus one scheme, the power plant uses the associated gas purified from sulfur at the KPC of the Karachagan gas condensate field. Placing a power plant on the site of the Karachagan processing complex makes it possible to bring the power source closer to the place of extraction of liquid fuel and associated gas, use common water supply, sewage, fire extinguishing, fuel preparation, significantly reduce fuel costs for transport, and in general will provide relatively cheap electricity. The use of reliable and highly efficient main and auxiliary equipment as part of the power plant, environmentally advanced electricity generation technology will minimize the estimated concentrations of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and solid particles, thereby minimizing the impact of the power plant on the level of pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater.

Technological solutions and the envisaged necessary complex of fire and emergency response measures will prevent and exclude the creation of emergency and emergency situations.

Estimated reserves of the field agreed between British Gas/Ajip companies and specialists of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan in 1993 amount to 1303 billion m3 for gas and liquids

1114 million tons (surface conditions).

Process Part

The general plan of the Karachagan processing complex provides for the zoning of the territory for its functional use. Zones highlighted: pre-factory, production.

When planning the territory of the production zone, quarterly development is adopted in the form of rows, quarters enclosed between longitudinal and transverse driveways.

In the pre-plant zone there is a site for drillers, on which there is a warehouse of chemical agents for drilling, a central warehouse of drillers and a building for technical inspection of drilling equipment.

To the north-east of the area of ​ ​ drillers, the LS2 household sewage pumping station, located underground, was designed.

The area on which the designed sites are located is divided into two sections - north and south.

The preparation of raw materials at the KPC provides for the separation of the incoming mixture, dehydrogenation, condensate stabilization and its supply to the main pipeline, gas preparation, high-sulfur gas supply to UKPG No. 2 for injection into the formation or production to Orenburg.

The following sites were built at the Karachagan processing complex:

UNIT-130. The site of the input manifolds is designed to receive the incoming gas condensate mixture from manifold stations, satellite station, UKPG No. 2 and UKPG No. 3, the distribution of the mixture by flows and the direction of the mixture flow for measurement. The gas condensate mixture is then sent for further preparation.

UNIT-200. The test separator site is designed to measure the flow rate and well products. Gas condensate mixture from test manifold is heated in preheater

test separator and directed to low pressure gas scrubber.

UNIT-201. The medium pressure gas separator site consists of two parallel lines A and B and is designed for primary separation of gas and gas condensate mixture.

and its divisions into gas and condensate, then gas comes to a scrubber of gas of average pressure, and from it goes for installation of dehydration of high-sulfur gas of average pressure and control of a point of race - UNIT-341, and a part - for purifications of fuel gas and regeneration of UNIT339 amine.

UNIT-202. The site of the low-pressure gas separator separator is designed for the primary separation of gas and gas condensate mixture and its separation into gas and condensate. Gas from UKPG No. 3, condensate from the test separator and separator separators from site UNIT201 is supplied to the low pressure gas separator. Condensate, stabilization of UNIT210 A/B/C condensate; The gas from the separator enters the low pressure gas scrubber. Then the gas from the scrubber is sent to the low flash gas compression unit.

pressure UNIT362.

UNIT-210 A/B/C. The condensate stabilization plant site consists of three parallel lines and is designed for condensate dewatering and stabilization. Condensate from the low pressure separator-separator is supplied to the feed tanks of condensate stabilization clones. From the feed tank, the condensate is heated and sent to the feed tank of the desalter. The gas from the condensate stabilizer feed tank is routed to the flow tank of the flash gas compressor. The water released in the desalter feed tank is divided into two streams. One stream is routed to the UNIT562 process water treatment unit and the other is pumped back to the tank inlet. Condensate vapors from the top

condensate stabilization columns pass through condenser

stabilisation columns and enters the column reflux tank

condensate stabilization. Condensate from the bottom

the stabilization column is sent to the column installation

condensate separator. Gas from the column reflux tank is combined with gas coming from the column feed tank

and desalter feed tank.

UNIT-213 A/B/C. Separator Column Installation Site

condensate consists of three parallel lines and is intended for separation of gas condensate mixture.

UNIT-214 A/B/C. The site of the gasoline purification system consists of three parallel lines and is designed to clean the gasoline from mercaptans and supply it to the condensate storage system. Condensate from the reflux pumps located at the site of the UNIT213 unit is cooled in the gasoline cooler and sent to the gasoline purification unit. Caustic soda is pumped out from caustic soda storage tank by pumping pumps. Air is supplied to the gasoline purification unit by the air compressor of the gasoline purification system. The spent caustic is routed to the neutralizer located at the site of the UNIT550 high salt effluent system. The gasolin from the gasolin purification unit is routed to the condensate storage unit UNIT220.

UNIT-215 A. The site of the petroleum gas fractionation unit is designed to separate the incoming condensate. Condensate is supplied to deethanizer column from high-sulfur and low-pressure gas dehydration units. Gas vapors from the top of the deethanizer column pass through the deethanizer column condenser and cooled liquefied

oil gas is supplied to the deethanizer column reflux tank. The gas flow is cooled by supplying liquid propane from UNIT401 to the condenser. The condensate from the bottom of the deethanizer column passes through the condenser of the depropanizer column and is sent to the depropanizer column. Gas vapors from the top of the depropanizer column pass through the condenser of the depropanizer column and enter the reflux tank of the depropanizer column. Gas from the reflux tank is supplied to the high pressure boilers located

at site UNIT621.

UNIT-230. Flare and Drain System Site

is intended for separation of high and low pressure gas supplied from process equipment and collection of drain from equipment. Gas from the high and low pressure compressor is routed to the low pressure flare drum. Condensate,

recovered from the flare separator is pumped to the non-condensed oil tank located at site UNIT561.

The gas released in the low pressure separator is sent for combustion to the gas flare system. Drainage from equipment

enters the closed drain tank. Gas from drain tank

to the flare system.

UNIT-339. The site of the fuel gas purification and amine regeneration plant is designed for gas purification from hydrogen sulfide and amine regeneration. Here, the purified gas from the outlet separator is divided into two streams. One stream is routed to the fuel gas dewatering and dewatering unit. The second stream is heated in a high temperature preheater and supplied as fuel to gas turbine units located on site UNIT470 and boiler room located

at site UNIT621.

UNIT-340. The site of the fuel gas installation and dew control is designed to separate fuel gas from water and supply it to consumers. Demineralized gas from the absorber outlet separator located at site No. 339 enters the coalescing filter. The water released in the filter is directed to the high pressure regenerator separator. Gas from the filter enters the absorbers, from which gas is sent to the distribution network to supply it to UKPG No. 2 and UKPG No. 3, to the low-pressure gas system and to Aksay. To maintain the gas temperature, a gas heating mode and a gas cooling mode are provided.

