Diploma on the calculation of the main oil pipeline 30 million tons

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1 GENERAL PART

1.1 General information about the object

1.2 Geographical area and climatic conditions

1.3 Population

2 DESIGN PART

2.1 Selection of trunk pipeline route in accordance with regulatory documents

2.2 Hydraulic calculation of oil pipeline

2.2.1 Selection of pump equipment

2.3 Cathode Station Calculation

3 PROCESS PART

3.1 Requirements for transitions through natural and artificial obstacles

3.2 Pipeline engineering protection against hazardous geological processes

3.3 Operation of the pipeline

3.4 Land, surface and groundwater

3.5 Main Process Solutions for Main Oil Pipeline and Oil Pumping Stations

3.5.1 External power supply

3.5.2 On-site power supply

3.5.3 Grounding and lightning protection

3.5.4 Corrosion protection

3.5.5 Power supply of linear part facilities

3.5.6 Purpose of automated control systems

3.5.7 Automation

3.5.8 Hardware Package

3.5.9 Linear part

3.5.10 Pump stations

3.5.11 Leak Detection System

3.5.12 Master Plan

3.5.13 Intermediate pumps without tank farms

3.5.14 Climatic and geological characteristics of the route

3.5.15 Architectural and construction solutions

3.5.16 Linear structures

3.5.17 Fire safety of facilities

4 RESEARCH PART

4.1 General provisions

4.2 Main tasks of pipeline engineering surveys

4.3 Procedure for selection and approval of routes of main pipelines and industrial sites

4.4 Office Routing (Selection) of Pipeline Line at Project Stage

4.5 Geotechnical Survey

4.5.1 Geotechnical survey of crossing water obstacles

4.5.2 Geotechnical surveys at the stage of detailed documentation

4.5.3 Engineering and hydrometeorological surveys

4.6 Engineering and geological conditions of the linear part of the pipeline route "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean"

5 SAFETY OF VITAL ACTIVITIES

5.1 Analysis of hazardous and harmful production factors

5.2 Calculation of fire extinguishing system with high-multiple foam

5.3 Environmental Impact

5.4 Technical solutions and measures for environmental protection during operation

6 ECONOMIC PART

6.1 General provisions

6.2 Operating Costs

6.3 Labor Costs

6.4 Depreciation deductions

6.5 Energy Costs

6.6 Maintenance

6.7 Other costs

6.8 Cost Effectiveness Assessment

6.9 Labor productivity

6.10 Profit

6.10 Project net present value

6.11 Profitability

CONCLUSION

LIST OF LITERATURE USED

APPLICATION

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

The Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline system is designed to transport oil to the markets of Asia-Pacific countries through an oil terminal on the Sea of ​ ​ Japan. The ESPO pipeline system is a modern knowledge-intensive project, the implementation of which involves the use of advanced technologies, modern equipment and materials that ensure the guaranteed quality of construction and subsequent operation of pipeline system facilities.

The main regions that will provide the resource base of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean Pipeline System are oil deposits in Western and Eastern Siberia.

To load the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean Pipeline System at the Skovorodino NPS - Kozmino SMNP at the 1st stage in the amount of 30 million tons/year, for full development - 50 million tons/year, it is planned to supply oil from Western Siberia and involve oil from the fields of Eastern Siberia as they are developed.

Centralized control and control of all technological facilities of the pipeline system from the Skovorodino NPS to the Kozmino NPS is supposed to be carried out from a single control room - the territorial control room (TDP) with its location in the newly created subsidiary of the project pipeline management unit in Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk Territory).

The pipeline route is laid in the direction from West to East, covering the vast territories of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The route of the oil pipeline follows the territory of the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Khabarovsk Territory and Primorsky Territory.

The route runs in difficult engineering, climatic and ecological conditions, which led to a variety of terrain, landscapes, composition and properties of rocks, a wide spread of perennial permafrost, seismicity, active tectonic faults, swamps with a length of more than 500 meters of different types.

The project of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean main oil pipeline is important both for Primorsky Krai and for Russia as a whole. Design it, build and ensure the subsequent accident-free operation one of the most important tasks for the oil and gas complex .

The oil terminal, as well as the entire BSTO2 pipeline system, will be built taking into account the application of the latest world and domestic experience in the field of design, modeling, construction, ensuring environmental safety of the environment.

The relevance of the topic of the diploma project is confirmed by the ability to pump 30 million tons of oil per year in the Primorsky Territory.

Main tasks for trunk pipeline design:

- Perform hydraulic calculation of the main oil pipeline;

- Choose the main process solutions for the main oil pipeline and oil pumping stations;

- Analysis of hazardous and harmful production factors;

- Select technical solutions and measures for environmental protection during construction and operation;

- Make feasibility study of the project (feasibility study).

General part

1.2 Geographical area and climatic conditions

Primorsky Territory occupies an area of ​ ​ 165.9 thousand square meters. km (0.97% of the territory of the Russian Federation). The region is one of the middle largest regions of our country, but nevertheless in terms of area it is much larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand square kilometers), or Bulgaria (111 thousand square kilometers), or Iceland (103 thousand square kilometers); and the area of ​ ​ Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland, combined, is less than the area of ​ ​ the region. In the south and east, the region is washed by the Sea of ​ ​ Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and North Korea. Numerous islands are a part of Primorsky Krai except the mainland: Russian, Popova, Putyatina, Reyneke, Rikorda, RimskogoKorsakova, Askold, Petrova and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of Russian sailors who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the trips were made. Most of the territory of the region is occupied by the SikhoteAlin mountains (height up to 1855 m), in the southwest - the Ussuri and Prikhankai lowlands. The main river Ussuri. On the territory of the region is most of Lake Hanka.

The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by the geographical location of the region at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, cold continental air masses dominate here, and cool ocean masses dominate in summer. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a "mitigating" effect, especially on coastal territories: cool spring, rainy and foggy summers, sunny dry autumn and winter with low winds. In the central and northern regions of the region, the climate is more continental. The total annual rainfall is 600900 mm, most of them fall in the summer. Along the sea coast from S-B to Yu-3 there is a cold Primorsky current, which causes prolonged fog. The average January temperature is from minus 12 ° С to minus 27 ° С, the average July temperature is from plus 14 ° С to plus 21 ° С. Brown forest soils are common in the mountains, brown-zolic, meadow-brown and alluvial soils on the plains.

Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exceptionally diverse forests: coniferous, deciduous, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchu apricot, actinidia, real ginseng, Komarova lotus, etc.). The animal world is also multi-species. It is presented as hunting-trade (an elk, izyubr, a roe, a boar, a musk deer, a squirrel, a mink, an otter, columns, a sable, an ermine, etc.), and rare

species (Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri spotted deer, etc.). About 700 species of animals and a great many algae and grasses live in the coastal waters of the Sea of ​ ​ Japan. Many of them have unique biologically active and therapeutic properties (sea urchin, trepang, seaside scallop, kelp, etc.).

The natural resources of the region are very diverse and large. Renewable resources are of great importance: forest, fish, agriculture, water, hydropower, etc. National, regional and local significance are: mining and mining raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy (deposits of tin, lead-zinc and boron-containing ores, tungsten, gold, silver, fluorite, etc.). There are stone and brown coal, peat, field stock, natural sorbents, building materials, precious and semi-precious stones, etc. In addition, more than 100 mineral water sources were identified in the region, most of which are cold carbon dioxide (in the central regions and along the western border), less often nitrogen-siliceous thermal (along the coast in two sections - in the south and northeast) [5].

1.3 Population

According to the results of the All-Russian population census in 2002, 2071 thousand people live in the region. (1.42% of the population of the Russian Federation). The share of the urban population is 78.3%. Population density 12.47 people/sq. km. National composition of the population (according to the 1994 microcensus),%: Russians - 86.9; Ukrainians - 8.2; other nationalities - 4.9.

Administrative districts - 25. Cities of regional significance 11.

The population of the largest cities (results of the All-Russian population census in 2002), thousand people: Vladivostok - 591.8; Ussurian - 157.8; Find - 149.3.

2 DESIGN PART

2.1 Selection of trunk pipeline route in accordance with regulatory documents

The preliminary selection of the route provides for the mapping of possible route options and placement of objects on the required scale; carrying out the necessary technical and economic calculations and comparing the options; Develop recommendations for selecting an alignment option and object placement options. During engineering surveys of the main pipeline route, the task is to develop the optimal route version, subject to the technical conditions ensuring the reliability of the pipeline operation.

The length of the pipeline route should be as close as possible to the shortest distance between the start and end points of the pipeline (geodetic line) and have a minimum number of rotation angles. It is not allowed to extend the route relative to local geodetic lines more than 810% (except for mountainous terrain). Each alignment rotation in the plan must be justified.

The route is laid, avoiding, where possible, complex crossings through large water obstacles, intersections of engineering structures, demolition of buildings, cutting down valuable wood species. When laying the pipeline route, airfields, industrial enterprises, settlements, mining, railway stations, sea and river ports and marinas, difficult swamps are subject to bypass. It is not allowed to lay a main pipeline in railway and road tunnels, in tunnels or in the same trench with electric or telephone cables and pipelines of other purpose, as well as on bridges of railways and roads of all categories.

When choosing the pipeline route, the promising development of cities and other settlements, industrial enterprises and the designed pipeline for the next 25 years is taken into account. Near settlements and industrial enterprises, the highway is marked at elevations below the elevations of a settlement or industrial enterprise. At elevations above the elevations of the settlement, 1000 m are maintained at a diameter of more than 700 mm to avoid the construction of protective structures (drain ditches, oil barns) in case of an emergency oil spill. In mountain conditions and in areas with strongly crossed terrain, the pipeline is laid along associated watersheds, which sharply reduces the number of oblique sections that require the installation of special "shelves" and negatively affect the reliability of pipeline operation. Landslide sections of long length of route bypass above landslide slope.

When laying the pipeline within the mined territory, the route is connected with mining plans and passed mainly through territories on which surface deformation processes have already ended, as well as in territories whose additional work is planned for the future. Crossing of mine fields by pipeline is provided mainly perpendicular to formation stretching [6].

The location of industrial sites for the construction of Constitutional Court, NPS, and other facilities is carried out in compliance with the foundations of land legislation of Russia, legislative acts on the protection of nature and improvement of the use of natural resources, building design standards and rules, taking into account the promising development of the master plan of the city (village) and the district planning scheme. When placing sites, they proceed from the conditions of maximum reduction in the cost of construction, bringing them closer to supply routes, sources of water - electricity supply and cultural and household facilities.

Sites for industrial facilities are not located in mineral deposits, mined areas, as well as in starved, landslide or flooded areas. The relief of industrial sites is relatively flat, slightly crossed. The sites under the oil pipeline NPS are located below the elevations of settlements and other facilities. A number of requirements [7] must be taken into account when selecting utility routes to the CS, NPS and other facilities.

1. Crossing by railways, roads, canals and rivers, city gas pipelines, heating networks, water pipelines and large sewers should be made at right angles as far as possible;

2. It is forbidden to lay water duct routes on the territory of landfills, cemeteries and cattle trucks;

3. If there are waterproof soils at the depth of the pipe laying, as well as water-saturated filtering soils with the movement of soil water flow from the route towards landfills, cemeteries and cattle trucks, the distance between the route and their border should be at least 10 m, and when the soil water flow moves from these places towards the water pipeline route - at least 30 m.

When routing a water conduit, the following distances shall be maintained:

1. To the axis of the railway track 4 m, but not less than to the depth of the trench from the sole of the embankment or brow of the notch;

2. To the curb stone of roads 1.5 m or 1 m from the brow of the ditch or the sole of the embankment;

3. To the building development line 5 m;

In case of parallel laying of a drinking water conduit with a diameter of 200 mm at the same level as the sewage, the distance between them (must be at least 1.5 with a diameter of a water conduit of 200 mm and 3.0 m with a diameter of a water conduit of more than 200 mm.

In case of parallel laying of water conduit of domestic and drinking purpose below sewage by 0.5 m or more between them (in the light) must be not less than 5 m. Minimum slopes of all sewage systems are accepted depending on permissible minimum speeds of waste water flow. So, for pipes with a diameter of 150 mm, the smallest slope is 0.008, for pipes with a diameter of 200 mm it is 0.05 [8].