UNIT-314 A/B The site of the medium-pressure high-sulfur gas dehydration unit and dew point control consists of two parallel lines and is designed for dehydrogenation of medium-pressure gas and its supply to the high-sulfur gas compression unit. High sulfur gas with

LP Separator (UNIT202) is supplied to

glycol contactor. Glycol contactor is fed up

glycol solution from glycol regeneration unit. When in contact with it, the gas in the contactor is cleaned and sent to the high-sulfur gas heat exchanger. In heat exchanger gas is cooled and supplied to inlet separator of medium-pressure high-sulfur gas. Water from the glycol regeneration unit is sent to UNIT562 for purification. In the input

gas is separated in the separator, then sent to the low-temperature medium-pressure high-sulfur gas separator, and from it through the heat exchanger is sent to the plant

compression. Water and liquefied petroleum gas from low temperature is routed to unit UNIT215.

UNIT-343A. Low Gas Dehydration Unit Site

pressure and dew point monitoring is intended for dehydrogenation

low-pressure gas and its supply to high-sulfur gas compression unit.

UNIT-360. The Acid Gas Recommissioning Unit is designed to recommend acid gas coming from the UNIT339 amine regeneration unit and flash gas from the UNIT341,343 medium and low pressure gas dewatering unit and supply it to the flash gas unit.

UNIT-362 A/V/C. The site consists of three lines and is designed to compress the gas and supply it to the low-pressure high-sulfur gas dewatering unit and control the dew point UNIT343.

UNIT-363 A/V/C. The deethanizer off-gas compression system site is designed to compress the gas coming from the top of the deethanizer column and feed it to the UNIT364 unit.

UNIT-364 A/V/C. The site is designed for compression of high-sulfur gas and its supply to the gas re-injection system.

UNIT-401A. LPG fractionation unit site and high sulfur gas cooling

low pressure intended for propane storage, its

cooling and supply of high-sulfur gas to cooling system

low pressure.

UNIT-410. The EGA supply system is designed to store and supply EGA to the distribution system. The diethylene glycol solution enters the DEG expansion tank, then goes to the reception of DEG circulation pumps, is pumped through a heat exchanger to the diethylene glycol distribution system. To prepare DEHA solution, supercooled steam condensate is supplied to receive diethylene glycol make-up pump.

UNIT-550. The site of the water effluent system with a high salt content is designed to neutralize spent caustic from the gasoline cleaning plant, collect waste water from the water demineralization system UNIT530, as well as dilute and deaerate these effluents before discharge and disposal. To neutralize caustic, a 33% sulfuric acid solution is supplied to the neutralizer. After the acidity sensor indicates that the solution has been neutralized, the sulfuric acid supply is stopped and the spent washing water and UNIT530 is supplied to the water sump with a high salt content. The water is then pumped through filters to a deaeration column to remove oxygen. Deaerated water is collected at the bottom of the column. The wastewater return pump pumps the water from the column back to the condensate stabilization tank (UNIT210). Waste Water Scavenge Pumps pump water into the Process Water Surge Tank at site UNIT562.

UNIT-561. The site of the non-condensed oil system is designed to collect oil and condensate from the closed drainage system: trapped oil from the UNIT 560 separator, from the inclined plate separator and from the drainage tank of process water located on UNIT562.

UNIT-562. The site is designed to clean incoming water and supply purified water to the water re-injection unit.

UNIT-590. The water discharge system site is designed for water re-injection. Filtered water from unit UNIT562 is supplied to injection wells. Immediately before

safety filters are installed by the reverse injection well to prevent injection of foreign objects into the well.

UNIT-650. Chemical storage area.

is intended for storage of diethylene glycol and its supply to distribution system.

UNIT-220. Condensate storage area. It consists of two condensate storage tanks and a condensate pumping station, and the construction of a condensate commercial measurement unit consisting of four parallel measurement lines is also provided. Condensate from pumps through a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm under a pressure of 5.5 MPa and a temperature of 450C passes through the filter, measuring unit and is sent to

main pipeline. A bar is provided for calibration of measuring counters. Drainage from the measurement unit is carried out to the closed drain tank. The volume of the tank is 28,000 - this is the daily storage rate.

Electric equipment

Consumers of electricity are electric receivers installed on designed technological sites and auxiliary facilities.

Power electric receivers are electric appliances of compressors, pump units, ventilation units, equipment of heating and air conditioning systems of industrial premises, lighting units, automation, control and alarm systems.

The Karachaganak processing complex (KPC) for ensuring the reliability of electricity supply as a whole belongs to consumers of the first category.

These consumers include compressors, oil pumps, gas and oil air cooling devices, electric valves, ventilation plants of pumped oil pumping stations, industrial-storm and domestic effluents, fan plant of finished products warehouses, control points and units to the fire extinguishing system, ventilation plants providing explosion hazard at technological facilities, emergency lighting networks.

In addition, in the composition of electric consumers at the KPC there are groups of electric receivers, the break in the power supply of which threatens the life and health of people, explosion, fire, damage to the main technological equipment. These include production emergency shutdown systems, main process control and monitoring systems, fire alarms and gas leakage alarms, communication systems, evacuation lighting. These consumers belong to a special group of electric receivers of the first category.

Electric receivers of the second category on designed

KPC facilities are pumps, air cooling devices, electrical valves at gas purification and drying plants

and low-temperature condensation plants, electric receivers of gas measurement and reception points, cleaning facilities.

Electrical receivers of engineering support systems of administrative buildings (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, water supply and sewerage, other auxiliary installations), energy consumers of warehouses and other buildings, services, consumers of electrochemical protection systems, general internal and external lighting at KPC facilities belong to consumers of the third category.

To ensure normal operation, the equipment of the process platforms is designed to create uninterrupted power supply systems for them in the required amount and with a rated amount. The degree of uninterrupted power supply for different groups of consumers is determined by their categoricity in terms of requirements [8]. Electric receivers of the first category are provided with electricity from two independent power sources, a break in their power supply is allowed only for the time of automatic introduction of backup power.

For a special group of electric receivers of the first category, additional power is provided from a third independent mutually redundant power source.

For electric consumers of the second category, the power supply interruption is allowed for the time required to switch on the backup power supply by the actions of the duty personnel or the field operational team.

For electric receivers of the third category, a break in power supply is allowed for the time required to repair or replace the damaged element of the power supply system, but not more than 24 hours.

The KPC complex is a large energy-intensive enterprise. Power distribution on it from the power source, from its own power plant, is carried out mainly at a voltage of 35 kV, which is the first stage of the circuit

distributions. Only power is supplied at 6 kV voltage

auxiliary needs of the power plant, emergency loads and substations No. 5 and No. 6, from which consumers in the pre-plant zone are fed.

The 35 kV power distribution functions at the PDA are performed by the main substation V470 of the power plant.

Power distribution at substations is carried out through power transformers installed at different voltage stages taking into account selected voltages of electric consumers:

6 kV, 6/0.69 kV; 0.4/02.23 kV.

Bus partitioning is provided in all parts of the power distribution system. All elements of the circuit are constantly under load, in the event of an accident of one of them, the remaining ones in the operation take over its load by redistributing it among themselves, taking into account the permissible overload.

All electrical equipment at KPC facilities is selected in accordance with the conditions of the environment in which it will be operated and the classification of objects by explosion and fire hazard.

Power electrical equipment, as well as protection, control and alarm devices, types and structures of supply and distribution networks at all PDA sites are selected on the basis of electrical loads of process, heating, lighting and other installations.

The technical characteristics of this equipment are determined by its purpose, safety conditions in operation, reliability in operation, convenience in maintenance, availability of spare parts, necessary reserve, economic feasibility, experience in using at similar facilities.

For electrical support installed in explosive zones, according to [8], the appropriate level of explosion protection is accepted - depending on the class of the explosive zone and the type of explosion protection - depending on the category and group of explosive mixture for which it is intended.

Distribution transformer substations NN4,41,1,11 are installed on the KPC territory to connect electric consumers.)

All substations are made as stand-alone buildings in stationary design, with concrete walls, with a high degree of fire resistance and explosion resistance. The buildings are equipped with all necessary engineering systems to create in the switchgear room regulated operating conditions of electrical equipment and equipment of heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems. Plenum system

ventilation of the building ensures creation of excess pressure in it, which makes it possible to locate the substation on the territory of the production zone with accepted distances to other buildings and structures of production purpose. The floor of the switchgear (switchgear) of the substation is located at elevation plus

3.075 m. At the same elevation, ventilation, heating and air conditioning equipment is located in separate rooms. The basement floors of the buildings are designed to accommodate batteries and to lay cable.

All power transformers of the substation are oil-type and installed outside near the walls of the substation under the canopy in the transformer compartments. Fire partitions are installed between the compartments. Transformers mean oil collectors filled with crushed stone and connected to the oil-containing effluent pumping system.

In the switchgear room of substations No. 4 and No. 1, the main switchboards with a voltage of 6kV, 0.69 kV, 0.4kV are allowed, in substations 4-1- switchboards with a voltage of 0.4kV; 0.69 kV, in substation 1-1 - distribution boards 0.4 kV. In addition, in the rooms of the switchgears of these substations, the rest of the equipment is also located, ensuring the operation of all elements of the power supply system and control of the operation of energy consumers.

The distributing devices RU6kV, RU-0.69kv, RU0.4kV installed on substations are at the same time control panels of the engines working from network of 6 kV, 0.69 kV and also other consumers connected to RU0.4kV. Distribution boards of these switchgears are equipped with cabinets of the appropriate contractor depending on the purpose of the feeder, which is connected to this cabinet: a line to the transformer, a line to the distribution board, a line to the electric motor.

High-voltage and low-voltage motors of various drives at KPC facilities are supplied complete with process equipment and have the appropriate climatic design, degrees of protection against environmental conditions, the necessary level and type of explosion protection.

All distributed panels installed in substations and on

designed objects are supplied in cabinet design with prefabricated buses. All cabinets have natural ventilation.

All switchgears and cabinets are equipped with the necessary electrical and mechanical interlocks and protective enclosures to prevent access to live parts.

All switches, starters and contactors installed in the shields are accepted with an air gap, have a compact miniature design or a cast case design, are suitable for continuous operation, and have a category "B."

Sets of equipment of DC and AC uninterruptible power supply systems are installed in the substation switchgear. DC uninterruptible power supply units - 110V in substations have two mutually redundant rectifiers and two storage batteries. Autonomous battery power is designed for 24 hours, but as far as possible, the duration of connecting consumers to the battery is reduced to a minimum. Blocks of uninterrupted food of alternating current of 230B consist of two chargers, two converters of a direct current in variable, the battery and devices of regulation and management. All elements of 230B AC uninterruptible power supply units are designed for full load, batteries for 50% of the load.

In engine control centers, in distribution

devices of different voltage stages, as well as for switching equipment installed on power electrical equipment of technical facilities are provided with systems of built-in (integrated) protection and control.

System devices provide start-up control

devices through output relays of motor control units. These

devices are provided for starting by direct switching on non-reversible and reversible devices, as well as in start-up circuits using switches from star to triangle for two-speed engines, smooth starting circuits and in inverter drives with variable speed.

Cable networks and wiring are designed for connection of current collectors at KPC sites of field facilities. Accepted for cable and wire routing

are selected by rated currents in accordance with PUE instructions and IEC287 (calculation of constant cable loads) and IEC853 (calculation of cyclic or emergency cable loads).

Sections of all conductors to electric motors located in hazardous areas shall allow a long-term load of at least 125%. Low-voltage cables and control cables are accepted with copper multicore conductors with polychlorovinyl in a shell that does not spread combustion, reinforced with steel wire. 6kV power cables have a similar design. In the areas of joint open laying of cables with process pipelines, all fire requirements for approaches, protective casings, etc. are observed. Supply cables to especially responsible consumers of the first category are laid along a separate route.

For lighting of open platforms and indoor lighting of premises at PDA facilities, lamps of appropriate types are installed. Outdoor lighting networks are controlled automatically from photocell control units. Outdoor lighting of the area of ​ ​ the sites is carried out by lamps with 400vat high-pressure sodium lamps. Lamps are installed on separately installed masts and on towering parts of buildings and structures. In hazardous areas lighting equipment has explosion-proof design. Lighting power is supplied by alternating voltage of 220V, 50 Hz.

In addition to general lighting, the emergency lighting network is also provided at all PDA facilities. Emergency lighting

includes two categories:

-the first category - for heated rooms (substations,

equipment rooms with monitoring and control equipment, rooms with communication equipment, rooms for administrative buildings for offices).

-the second category - for external platforms, as well as rooms providing operation of process units, including start-up of de-energized equipment.

The project provides for the implementation of protective electrical safety measures in full, provided for by [8]. The main means of protecting maintenance personnel against electric shock is protective grounding or grounding.

At PDA sites to power electric consumers up to

1000 V four-wire AC mains adopted

400/230 V and 690/400 B with a deaf ground neutral.

Metal enclosures of all electrical machines, transformers, devices and luminaires, secondary windings of measuring transformers, metal enclosures and frames of distribution boards, control cabinets, cable structures connected with the electrical support unit shall be occupied.

The grounding devices are horizontal and depth grounding conductors. Horizontal are laid in a trench at a depth of 0.5 to 1m. Depth grounding conductors in the form of vertical electrodes installed to a depth of 5 to 30 m, based on provision of transition grounding resistance not more than 1 Ohm.

All process and auxiliary units with explosive zones are equipped with lightning protection first and

of the second category. Buildings and structures are protected from direct lightning strikes by lightning receptors installed on the highest structures of these facilities or on separately installed supports. as lightning receptors, a metal roof of buildings and canopies or lightning receptacle nets is also used.

Metal bridges are arranged on all extended metal structures and between parallel laid metal pipelines at their approach to the distance of not less than 10 cm.

Protection against high-potential drift through external ground or underground communications is carried out by connecting them at the entrance to the building or structure to the ground conductor of the protection against direct lightning strikes.