The following distances shall be maintained during sewer tracing:

1. To the axis of the railway track 4 m, but not less than the depth of the trench, counting from the sole of the embankment or brow of the notch;

2. To the curb stone of roads 1.5 m or 1 m to the brow of the ditch or the sole of the embankment;

3. To the axis of the tram track 1.5 m;

4. To cut the foundations of buildings and structures 3 m for gravity sewers and 5 m for pressure sewers, to masts and pillars of outdoor lighting, contact network and communication network 3 m;

5. To cut off the foundations of the supports of the high-voltage overhead power transmission line 5 m;

6. To tree trunks 1.5 m;

7. Up to power cables 0.5 and communication 1 m;

8. Up to heat conductors 1 m;

9. To water lines: when laying at the same level and the diameter of water pipelines up to 200 mm - 1.5; with a water duct diameter of 200 mm or more - 3 m. Communication lines are laid along pipelines or in an independent direction. Cable lines are laid parallel to the pipeline at a distance of 8 m from its axis with pipeline diameter up to 500 mm and 9 m with diameter over 500 mm. Air lines are laid parallel to pipeline at the distance of 4 m from its axis regardless of its diameter [8].

3 PROCESS PART

3.1 Requirements for transitions through natural and artificial obstacles

Some sections of the main oil pipeline route cross artificial or natural obstacles. At the same time, engineering surveys, design, organization and performance of construction work are characterized by certain specifics. Natural obstacles include rivers, straits, lakes, swamps, ravines, beams, etc., artificial reservoirs, canals, arycs, railways, highways, etc. The route can also cross various linear structures (pipelines, collectors, power cables, power lines, etc.). Crossing the obstacle increases the construction cost of the pipeline, complicates the construction work and its operation. Therefore, any transition should be provided only after a thorough examination and comparison of all route options.

If it is impossible or inappropriate to bypass the obstacle, the transition should be chosen in such a section within which its implementation is most optimal in terms of reliability of operation, cost and conditions of construction work.

Of particular importance for choosing the direction of the route of the pipeline are transitions through large and medium water obstacles, carried out, as a rule, by laying the pipeline below the surface of the water. Subsea should also include oil pipelines laid in swamps folded with low-bearing soils.

Underwater crossings are the most responsible, labor-intensive and expensive structures of the linear part of the main oil pipelines .

The labour intensity of construction of 1km of the pipeline at underwater crossings depending on the width of the water barrier is 912 times, and the cost is 2.53.0 times higher than in land areas. Large water crossings include rivers with a water mirror width of 75 m or more or in floods over 500 m, to the average - with the width of the water mirror in the low water from 20 to 75 m or in the flood from 250 to 500 m, to small - with the width of the water mirror at the low water level less than 20 m and at the flood less than 250 m.

The selection of sections of crossings was carried out on the basis of available cartographic materials, the results of previous surveys of adjacent slopes, as well as pilot maps and data from shipping and alloy organizations. When choosing the places of transition through water barriers, the SNiP 2-45-75 was guided by:

1. Crossings through rivers are selected on rectilinear stable mould sections with gentle non-washable bed banks with minimum width of floodplain. The transition door is provided perpendicular to the dynamic flow axis, avoiding areas folded with rock soils. It is not allowed to select doors on rifts;

2. Crossings of the oil pipeline through rivers and canals should be provided, as a rule, downstream of bridges, industrial enterprises, marinas, river stations, hydraulic structures, water intakes and other similar facilities, as well as spawning grounds and fish habitats. With appropriate technical and economic calculations, crossings are located through rivers and channels upstream of the river from these facilities, but special measures are being developed to ensure the reliability of underwater crossings.

The minimum distances from the axis of underwater passages of the oil pipeline to bridges, marinas and other similar structures are taken according to SNiP 24575, as for underground laying of pipelines.

When crossing water barriers, the distance between parallel underwater pipelines is assigned based on engineering-geological and hydrological conditions, as well as the conditions for the construction of underwater trenches and laying of the oil pipeline. The minimum distances between the pipelines laid in the floodplain sections of the underwater junction are assumed to be the same as for the linear part. With the width of water barriers or low horizon of 250 m or more at the intersection of water barriers by the oil pipeline, the laying of a reserve thread is provided.

When selecting water passages, an installation platform is provided, located as close as possible to the transition so that the pipes are mounted in the transition alignment. The installation site shall have sufficient area for the location of technological and utility structures, as well as calm terrain, providing a minimum amount of planning work. In addition, the site shall have a slope towards the river to rapidly remove water from the pipeline after its hydraulic test. The location of the underwater crossing on the river section with the landslide character of the banks, as well as with unstable banks undergoing intensive washing by the river flow, is not allowed. Avoid swampy or very steep steep shores. In some cases, when the nature of the river regime, the structure of the banks and channel is technically more profitable to carry out an air transition (beam, hanging, arched), the underwater transition should be abandoned. In this case, the selection of the transition is carried out according to the specifications of the bridge crossings of linear structures [25].

When selecting transitions through large watercourses:

1. Reconnaissance of possible variants of transition points selected according to map material of medium and large scales;

2. Crossing of swamps and watered areas, when it is not advisable to bypass them, is carried out in the narrowest and if possible passable part. When crossing swamps, the alignment must have no rotation angles. The choice of a type of transition through the swamp should be justified by comparing economic indicators determined by calculation based on survey materials. The crossing of ravines is chosen in areas with stable slopes that do not have external signs of destruction and landslide phenomena. Beams are wide with gentle slopes intersect in the lower or middle part with trapped or overgrown slopes at an angle of at least 60 °.

When crossing the route of the pipeline of railways and roads are based on the following requirements [3].

- transitions shall be selected on flat terrain or on the low embankment area;

- Crossing of the road in the cut is allowed only in cases where a run bypass causes a significant extension of the route;

- Crossing of the road was carried out on a straight section of it, outside the stations and stopping points. The angle of intersection of the pipeline with railways and roads should be usually 90 °, but not less than 60 °.