Power transformers on the 6kV side are protected by fuses or switches. All substation switchgears and other switchboards from which power consumers are supplied are equipped with all the necessary types of overload and short circuit protection.

Buildings on the KPC territory are adopted of the frame type from metal structures with wall and roof panels.

Characteristics of objects by categories and classes of explosion and fire hazard are given in Table 2.1.

Power supply

3.1 Definition of Technical

loadings

The results of load calculations are the initial data for all subsequent design. Electrical loads are determined for the following groups of electric receivers: up to 1000 V (lighting and power) and above 1000 V.

3.1.1 Approximate definition

Design Load Loads

platforms

To determine calculated loads, the demand factor method is used:

3.1.3 Reactive condensation

capacities and measures for

increasing the coefficient

capacity.

Active power of electric network is obtained from generators of electric stations, which are the only source of active power. Unlike active power, reactive power can be generated not only by generators but also by compensating devices - capacitors, synchronous compensators or static sources of reactive power (IRM), which can be installed at substations of the electric network. At a rated load the generators develop only about 60% of the required reactive power, 20% of percent are generated in tenches of electricity transmissions (power line) with tension higher than 110 kV, 20% develop the compensating devices located on substations or directly at the consumer.

Compensation for reactive power will be called its production or consumption using compensating devices.

Reactive power compensation, like any important technical measure, can be used for several different purposes. First, reactive power compensation is required under the condition of reactive power balance. Secondly, the compensating device (CU) installation is used to reduce power losses in the grid. Third, the device compensation is used for voltage control.

In all cases, when applying the CP, it is necessary to take into account the limitations to the technical regime requirements:

1. required power reserve in load units;

2. available reactive power on its tyres

source;

3. voltage deviation;

4. capacity of electrical networks.

To reduce reactive power flows via lines and

transformers, IRM shall be located in its vicinity

consumption. The transmitting elements of the network are unloaded by reactive power, thereby reducing losses of active power and voltage.

We calculate the capacity:

The condition is fulfilled (3.7), therefore, the selected three high-voltage capacitor units of the UKL6,31350 UZ type for the internal installation are accepted for the installation, the technical parameters of which are presented in Table 3.2

- power loss in transformer, kVA.

Calculation results are recorded in Table 3.1.

3.2 System Design

external power supply

3.2.1 Rational Choice

tension

Rated voltage affects technical and economic parameters and technical characteristics. With an increase in nominal voltage, power and power losses are reduced, operating costs are reduced, limit powers transmitted over lines are increased, and capital investments in the construction of the network are increased. A network of less rated voltage requires less capital costs, but operating costs are increased due to increased power and energy losses. Therefore, it is advisable to select the rated voltage correctly. The appropriate rated voltage depends on many factors, such as load power, distance from the power supply, the location of consumers relative to each other, the selected configuration of the electrical network, and voltage control methods.

The rational voltage of the supply line is approximately determined by nomograms depending on the transmitted power and the length of the supply lines. Approximate methods for calculating rational stress according to the following formulas are possible:

The voltage closest to the standard is accepted. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the existing voltage of possible current sources.

6 and 10 kV voltages are used in distribution networks depending on the voltage of high-voltage electric receivers.

Voltage of in-house networks is selected according to the conditions of layout of workshop equipment, technology and environment: 690 V, 400 V, 230 V for power supply to power and lighting receivers.

The nearest voltages are accepted according to the standard: 35 kV and

110 kV. From which a rational cost will get out.

3.2.2 Number and Power Selection

power transformers

If the enterprise has consumers of the first or second category, power must be supplied from two transformers.

Power of transformers is selected so that one transformer can provide operation in emergency mode with permissible long-term overload of 40% for not more than five

days, every day for six hours, based on a normal load of 70%.

The condition for proper loading of transformers will be :

The transformer reloading capacity is checked in case of emergency disconnection of one of them:

Standard voltage of 35 kW is accepted for the external power supply system of the enterprise (in this case there are the best technical and economic indicators), 6 kW in the distribution network, since all consumers are at 6 kW

25. Electric cartogram

loadings

The cartogram is the location of a circle on the general plan of the enterprise, the area of ​ ​ which corresponds to the calculated loads on the selected scale:

where is the radius of the circle;

m- scale for U < 1kV m = 1, for U > 1kV m = 0.255

When building a map of site loads, centers

circles are aligned with centers of weights of geometric figures depicting platforms.

The lighting load is shown as the hatched area of the entire load on U < 1kV.

Calculation results are summarized in Table 3.7

Coordinates of the conditional center of active loads:

The center of electrical loads is located on the territory of the site, therefore, we shift the GPP towards the supply of electricity from the power system.

3.2.6 GPP Location Selection

The choice of location, type, capacity and other parameters of the GPP is determined by the size and nature of electrical loads and their placement on the general plan and in the production premises of the enterprise, as well as depends on production, architectural, construction and operational requirements. It is important that the GPP is located as close as possible to the center of the loads fed by them. It is allowed

displacement of substations by some distance from geometric center of loads supplied by it towards input from power system.

The GPU is two-transformer. The capacity of transformers is determined by the active load of the enterprise and the reactive power transmitted from the system during the maximum load period. When selecting the substation location, the duration of the receivers is also taken into account.

When developing GPP switching schemes, medium-capacity enterprises should strive for their maximum simplification and use of a minimum of switching devices.

3.3.2 Selection of plant distribution network diagram

Distribution of electric power is performed by main, radial or mixed circuit.

The choice of the scheme is determined by the category of reliability of electricity consumers, their territorial location, and the features of operating modes.

Radial are such schemes in which electricity from the power source is transmitted directly to the receiving point. More often, radial circuits with a number of stages of no more than two are used.

Single-stage radial circuits are used in small and medium-sized enterprises to power concentrated consumers (pumping stations, furnaces, converter units, workshop substations) located in various directions from the power center.

Radial diagrams provide deep partitioning of the entire power supply system, starting from the power supply source and ending with prefabricated buses up to 1 kW of workshop substations.

Power supply of large substations or distribution points with predominance of consumers of the first category is provided by at least two radial lines coming from different sections of power sources.

Separately located single-transformer substations with a capacity of 400630 kW are powered by

single radial lines without redundancy, if there are no consumers of the first and second category and according to the conditions of laying, its quick repair is possible. If separate substations have consumers of the second category, then their power should be provided by a two-cable line with a disconnector on each cable.

Main power distribution schemes are used when many consumers and radial schemes are impractical. The main advantage of the backbone circuit is the reduction of switching links.

It is advisable to use backbone schemes when the substations are located on the plant territory close to linear, which contributes to the direct passage of the highways from the power source to consumers and thereby reduce the length of the highway.

The disadvantage of trunk circuits is lower reliability compared to radial circuits, since the possibility of redundancy at the lower voltage of single-transformer substations when supplying them along one line is excluded.

It is recommended to supply from one line no more than two or three transformers with a capacity of 2500 1000 kVA and no more than four or five at a power of 630,250 kVA.

In case of main power supply circuits of shop substations, at the input to the transformer, a more down switching equipment is installed in the form of a load switch or a disconnector. If it is necessary to ensure selective disconnection of the transformer in case of its damage or if the protection on the head switch is not sensitive, then a PC type fuse is installed in series with the load switch or disconnector, designed to disconnect the damaged transformer without disrupting the rest. Two cases of power supply are considered.

It is planned to build four 6/0.69kV and 6/0.4kV TPs for power supply to the process site.

Cable jumpers between adjacent TPs are provided on the 0.4kV and 0.69kV sides for power redundancy. Distance from thrust reverser to TP1 and TP2 - 70 m, to TP3 and TP490 m. It is required to draw up a power scheme for four TPs at radial and

by their main connection to the switchgear and select the optimal version as per TER to ensure normal and emergency operation modes of TP transformers.

Solution:

I variant. TP is powered by four radial lines. The cable SBSH6 is accepted for laying on the installation in the Electronic trays.

1. Settlement current of the cable line at power supply of transformers, And:

Thus, the 2 variant with the main power supply circuit is more expensive. 1 option with 78% subdivided power, so separate power is chosen.

3.3 Systems Design

internal power supply

3.3.1 Calculation of electrical loads

process area No.

220.

The demand factor method is used to calculate Electronic loads. Calculation results are summarized in Table 3.8

3.3.3 Number and Power Selection

transformers

transformer substations

Selection of number and power of transformers is made in the same way as selection of power transformers of GPP (see item 4.2.2).

Calculation results are summarized

3.3.4 Cable Line Section Selection

Cable grade, cable routing method are selected according to the manufacturing characteristic.

Cable section is selected by current economic density and heating in normal and post-accident modes. When selecting a section by economic current density, the nearest smaller standard section should be taken in relation to the calculated one. When selecting a section by heating, take the nearest larger section. For parallel lines, the current of the serial mode is taken as the calculated current when one supply line has left the

building.

In the oil industry, cable lines are accepted, an advantage with copper cores, polyvinyl chloride insulation, in lead sheathing, laid on racks in electric trays.

Design current of the line according to the formula in normal mode:

Conditions () are fulfilled, therefore, the cable passes through the permissible voltage loss.

Check of section of thermal resistance to short-circuit currents by formula:

The next standard section according to table P 4.9 [3] 70 of mm with since on thermal firmness of section is more chosen, cables of the section of 70 mm are accepted.

The permissible heating load is checked according to the following condition:

Conditions () are fulfilled, therefore, the cable passes through the permissible voltage loss.

Technical data of selected cables are given in Table 3.11

Table 3.11 - Technical parameters of 6kV cables

The cable lines supplying the load of 6 kV are selected in the same way.

Design line current in normal mode:

Check by permissible voltage check:

3.4 Calculation of short currents

short circuits

In electrical installations, various types of short circuits can occur, accompanied by a sharp increase in current.

Therefore, electrical equipment installed in systems

power supply must be resistant to short-circuit currents and selected taking into account the wells of these currents.

The main reasons for the occurrence of short circuits in the network may be: damage to the insulation of individual parts of the electrical installation; incorrect actions of maintenance personnel; overlapping of current parts of the plant.

To prevent short circuits and reduce their consequences, it is necessary to eliminate the causes of short circuits; Reduce the duration of the short circuit protection; use fast-acting switches; use ARN to quickly restore generator voltage; correctly calculate the values of short circuit currents and select the necessary equipment, protection and means for limiting short circuit currents using them.

To calculate short-circuit currents, a calculation circuit corresponding to the normal operation of the power supply system is composed. According to the calculation scheme, a substitution scheme is made in which the resistance of sources and consumers is indicated and points are indicated for calculating short-circuit currents.

Figure 1.- Initial diagram (a) and replacement diagram (b)

The nominal power of the transformer and the average voltage of the stage with points K3 and. We determine the base current by the formula:

For point K1: 0.0028 < 0.0399/3 the condition is met, for point K2: 0.02 > 0.0503/3 the condition is not met. Then in the first case, the active resistance is not taken into account, and in the second case, it is taken into account.

So K3 in the points considered is

Shock current at points K1 and K2 is determined. There is an impact coefficient on the curve ,

Calculation results are summarized in Table 3.13

3.5 Switching System Selection

equipment above 1000 V,

busbars and insulators

above 1000 V

3.5.1 Selection of switches

Selection of switches is performed according to certain conditions

switch

apparatus can withstand thermal resistance without damage for a certain time.

- heat pulse,

3.5.2 Selection of separators

The separator is selected in the same way as the switch according to:

1. nominal voltage;

2. nominal long-term current;

3. electrodynamic resistance;

4. thermal resistance.

3.5.3 Selection of current transformers

where is the nominal allowable load (at a given accuracy class), Ohm

The selection results are summarized in Table 3.14.

3.5.5 Selection of arresters

RVM-35 - modernized valve discharger, for

protection and insulation of electrical equipment from

atmospheric and short-term internal

overvoltage.

RVM-35 nominal parameters:

PBM6 - the rated sportsman valve, modernized with nominal parameters:

Technical data of selection are given in Table 3.15

3.5.6 Transformer selection

tension

HTMU-6-66 (star/star/triangle) - natural oil-cooled voltage transformer for measuring circuits [], installed on each section of busbars and connected to it are measuring devices of all connections of this section and insulation monitoring devices of 6000V network. Technical data of voltage transformer are given in Table 3.16

2 100 * 8 mm copper tyres with

The selected tyres are checked according to the following conditions:

1. Thermal stability

Stress in material:

The condition is met, from here follows the bus dynamically

stable.

3.5.8 Selection of insulators

Support insulators for internal installation, for fixation of buses and equipment of switchgears of OF6375UZ type are selected. Checked against allowable load:

The condition (3.84) is met, therefore the insulators pass along the mechanical strength.

Pass-through insulators are selected to remove conductive parts from buildings and lay tyres through walls and floors of P6/250375 type.

Checked against allowable load:

180.64<225

The condition is fulfilled, therefore the insulators pass along the mechanical strength.

Technical data of insulators selection are given in Table 3.18

3. by disabling capability

(3.87)

where, - initial effective value of periodic component of short circuit current.

The selection results are summarized in Table 3.14

3.5.9 Selection of package

switchgear

Complete switchgears are designed to receive and distribute electric power of three-phase AC industrial frequency, consist of a set of typical cabinets in a metal shell. Circuit breakers, voltage transformers, arresters, cable assemblies, substation auxiliary equipment, power units are built into the cabinets of the packaged switchgear.

fuses, bus jumpers.

Switchgears are simultaneously control boards of electric motors operating from the 6 kV network, as well as other consumers connected to the switchgears - 0.4 kV.

Switchgears are equipped with vacuum type switches. Technical data are given in Table 3.20.

devices

3.6 LOW NETWORK CALCULATION

TENSION

The distribution network is made by a VRG cable - in a polyvinyl chloride shell that does not spread combustion for laying indoors.

Sections of cables for voltage up to 1000 V are selected according to the heating condition with a long design current.