3.2 Pipeline engineering protection against hazardous geological processes

The purpose of this section of the project is to determine fundamental engineering solutions for protecting the pipeline from hazardous geological processes, as well as to determine the main technical and economic indicators of protective structures in this section of the route. The investigated section of the pipeline route is characterized by the presence of hazardous geological processes in the conditions of seismic impacts (8 points), therefore, the development of design documentation requires a careful study of natural - historical conditions, process dynamics that occur in the natural soil mass, with a forecast of the most likely processes after the construction of the pipeline. Since the main method of laying is the underground method of construction, therefore, special attention should be paid to engineering measures to prevent negative geological, hydrological, seismic and other impacts on the pipeline route.

The design provides for the following main technical solutions to protect the pipeline from hazardous geological processes in this area.

When laying the pipeline on slopes with a cross bias more than 8 degrees on the cuts (shelves) provided by the project are held the events for fixing of slopes, slopes, the roller of backfilling of a trench of the oil pipeline and an action providing journey of a construction column on these sites with the organization of the water disposal system, restart-up and water outlets.

To eliminate the main cause of ice formation (removal of increased hydrostatic pressure) and protection of the pipeline route, measures are provided for the arrangement of "beam drainage." Horizontal drilling drainage is arranged in the form of separate drains or "rays" converging with mouths in a common well.

The project provides for the implementation of measures for the engineering protection of the oil pipeline in areas with manifestations of solvation and landslides of the visco-plastic type. As the main measure, it is the arrangement of structures for intercepting surface runoff and the arrangement of drains on slopes and slopes. Drainage from drainage dryers is carried out to the relief with the obligatory device of water outlets, the strengthening of which is provided from flexible mesh structures (such as Renault mattresses and gabions) or a stone outline along the layer of the "reverse" filter.

It is proposed to protect the pipeline route from thermocarst processes by diverting meltwater outside the construction strip and draining the thermocarst formation using open drainage channels along the natural relief without their additional strengthening. Along with the arrangement of drainage ditches to prevent soil erosion, backfilling of the trench above the pipeline in areas with thermocarst, the project provides for strengthening with crushed stone layer 0,20 m. Stability of landslide sections of the pipeline route is planned to be carried out when using a set of anti-landslide measures, that is, such a system of measures that stabilizes the landslide area, providing at minimum cost the necessary margin of stability by a given value and for the entire life of the pipeline. The complex of designed anti-shelling measures includes retaining structures from bored piles with monolithic reinforced concrete pile, as well as regulation of surface and underground runoff - drainage trays, drainage cutouts - dryers.

It is proposed to carry out measures to combat the existing ravines in the project taking into account specific engineering, geological and climatic conditions, terrain, basin area, etc. These activities include the management of surface runoff; strengthening of the entire ravine area from the beginning to the mouth of the ravine; strengthening the bottom of the ravine (talveg) with mattresses with filling with stone large-breaking material fr. 70150 mm, strengthening with crushed stone or stone outline along the layer of the "reverse" filter; sowing of the area with grasses, planting of shrubs and trees [3].

3.3 Operation of the pipeline

At operation of a linear part of the oil pipeline (actually the pipeline) pollution of soil (soils), a vegetable cover, surface and underground water or the atmosphere is almost excluded, owing to tightness of the pipeline system.

The sources of environmental impact during the standard operation of the designed oil pipeline will be the technological equipment of the area facilities. Environmental laboratories will be provided for production environmental control (at the stage of development of the project) and an environmental monitoring program will be presented.

3.5 Main Process Solutions for Main Oil Pipeline and Oil Pumping Stations

Main technological solutions [30]:

- On-site power supply;

- Grounding and lightning protection;

- Protection of the pipeline against corrosion;

- Power supply of linear part facilities;

- Purpose of automated control systems;

- Automation;

- Complex of technical means;

- Linear part;

- Pumping stations;

- Leak detection system;

- Intermediate pump stations without tank farms;

- Climatic and geological characteristics of the route;

- Architectural and construction solutions;

- Fire safety of facilities.

3.5.1 External power supply

The external power supply facilities of the second stage of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline system are located on the territory of the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories.

Power supply is provided from the Bureyskaya and Zeyskaya hydroelectric power stations, as well as nearby large district substations with a voltage of 220 kV.

Power sources are selected on the basis of the smallest distances to consumers. The source selection will be adjusted based on the capacity of the generating capacity and the resulting specifications at the next design stages. An automatic information and measurement system for commercial accounting of electricity (AIIS PUE) is formed at the boundaries of the balance sheet. It is planned to build complete transformer substations (KTPB) with the scheme ORU220 kV "Two units with switches and a jumper on the side of the lines," with the installation of electric gas switches.

To implement the power supply, it is planned to build a 220/10 kV PS at all designed NPS, with the installation of two transformers with a capacity of 25 MVA at 15 NPS and a capacity of 16 MVA at 7 NPS, 220/10 kV.

It is planned to carry out the construction of two single-chain VL220 kV on metal supports, from 220 kV tires of the Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station, Zeya hydroelectric power station, as well as nearby PS to PS 220/10 kV, with a total length of 2830 km [1].

3.5.2 On-site power supply

The main electric receivers at the NPS are:

1. for 10 kV voltage: synchronous (asynchronous) electric motors of main (from 5000 kW to 6300 kW), retaining pumps with power (from 1250 kW to 2000 kW), as well as electric motors of fire extinguishing pumps (400 kW);

2. for 0.4 kV voltage: asynchronous motors with short-circuited rotor of pump drives, fans, bottom deposit washers and gate valves; electric heaters, internal and external lighting fixtures, electrical heating of process pipelines, cathodic protection device, etc.

Electrical receivers associated with oil transfer technology, with automatic fire extinguishing units and boiler house, belong to category I in terms of reliability of power supply; their power supply is provided from two independent sources with automatic switching to reserve.

Electric receivers of a special group are distinguished from the number of electric receivers, which include:

- providing NPS operation in emergency mode and preservation of NPS infrastructure in case of external power supply disconnection (cutting gate valves, control, monitoring, communication systems, fire and security alarms).

The remaining electric receivers belong to category II and III of reliability of power supply.

In order to ensure rational consumption of electric power, control of electric power consumption, as well as performing the functions of operational management of the energy economy and continuous monitoring of the parameters of the internal power supply network, an automatic electric power technical accounting system (ASCE) is carried out at all NPS.