- rated current or protective actuation current

apparatus, A.

The selection results are summarized in Table 3.21

Networks of industrial enterprises with a voltage of up to 1000 V are characterized by a large length and the presence of a large number of switching protection equipment. At 1000V, even a small voltage has a significant effect on the K3 current. Therefore, the calculations take into account all the resistance of the short circuit, both inductive and active. Calculation of K3 currents at voltages up to 1000V is performed in named units. High voltage power supply system component resistances result in low voltage.

6/0.69

K-3

K-3

Figure 2 - Initial scheme (a) and replacement scheme (b)

Transformer resistance in relative units (according to passport data):

Resistance at l = 5 m and resistivity, [5].

The transient resistance of the machine contacts is received equal to ;;.

Resistance of primary windings of coil current transformers;.

Then the resulting resistance of the short circuit without taking into account (cable resistance up to 1000V)

Resistance of transient windings of current transformer coils;.

Resulting short circuit resistance (excluding cable resistance up to

Calculation results are summarized in Table 3.22

Table 3.22 - Results of short current calculations

closure.

3.8 Calculation of grounding devices

Grounding is the deliberate galvanic connection of the metal parts of the electrical installation with the grounding device.

Protective grounding is the grounding of parts of the electrical installation in order to ensure electrical safety.

When calculating the grounding device, the type of grounding conductors, their number and location, as well as the cross section of grounding conductors are determined. This calculation is made for the expected resistance of the grounding device in accordance with the existing PES requirements.

The soil surrounding the grounding conductors is not uniform. The presence of sand, construction debris and groundwater in it has a great influence on the resistance of the soil. Therefore, PES recommends determining the resistivity of the soil by direct measurements at the place where the grounding conductors will be located.

The soil resistivity is the most important value determining the resistance of the grounding device. Seasonal variations in soil resistivity must be taken into account.

In case of loop grounding, the grounding electrodes are located along the perimeter of the protecting territory; with a large area, grounding electrodes are also laid inside it. Loop grounding is recommended in all cases, and in installations above 1000V it is mandatory.

The method of placing the earthing electrodes (in a row or by loop) is determined according to the plan. In installations with high ground currents on the ground, the earthing wires and communication strips should be arranged so as to ensure that the potential is distributed as evenly as possible over the area occupied by the electrical equipment. To this end, leveling conductors are laid along the axes of the equipment at a depth of 0.5 m, which are connected to transverse conductors every 6 minutes.

It is required to calculate the grounding device of building 6/0.6904 of process area No. 220. So the single-phase ground fault in the network for 6 kV is (the calculated fault current is taken equal to the melting current of fuses p 1.7.59 [2]).

Soil resistivity at the building construction site is (p 257 [4]).

Measured resistance of cable sheaths for site power supply is. Perimeter of grounding device loop around building L = 190 m. Distance between grounding electrodes

a = 10 m.

Solution: The resistance of the grounding device is determined based on the condition of a common grounding device for voltages of 0.4kV; 0.69 kV and 6 kV:

Grounding device resistance for side 04. kV, as well as for the 6 kV side with a large ground, should be 4 ohms. Since the value of the resistance of the natural grounding is more than permissible according to the standards, additional artificial grounding electrodes should be used, the resistance of which is:

3.9 Calculation of pump room lighting

of process building compartment

area No. 220

For lighting of open areas and internal lighting of premises at PDA facilities, installation of lighting fixtures of appropriate types is provided. External illumination networks are controlled automatically from control units with photocells. Outdoor lighting of the area of ​ ​ the sites is carried out by lamps with 400vat high-pressure sodium lamps. Lamps are installed on separately installed masts and on towering parts of buildings and structures. Internal lighting is carried out by fluorescent lamps 2x36 cotton lamps. And in explosive areas, lighting fixtures have the corresponding explosion-proof design. Lighting fixtures are powered by alternating current of 220V, 50 Hz.

Illumination of the pump compartment of the process area building No. 220 is carried out by explosion-proof fluorescent lamps of type FNDV 2040 2x36 Watt and explosion-proof floodlights of type OTN 250/HPS -T 250 Watt with protection of type Ex N, that is, anti-ignition protection.

The calculation of sanctification is carried out by the use factor method.

The index of room i is determined by the formula:

3.10 Special part. Installation

self-regulating

SX heating cable

Self-regulating heating cable SX is designed for heating pipes and assemblies. Distinguish between PSX and TSX cables.

The typical design of SX cables is as follows:

1. Puddle copper-nickel or nickel conductors with a section of 1.2 mm.

2. The self-regulating heating element is a heating matrix of various capacities.

3. Thermoplastic insulation shell.

4. Puddle copper-zinc or copper-nickel protective winding.

5. Corrosion resistant external protective jacket.

The cable is designed for heating from 110V to 120V and from 220V to 240V. The PSX and TSX cable types are described in Table 3.10 and 3.11 respectively.

Length of cable heating circuit is considered at:

- 80% of load of sixteen ampere fuse and

actuation at temperature 20 * С;

- current supply at one point.

For PSX type cables, the maximum on temperature is 60 * С and the maximum off temperature is 85 * С.

For TSX type cables, the maximum ON temperature is 121 * С and the OFF temperature is 190 * С.

3.10.1 Preparation Procedure for

to installation

Depending on system design, but required up to

installations, you must perform the following checks:

1. Ensure that the equipment received meets the design specification.

2. Make sure that the pipeline along which the cable will be routed is the same length as specified in the installation drawing and has no sharp corners that can damage the cable.

3. Identify locations of power supply points, control and auxiliary equipment.

4. Coordinate with the insulation contractor the possibility of installation of insulation immediately after cable laying to reduce the possibility of its mechanical damage.

5. When using the bushing insulation set, it must be installed on the heating cable before terminating the power end of the cable.

3.10.2 Preparation of force end

1. Take the power end of the cable, cut off the outer jacket and metal braid so that the braid can be filled inside when the seal is installed. Put cable gland on at least 145 mm.

2. Remove 110 mm insulation from the cable using a knife.

3. Delete matrix material between two conductors. To do this, it is recommended to use scissors.

4. Apply the contents of one tube of silicone sealing compound RTV2 inside the finished cover TBX/3L.

5. Put TBX/3L cover on matrix-coated conductor and cable insulation. Crimp the covering, removing air pockets (check the seam waterproofness). Remove RTV2 sealing compound and matrix from protruding ends of conductors.

3.10.3 Far End Preparation

1. Cut cable of required length. Remove 32 mm top shirt.

2. Cut cable of required length. Slide the braid and cut 19 mm from the end of the cable.

3. Wrap one strip of Teflon tape around the end. Continue winding 8 mm behind the cable end. Fold the projecting end of the tape winding back along the paddle.

4. Put the metal braid back on the wrapped end of the cable. Twist the free ends of the braid and trim to 13 mm.

5. Install the tip on the twisted braid and crimp. Trim the braid not trapped by the tip.

6. Apply RTV2 type sealant inside ET8 end blanking and onto cable.

7. Put the end plug on the cable. Crimp the plug, removing the air pockets and check the watertightness of the seam.

3.10.4 Typical Systems

electrical heatings

1. Current supply

2. Circuit switch

heating with lamp

(lockable)

3. Thermostat

4. Clamping box

For a maximum of three

cables through side bolts.

Standard clamping

the box can connect no more than four cables. On request, ordinary clamps may provide a fifth connection.

5. Self-regulating heating cable

6. Signal lamp

7. ESSX8 or ES-SX-10 Termination Kit

3.10.5 Installation Sequence

heat tracing system

1. Make sure that all the intended pipes and assemblies are properly traced and checked for heating.

2. All surfaces must be clean. All possible contaminants such as oil or rust must be eliminated.

3. The pipe surface must be dry before installing the cable.

4. Set which heating circuits with which cable lengths can be mounted.

5. If possible, mount the long heating circuits first.

6. Use a specific sequential length for the appropriate heating.

7. The cable can be connected to the clamp box in the factory.

8. After mounting the clamp boxes and cable, check the insulation resistance of the cable. Measure each supply wire against protective braid under 500V DC.

9. If the thermostat is installed on the pipeline, this is done first. In case of horizontal pipeline the thermostat is mounted to the ChR mounting console in perpendicular position. In case of installation of thermostat with installation column under the pipeline, humidity can be collected on the ChR mounting console gasket. To prevent moisture from penetrating one of the provided holes must be open for swelling. The thermostat shall not be mounted too close to the fittings or flange as the thickness and application of the thermal insulation may completely or partially close the thermostat.

10. Mount the clamp box to the pipe. If, in case of horizontal pipes, the box of clamps with the mounting column is fixed at the bottom of the pipe, then one of the provided holes must be open for swelling. The thermostat shall not be mounted too close to the fittings or flange as the thickness and application of the thermal insulation may be completely or partially closed.

11. Mark the angle of the gasket on the pipe with chalk, if necessary.

12. Route the cable through the pipe. Secure it with PF1/PF1H polyester fastener tape:

PF-1 - for maximum pipe temperature up to

85 * С,

PF-1H- for maximum pipe temperature up to

200*C.

The cable is installed in certain places. The cable is fixed on the pipeline every 30 cm. When heating the plastic pipe, the cable is glued additionally with aluminum tape, after strengthening in the pipe. To increase the thermal conductivity of the plastic pipe, the pipe can be wrapped with aluminum foil before mounting the cable. The cable shall be attached to the pipe in parallel.

Ensure that enough cable is installed where additional heat loss is expected (such as flanges, valves, tools, etc.).

13. The cable shall be attached to the pipe in parallel. This is necessary to prevent collection of corrosive liquids around the cable and mechanical damage (not used for spiral coiling cables).

14. When passing pipe fittings (valves, flanges and the like), make sure that the heating cable is in close contact and the required cable tolerance is maintained.

15. If possible, position the capillary protrusion within the heating zone of the device and set the thermostat to the operating temperature.

16. Cut the cable at the end of the heating circuit and finish. If the final termination is not installed immediately, the cable is closed for a certain time by the final cap.

17. Protect the cable at critical locations from damage (such as on a cylindrical heat insulation pulley on valves, pumps, flanges, etc.).

18. Check all heating devices for continuity and insulation resistance using the test equipment, respectively, before installing the thermal insulation and entering the results in the checklist.

19. Provide protection against short circuit and excess of allowable current in a location with protection against leakage to ground, if required. Ensure that the skin to be installed is as specified in the system design.

20. Put all current, mounted cable lengths in the checklist and isometrics.

21. Make sure that the pipes are properly grounded. Make sure that the protective equipment complies with the device parameters. If necessary, ensure that the thermostat installation complies with the system design.

22. Set the thermostat to a certain temperature. If necessary, the position of the mechanical thermostat may be fixed by a silicone RTV adhesive which is applied between the head and the scale.

23. Check the device again for continuity and insulation resistance (minimum 10 mOhm). In case of disturbances (resistance is too low), first check the cable at the heat insulation input and at the end closures.

24. Put warning labels after installation of the skin, every three meters on different sides of the pipe.

Relay protection and automation

In addition to the listed main electrical equipment, numerous relay protection devices, automation, alarms, etc. are used.

Relay protection is provided in accordance with [8] and the requirements of regulatory instructions.

Relay protection and automation devices speed up the elimination of accidents and violations of the plant operation mode and help to quickly restore its normal mode.

To protect against interfacial short circuits of electrical network elements, especially with their one-way power supply, Maximum Current Protections (MTZ), as well as current cuts, are widely used. They are widely used to protect against single-phase earth faults.

MTZ is one of the most reliable, cheap and easy to perform protections, refers to protections with a time delay.

A typical cutoff is called MTZ, the selectivity of which is provided not by stepwise selection of time delay, but by choosing the appropriate response current, this is a fast-acting current protection.

4.1 Calculation of force protection

transformer

According to [8] the following types of protection shall be provided for the transformer relay protection:

1. Simplified longitudinal differential protection (with two

relay with DT11 type braking, brake winding on

on the current of the side of the lower voltage - from interfacial short circuits.)

2. Shallow current. protection according to the scheme of an incomplete star from the power side - from external short circuits.

3. Gas protection - against winding faults and other intra-tank damage.

4. Current in one phase - from overload.

4.1.1 Longitudinal differential

protection

Calculation in the following order:

1. Average values of primary and secondary rated currents are determined for all sides of the protected transformer.

Since the sensitivity factor satisfies the condition, the received scheme provides reliable redundancy.

4.1.3 Gas protection

Gas protection is based on the use of the phenomenon of gas formation in the tank of a damaged transformer. It is performed for transformers c. The intensity of gas generation depends on the nature and size of the damage. This makes it possible to perform a gas protection capable of distinguishing the degree of damage, and depending on this act on

signal or disconnection.

The main element of gas protection is the KSG gas relay installed in the oil pipeline between the tank and the expander.

Advantages of gas protection: high sensitivity and response to almost all types of damage inside the tank; a relatively short response time; simplicity of execution, as well as ability to protect the transformer in case of permissible oil level decrease for any reasons.

4.1.4 Overload Protection

It is performed by one current relay connected to the current of any phase in the circuit of one of the current transformers of protection from external DC.

4.2 Condenser plant protection

Capacitor plants connected in parallel to electric power receivers are designed to increase the power factor in the power supply system. They are also used for local voltage control, so capacitor plants are equipped with automatic voltage regulators (APC).

Protection against multiphase short circuits is provided for the whole capacitor plant. In networks with a voltage above 1000V, it is performed by fuses or two-phase current cutoff. In addition, group protection of batteries, of which the installation consists, is provided. Group protection is not required if the capacitors are individually protected.

The nominal current of the fuse insert and the current of protection actuation is selected taking into account the deviation from the transient currents when the capacitor unit is switched on and current shocks at overvoltage. The sensitivity of the protection is considered sufficient at.