At all designed NPS the design envisages construction of 10 kV control stick consisting of cells of KRU type with microprocessor unit, which allows to provide high reliability of emergency automation and wide capabilities of operational control. On the control stick 10 kV the system of automatic recording of emergency events is provided.

Switchgears are received with one bus system partitioned by a switch. All connections to the switchgear are made through vacuum switches with electromagnetic drive, which is characterized by fire safety and longer service life relative to oil and other analogues. Direct current is received - 220 V. DC circuits are powered from the on-line current control devices (AUOT) complete with unattended accumulators. Each input provides power transmission in the amount of 100% of the design load of the NPS.

Dry auxiliary transformers of 10/0.4 kV with capacity of 40 kVA with connection to input switch are installed at 10 kV inputs for power supply of operating current control devices.

Start-up of main pump units is provided by means of smooth starting devices, which allow to reduce the value of starting currents of electric motors. Stable operation of the NPS in accordance with the regulations (emergency automation) is provided by ALT, AFV diagrams. Power supply of consumers for 380/220 V.

The main power supply is made from two-transformer FTP with ALT on the low voltage side with the third input from the standby source.

Diesel power plant (DPS) with capacity of 630 kW of the third degree of automation with automatic (in case of voltage loss on KTP buses) and manual start-up is provided as standby sources for power supply of electric receivers of special group 1 category. Input and section switches of FTP and MCC have built-in microprocessor protection, monitoring and control units with the possibility of integration into the ACSAT system. Transformer substations are accepted as complete, 2 transformer, with dry transformers and ATS on 0.4 kV sectional switch.

Uninterrupted power supply systems, fire alarms and computer networks are installed in the respective buildings to ensure uninterrupted power supply. Electrical networks are made by cables with copper cores. In order to reduce vulnerability to mechanical damage and operating costs, cables are mainly laid open on racks and construction structures. Electrical networks are protected from overcurrent. Protection in 0.4 kV networks is carried out by combined semiconductor, electromagnetic and thermal disconnectors of circuit breakers and thermal relays of magnetic starters.

Power distribution directly to consumers is carried out from the boards of control stations (MCC), FTP, distribution points. For protection and control of power current collectors, control station boards are equipped with factory control units with automatic switches and magnetic starters. All power electrical equipment is selected taking into account seismicity in the installation area.

3.5.3 Grounding and lightning protection

The grounding system is provided [21]:

a) ITs in 10 kV networks;

b) in 0.4 kV networks:

- TNCS in power networks;

- in distribution networks TNS system.

In order to protect personnel from electric shock in case of insulation breakdown, protection against static electricity and dangerous lightning effects, a grounding device is provided, consisting of grounding lines, protective conductors, to which the grounded power transformers are connected.

In all structures, the potential equalization system at the inputs is performed using the main grounding bus. Lightning protection of buildings and structures of oil pumping stations and oil depots is performed in accordance with [22]. Protection against direct lightning strikes is carried out by separate rod lightning rods combined with searchlight masts. The area of protection of rod lightning outlets includes tanks, breathing valves of tanks and areas around exhaust ventilation devices from rooms with explosive zones. To protect against secondary effects of lightning in 0.4 kV circuits, pulse overvoltage protection devices (UZIP) are installed.

3.5.5 Power supply of linear part facilities

Electric consumers located on the linear part of the designed oil pipeline include:

- units for starting, receiving and passing cleaning and diagnostic equipment;

- cathodic protection stations;

- linear and onshore units of shutoff valves;

-LES; RRS.

According to the classification, linear units of starting, receiving and passing ODS, linear units of shutoff valves, SCS, LES belong to consumers not lower than the second category of reliability of power supply, coastal units of shutoff valves, RRS - the first category of reliability of power supply. To ensure a given category of reliability, power supply of linear consumers is supposed to be carried out from its own 10 kV long-circuit overhead duct with two-way power supply.

The sources of power supply for 10 kV VL along the entire route are ZRU10 kV of oil pipeline pumping stations, and local power supply sources are also used to make up the along-route VL in places between the NPS with a length of more than 100 km and at the pipeline intersections with large rivers.

Grounding of supports is performed using horizontal grounding electrodes made of steel with diameter of 10 mm and vertical electrodes made of steel with diameter of 16 mm. Grounding system in 10 kV networks - IT. In order to be able to perform emergency repair, disconnection points are installed on all unsettles to the gate valves and CAB. To ensure the normative level of reliability of the power supply, as well as the quick detection and localization of damage sites, automatic partition points remotely controlled via telecontrol channels are installed in the places of unsealing to the unit - PKU box with the transformer.

Power supply of designed line gate valves and units for receiving and starting of cleaning and diagnostic facilities is carried out through a transformer with voltage of 10/0.4 kV, which is installed in the general designed unit - a box with a distribution point and monitoring and control devices. The size of the common block is box 3x6 m.

In accordance with the "Regulations for the technical operation of passages of main oil pipelines through water barriers," security perimeter lighting of coastal and linear gate valves is performed. Electric

mains from the block-box to electric receivers are made by armored cables with copper cores, which are laid in the ground, trenches [24].

To protect personnel from electric shock in case of insulation breakdown, from static electricity and dangerous lightning effects, a comprehensive grounding device is provided. Grounding system in 380/220 V networks as per GOST R 50571.294 (IEC 364393); TNCS in power networks, TNS in distribution networks. Protection against direct lightning strikes at ODS launch and reception units is performed by separate lightning rods combined with searchlight masts. Illumination of the territory of ODS start-up and reception units is carried out by searchlights with control from PCL.

3.5.6 Purpose of automated control systems

The designed second stage of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline system is equipped with software and hardware for automation and telemechanization and forms a single control system (ESU) of the main oil pipeline from the Skovorodino NPS to the Kozmino SMNP.

ESA is created for the purpose of:

- provision of monitoring and control of process facilities of BSTO2 pipeline system;

- execution of planned tasks in the specified volumes and at the specified quality with minimized deviations from the set values;

- ensuring optimal modes of oil transportation, minimizing power consumption and improving operation efficiency;

- automatic detection and containment of oil leaks;

- prevention of equipment accidents;

- diagnostics of equipment and pipeline condition;

- automated accounting of material and energy resources and maintenance of oil receipt and delivery balance;

- analysis of oil pipeline operation;

- Reducing labour costs and improving the socio-economic working conditions of workers;

- monitoring of the state of the environment and measures for its protection.

ESA provides:

- remote centralized control and control of all technological facilities of the Skovorodino-Kozmino oil pipeline from a single control center - the territorial dispatch center (TDP) in Khabarovsk;

- automated maintenance of the specified operation mode;

- automation of operations at oil pipeline process facilities;

- automated processing of information for performance of accounting operations and analysis of oil pipeline operation;

- emergency protection in accordance with special technical requirements for the main oil pipeline ALL;

- transfer of information to RNP;

- interaction with CDP (central control room) of OAO AK Transneft, TDP OOO Vostoknefteprovod and TIR 000 Spetsmornefteport Kozmino.

3.5.7 Automation

Volumes and automation tools are accepted taking into account the operation, equipment condition control and prevention of accidents during oil pumping without the presence of permanent maintenance personnel directly at the equipment and under the control of operational personnel of control centers (control rooms, TIR, TDP).

The characteristics of the automation system equipment ensure regular operation when monitoring its condition by the on-duty personnel of the facility in the TIR (control room). Volumes, functions of automation, telemechanization, emergency protection and requirements for technical means are accepted in accordance with the current federal regulatory framework, regulatory and regulatory documents of JSC AK Transneft.

3.5.8 Hardware Package

The set of technical tools of the unified automated control system of the ESPO vehicle includes software and hardware tools that provide the collection, transfer and processing of information necessary for the performance of the system function. The structure of the ESA hardware complex is divided into control levels:

- lower - level of sensors and actuators of NPS and LF;

- medium - level of NPS automation and telemechanization system of oil pipeline section located in NPS area of responsibility;

- upper level - software and technical complex of TDP single control center.

For reliable and trouble-free operation, the complex of technical means of a single automated control system provides:

1. Redundancy of communication channels, network equipment, PLC processor modules, servers, automated workstations;

2. Synchronize controller system time based on global positioning system signals and transmit data with time stamp assigned to variable at event occurrence;

3. Monitoring (diagnostics) of equipment with predictive conditions;

4. Application of system, application and communication software supporting application operation over redundant channels;

5. Uninterrupted power supply.

3.5.9 Linear part

For telemechanization of line nodes, specialized programmable logic controllers (PLCs) with a modular structure are used. PLCs perform functions of collection, processing, storage and logical control of data from primary measuring devices and sensors, transfer of control actions to actuators, exchange of information with TDP through redundant communication channels through the NPS data transmission network.

The complex of technical means of automation of the linear part provides monitoring and control of linear gate valves, pressure regulators, units for starting and receiving cleaning and diagnostic equipment, cathodic protection stations, automatic section switches.

Controllers are installed in vandalized, seismic-resistant units - boxes with unauthorized access alarm and are powered by local guaranteed power supply sources, which ensure the operation of the equipment together with sensors for at least 12 hours from the moment the power supply voltage disappears.

3.5.10 Pump stations

To automate the process equipment of the NPS, microprocessor systems (MPSA) with circuitry solutions similar to the automation systems of the NPS of the first stage are used and combine into a single automation system of the NPS: emergency protection controllers (KAZ), which provide pre-emergency equipment shutdown according to regulated algorithms, automated fire detection and extinguishing systems, level measurement systems, local automation systems of auxiliary equipment.

3.5.11 Leak Detection System

The pipeline is equipped with a combined leak detection system based on a set of different algorithms that detect the occurrence and determine the location of the leak based on analysis of pressure waves, pressure distribution along the pipeline, the method of volume balance, the method of connecting the pressure in the pipeline with the flow through the pipeline in transient mode (SNiP 2.05.0685 *: Structural requirements for pipelines).

The SOU of the Skovorodino-Kozmino oil pipeline provides:

accuracy of leak location detection is not more than 400 meters for leaks of not less than 0.4% of the total capacity of the pipeline;

transmission of leak message to MCS AWS not later than 2 minutes after leak occurrence.

To control leaks at underwater transitions made by tonellation method, space between working pipeline and steel casing is filled with inert gas under pressure of 0.3-0.8 MPa, and gas pressure sensor connected to linear controlled point of telemechanics is installed in tube-to-tube space. When the pressure in the casing is increased, the sensor provides a leak alarm.

3.5.12 Master Plan

The placement of pump buildings and structures was carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.11.0393 [7], RD 91.020.00KTN33506 and other current regulatory documents.

Access roads to the pumping stations are made with a hard coating. At the same time, the maximum possible use of existing transport networks of state and local importance is provided.

The following main structures will be constructed at the oil pumping pump sites with tank capacity located on the oil pipeline:

1. tank farm of surface metal tanks with floating roofs;

2. main and retaining pump stations;

3. control room;

4. complex of structures for administrative and economic purposes;

5. complex of LES structures;

6. water, fire and sewage facilities units;

7. open and closed electrical substation.

The completed layout of the master plans and the location of the designed buildings and structures along the elevations shall ensure safe operation of the pump station. The basis is the technological diagrams, the necessary fire breaks, fire and explosion zones, the placement of corridors for laying networks, taking into account transport links and construction and repair conditions.

The NPS territory is organized taking into account the functional purpose of buildings and structures and is divided into the following units:

1. production unit;

2. tank farm;

3. administrative and economic block;

4. treatment facilities unit.

The facilities of the tank farm area are located at higher elevations relative to the facilities of the production area (main process units). It is especially important to place the retaining or filling pump units in reduced locations relative to the tank farm to provide the necessary pressure at the pump inlet.

Structures of the administrative and economic zone, especially open fire production, such as workshops, should not, if possible, be located in relation to other production buildings and structures from the windward side for winds of the predominant direction. On-site roads and driveways are provided with a hard surface. Roads around the tank farm and in the process zone are designed 0.3 + 1.5 m above the layout relief and serve as an additional barrier shaft against oil overflow through the collapse of reservoirs and accidental oil spills.