Overload protection is provided in cases where it is possible to overload capacitors with higher harmonic currents due to the close proximity of powerful rectifiers.

Voltage rise protection is set if a voltage exceeding 1.1 can be applied to the unit capacitor for a long time. Protection is performed by one maximum voltage relay and time relay. Automatic re-activation is provided

capacitor plant after restoring the initial voltage level, but not earlier than five minutes after its shutdown.

4.3 Protection and Automation of Asynchronous

motors with voltage higher than

1000B

For protection against multiphase short circuits are used

fuses, short-lived current cuts and longitudinal differential protections.

Fuses can be used when connecting an electric motor to the mains through a load switch.

The current cutoff without time delay is installed on motors with a power of Rd < 5000 kW, and for motors with a power of Rd < 2000 kW it is single-relay, with the relay switched on for the difference in currents of the two phases. If the cut-off sensitivity is insufficient or if the circuit breaker drive has two direct current relays, a two-speed cut-off is applied, which is mandatory for motors with a power of Rd > 2000 kW.

Longitudinal differential protection is installed on motors with a power of Rd of 2000 kW and less if the current cut-off is insufficient. To simplify protection, it is two-phase.

Ground fault protection, acting on disconnection, is installed on engines with a capacity of Rd 2000 MW only in cases when the ground fault current is Iz 10A. The protection relay is connected to the zero sequence single-transformer current filter.

Overload protection is provided on motors subject to overload for technical reasons, as well as on motors with especially difficult start-up and self-start conditions lasting 20 seconds or more. The induction elements of the PT80 relay are protected. Note here that induction element with time delay dependent on current multiplicity is used for overload protection while element without time delay is used for cutoff.

The minimum voltage protection is two-stage. The first stage is intended to facilitate

self-start of responsible motors, it disconnects motors of non-essential mechanisms. The second protection stage disconnects part of the motors of the responsible mechanisms, self-starting of which is unacceptable according to safety conditions (TB) or due to the peculiarities of the process.

Automatic re-actuation devices (VAS) are provided on the bases of electric motors, which are disconnected by minimum voltage protection to ensure self-starting of other critical motors.

4.4 Cable Line Protection

voltage above 1000V

On 6 kV cable lines, relay protection devices against inter-phase faults and from single-phase ground faults are provided. The most common type of protection is maximum current protection. It is recommended to perform such protection against interfacial faults in a two-phase version and include it in the same phases throughout the entire network of this voltage in order to turn off in most cases double faults to the ground of only one fault site. Depending on the sensitivity requirements, the protection can be single, two- or three-line.

Ground fault current protection is usually performed with zero sequence currents on the filter. It comes into effect as a result of zero sequence currents passing through the damaged section due to the capacity of the entire electrically connected network without taking into account the capacity of the damaged line.

Economics and organization

6.1 Determination of Cost Price

1 kWh transmission and distribution

electric power

In the economic part of the diploma project, a calculation is made to determine the cost of transmitting and distributing 1kWh of electricity to the distribution substation.

The cost depends on the degree of use of the installed capacity of the power plant, that is, on the mode of its operation (load schedule). This dependence of the cost of a unit of energy on the number of hours of use of installed capacity is called the operational economic characteristic.

The more hours the installed capacity is used, the lower the cost of a unit of energy, because with an increase in the use of production capacity in the unit cost, the specific weight of conditionally constant costs, which do not depend on the amount of energy generated, decreases.

The level of cost depends significantly on the capacity of the power plant: with an increase in the capacity of the power plant and the unit capacity of the units installed on it, the cost of production decreases.

Reducing the cost of production is the main source of efficiency growth, increasing profits and increasing profitability.

The main ways to reduce cost: increase labor productivity, reduce material costs, improve equipment and production technology, implement

Best practices in the organization of production and labour.

6.2 Energy Organization

services

The energy service organizes technically correct operation and timely repair of energy and environmental equipment and power systems, uninterrupted provision of electricity production, control over rational consumption of electricity resources.

He also manages the planning of energy nodes and farms, the development of schedules for the repair of energy equipment and power systems, plans for the production and consumption of electricity by the enterprise, and norms. consumption and consumption modes of all types of energy.

It ensures the preparation of applications and necessary calculations for them for the purchase of energy equipment, materials, spare parts, for the supply of electricity to the enterprise and the addition of additional power to power supply enterprises, the development of measures to reduce energy consumption rates, the introduction of new equipment that contributes to more reliable, economical and safe operation of power plants, as well as increase labor productivity.

The energy service participates in the development of technical re-equipment of the enterprise, the introduction of means of integrated mechanization and automation of production processes, reconstruction and modernization of the enterprise's power supply systems, in the compilation of technical tasks for the design of new and reconstruction of existing energy facilities, and also organizes the development of measures to increase the power factor.

6.3 Wage Management

Each employed employee of the enterprise receives a salary for the work done by the employer, that is,

a certain amount of money that compensates for its costs

work and providing it with a certain level of satisfaction

personal needs as well as those of his family members. Wages require that different types of work be measured in terms of their complexity and the level of qualification of the employee.

To organize the remuneration of employees is to develop, use and constantly maintain in working condition a tool that provides a monetary assessment of the work performed by the employee, calculation and payment of wages in accordance with this assessment.

The organization of wages at the enterprise includes:

• establishment of conditions (norms) of remuneration;

• establishment of standards of labor costs (labor duties of employees);

• Determination of the remuneration system, that is, the method of accounting for individual and collective labor results;

• Procedure for change and organization of remuneration.

The organization of wages in the enterprise is regulated

republican labor legislation.

In conditions of market relations development, the organization

wages at the enterprise is designed to provide solutions

a two-pronged task:

- guarantee the remuneration of each employee in

according to the results of his work and the cost of labor

labour market forces;

- provide the employer with achievements in the process

producing a result that would allow it

recoup costs and make a profit.

Thus, through the organization of wages, the necessary compromise is reached between the interests of the employer and the employee, which contributes to the development of social partnership relations between the two driving forces of the market economy.

Conclusion

The following issues were considered in the diploma project, the theme of which is the power supply to the technological site No. 220 of the Karachaganak processing complex: characteristic of electroreceivers, calculation of electric loads of the enterprise, compensation of reactive power by means of condenser installations, the choice of power of power transformers and in-plant substations, the choice of section of a feed line over 1000 V and to 1000, calculation of short circuit currents, taking into account sizes of short circuit currents the equipment is chosen; calculation of grounding devices; calculation of lighting of the process platform building (nose compartment); calculation of relay protection of power transformer and description of main cable protections above 1000 V, asynchronous motors above 1000 V and protection of capacitor units.

In a special part of the project, the installation of the self-regulating heating cable SX was considered.

In the section of labor protection, safety measures during maintenance and repair of electrical equipment, protective equipment used at the CPC, fire prevention measures, industrial sanitation issues are considered.

In the economic part of the diploma project, a calculation was made to determine the cost of transmitting and distributing 1 kWh of electricity to a distributed substation.

List of sources used

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