When designing the relief organization, a system of continuous vertical planning was adopted, with planning work carried out throughout the territory. The vertical elevations of buildings, structures and roads, as well as the layout of the relief, are adopted taking into account the existing relief, from the conditions of normal drainage. Minimum slope of NPS site surface is 0.003. Buildings and structures of the process zone are located at lower elevations in relation to buildings and structures of other zones. The completed layout of the plot plan and the location along the elevations of the designed buildings and structures provide safe operation of the pump station.

Drainage is carried out through rainwater receivers located in the tank farm frame, on process sites and trays of the roadway to the designed closed system of industrial-rain sewage with subsequent supply to treatment facilities. Removal of surface water not subject to contact with industrial contamination is carried out by planned relief with discharge to reduced places outside the site territory. Surface water bypass under the road bed is provided by prefabricated reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 0.5 m.

Utilities are mainly laid underground, and cable wiring and heating systems above ground. Laying is carried out in the sides of roads, free from the development of the territory and in the shortest distances from suppliers to consumers.

To increase the reliability of protection of the NPS territory, a grid fence is provided. At the same time along the fence on the inner and outer sides there is a forbidden zone and exclusion strip (5m wide), planned and free from building structures and shielded with a mesh of a slave with internal and barbed wire with external.

Improvement of the designed site shall be provided by arrangement of footpaths made of concrete slabs 0.5x0.5x0.07 m on cement sand base 0.1 m, arrangement of grass lawns.

3.5.13 Intermediate pumps without tank farms

Access roads to the pumping stations are made with a hard coating. At the same time, the maximum possible use of existing transport networks of state and local importance is provided.

On the site of the oil pumping station, taking into account the full development, it is planned to build:

1. main pump station with auxiliary structures;

2. process platforms;

3. complex of structures for administrative and economic purposes;

4. control room, RRA, FTP;

5. complex of LES structures;

6. power, water, fire and sewage facilities.

Architectural and planning decisions on the location and layout of the designed objects were made in accordance with the technological diagram, based on the conditions for ensuring the safe operation of the station, the placement of corridors for laying networks, taking into account transport links, construction and repair.

Distances between buildings and structures are accepted in accordance with SNiP 2.11.0393, RD 15339.4-113-01 and current regulatory documents.

The territory of the NTC is divided into two zones:

1. production unit;

2. administrative and economic block.

Structures of the administrative and economic zone, especially open fire production, such as workshops, should not, if possible, be located in relation to other production buildings and structures from the windward side for winds of the predominant direction. In terms of altitude, they are located at higher elevations.

When designing the relief organization, a system of continuous vertical planning was adopted, with planning work carried out throughout the territory. The vertical elevations of buildings, structures and roads, as well as the layout of the relief, are adopted taking into account the existing relief, from the conditions of normal drainage. Minimum slope of NPS site is 0.003.

The completed layout of the plot plan and the location along the elevations of the designed buildings and structures provide safe operation of the pump station.

The master plan provides for the arrangement of on-site passes, providing the possibility of access of lifting equipment to all units of technological equipment. On-site roads and driveways are provided with a hard surface.

Roads in the process zone are designed above the layout relief by 0.3-1.0 m, they serve as an additional barrier shaft against accidental oil spills.

Engineering communications on the territory of the NPS are mainly laid underground, and cable wiring and heating lines above ground - on overpasses. Laying is carried out in the sides of roads, free from the development of the territory and in the shortest distances from suppliers to consumers.

Removal of surface water not subject to contact with industrial contamination is carried out by planned relief with discharge to reduced places outside the site territory. Surface water bypass under the road bed is provided by prefabricated reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 0.5 m.

To improve the safety of the NPS, the project provides for the main fencing from a metal grid fixed on reinforced concrete pillars with a height of 2.5 m. A 5m wide exclusion band is provided in accordance with typical NPS design solutions. The exclusion strip is protected by a barbed wire fence, or reinforced twisted barbed tape (ASKL) with a height of 1.5 m. Improvement of the designed site shall be provided by arrangement of footpaths made of concrete slabs 0.5x0.5x0.06m on cement sand base 0.1m, arrangement of grass lawns.

3.5.14 Climatic and geological characteristics of the route

Primorsky Territory.

The pipeline route passing along the Primorsky Territory is located in a moderately cold area according to GOST 1635080 [32], OSR97V maps.

Climatic characteristics are accepted as per SNiP 2.01.0785 * [33], SNiP 2.01.0182 [34], SNiP 11781 * [35].

Standard wind pressure for IIIIV area 3848 kg/m2

Standard weight of snow cover for II III district 120180 kg/m2

Standard thickness of ice wall in IIIIV area 1015 mm

Temperature effects:

- absolute minimum temperature minus 50 ° С;

- absolute maximum temperature plus 41 ° С;

- temperature of the coldest five-day period with coverage of 0.92 minus 2031 ° С;

- seismicity - 6-7 points.

Soils are mainly deposits, represented by shallow-crushed and wood material with sandy and sometimes sandy aggregate. There are areas with a wide distribution of perennial permafrost, ice, soils, thermocarst, etc.

3.5.15 Architectural and construction solutions

On the territory of the NPS there are buildings intended for the administrative and domestic and economic services of the station (an administrative building with household, guard rooms and aisle, repair and mechanical workshops) and shelters for technological equipment that requires maintaining climatic characteristics (shelter of main pumping units; shelters for water supply equipment, sewage, fire fighting, closed parking lots, fire station, electric rooms).

Buildings - one- and two-story, shelters are mainly one-story - frame from light metal structures or local materials. Small shelters can be from stand-alone or blocked blocks - prefabricated boxes. The use of LMK and boxes is associated with the remoteness of the construction area and the difficulty of delivering goods to the site, as well as the increased seismicity of the area.

Foundations, in connection with the spread of rock soils, are offered finely buried columnar with a reinforced concrete pedestal. In the presence of permafrost, subsidence and weak soils - piles, from brown-void and driven prefabricated hanging piles with monolithic reinforced concrete pedestals. In the presence of high corrosion activity of soils, finely buried foundations are covered with glued waterproofing, and piles - with epoxy compositions. Buildings and shelters and their foundations are designed for seismic impact. In category A rooms, windows and roofs are used as easily dumped structures.

Concrete floors, ceramic tiles, in rooms with a stay of people - linoleum on a warm basis, in explosion-and-fire hazardous rooms - search-free. All buildings of the NPS are solved in a single architectural style and have a single color scheme. The area of ​ ​ household administrative and healthcare premises is calculated according to current standards and according to the task and staffing table, taking into account standard technical solutions.

To minimize the impact of production processes on human health, environmental clean materials will be used, both for interior decoration of premises and for exterior decoration of buildings, noise and vibration protection measures have been implemented, electromagnetic wave protection measures are provided, and sanitary and hygienic conditions have been fulfilled. Protection of personnel from hazardous natural and man-made processes is provided.

On the NPS there are steel vertical tanks with a capacity of 400 to 5000m3, designed for storage of crude oil, technological purposes and fire extinguishing purposes.

Tanks are accepted for sheet and roll assembly (for small tanks). The base for the tanks is soil-sand with a hydro-insulating layer and an annular reinforced concrete monolithic foundation for the wall or without it (with the volume of the tank less than 5000 m3). To prevent soil contamination from accidental ingress of oil and oil products and in case of accidents, a protective screen of high-pressure polyethylene film is provided under the bottom of oil tanks and under the entire area of ​ ​ the frame.

In the presence of permafrost, subsidence and weak soils, the foundations for the tanks are piles with a monolithic reinforced concrete pedestal under all the bottom of the tank. Foundations for other structures and technical installations - cast-in-situ reinforced concrete and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete slabs and blocks. Monolithic reinforced concrete foundation of cup type with unfilled internal cavity is arranged for retaining pumps. Underground tanks in rock and clay soils are accepted with loads against surfacing.

Around the process plants, where oil spills are possible, concrete platforms with a fencing edge are arranged. These sites have a pit for collecting oil and oil-containing effluents.

Cable rack consists of metal posts made of pipes and beams of box section from channels. To protect cables from atmospheric precipitation, the rack is covered with a galvanized profile roof. Cable rack racks shall be installed on pile foundations.

All structures of the NPS, except those whose destruction is not associated with the death of people and other valuable equipment, are designed for seismic impact.

3.5.16 Linear structures

Units of linear gate valves are located in the purged fence from steel mesh along metal pillars. Foundations for gate valves - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. Automation and telemechanics devices are installed in metal wells of factory manufacture .

Scraper receiving and starting units have monolithic reinforced concrete foundations for the chamber and prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations from slabs for gate valves. To prevent "crawling," stabilizing devices are provided at the point of pipeline exit from the ground.

Fixation of AR supports in conventional soils is provided in drilled pits, on rock unassembled soils - in surface weighted foundations, and in weak soils - in steel driven piles from pipes. Emergency crews and observation points are a manor-type residential building with the necessary outbuildings and sites for storing pipes and other technological equipment. Runways are designed for landing of MI-6 and MI-8 helicopters and are platforms from PAG 14 airfield plates.

On permafrost soils, in the area of karst and tectonic faults, above-ground pipeline laying is adopted. The above-ground gasket is adopted with U and Z shaped compensators, on U-shaped supports made of steel pipes with an antifriction pair of fluoroplastic on stainless steel with a friction coefficient of 0.1 allows to reduce horizontal loads on the supports.

3.5.17 Fire safety of facilities

Technical solutions for ensuring fire safety of oil pumping stations (NPS) facilities in the project "Second stage of the pipeline system" Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean "(ESPO).

The following fire extinguishing systems are provided at the NPS:

- for main pump stations, oil quantity metering units - automatic fire extinguishing systems with high-multiple foam;

- for oil storage tanks - automatic sub-layer fire extinguishing systems, automatic water cooling systems;

- for open process platforms - automatic fire extinguishing systems with low-multiple foam;

- for oil berths - automatic fire extinguishing systems with low-multiple foam, automatic water curtains.

As a foaming agent, fluorosynthetic film-forming foaming agent of "Multipena" type is used, which belongs to class of biologically "soft" non-polluting foaming agents. The premises of the crossover panels of the NPS control rooms, diesel power plants are equipped with automatic gas fire extinguishing units.

Fire extinguishing of tank frames, external fire extinguishing of buildings is provided from fire water supply. For internal fire extinguishing in the designed buildings, the installation of fire cranes is provided. The type, quantity and technical characteristics of fire fighting and fire-fighting water supply systems equipment will be determined at the stage of the project feasibility study.

Natural water sources with the installation of pumping stations or artesian wells are envisaged to provide water storage for fire-fighting purposes. The possibility of using water sources will be determined during engineering surveys.

The NPS provides for targeted analogue fire alarm systems with the output of a fire signal to the room with round-the-clock stay of duty personnel. Multi-zone warning and evacuation control systems using special sound signals and voice instructions are provided for personnel warning about fire.

During operation of facilities of the second stage of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline system (ALL). The site of the Skovorodino NPS Spetsmornefteport Kozmino, at the oil pumping stations and the linear part of the main oil pipeline, a fire safety system will be created, including [31]:

1. appointment of persons personally responsible for fire safety of individual territories, buildings, structures, technological equipment; maintenance of fire protection systems and fire equipment;

2. establishment of the appropriate fire-fighting regime at the facilities;

3. constant monitoring of compliance with fire safety of facilities by commissions of production control of district oil pipeline departments and subsidiaries of JSC AK Transneft;

4. annual certification of facilities in the field of fire safety;

5. Regular quarterly fire-fighting briefings and annual fire-fighting minimum sessions for employees of JSC AK Transneft, as well as for employees of contracting organizations performing work at the Company's facilities ;

6. provision of facilities with primary means of fire extinguishing, fire equipment and equipment, fire extinguishing means, as well as means of fire propaganda;

7. Conduct annual tests of fire-fighting and fire-fighting water supply systems;

8. development of fire extinguishing plans for each process facility of the NPS related to oil handling, organization of their monthly practical development and annual adjustment;

9. creation of fire protection units of Transneft AK;

10 creation of voluntary fire squads from among the personnel of the facilities;

11. conducting monthly training sessions on extinguishing conditional fires with personnel of facilities;

interaction with the territorial authorities of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations in terms of conducting annual integrated exercises on extinguishing conditional fires and emergency situations.

4 RESEARCH PART

4.1 General provisions

Engineering surveys must be carried out in accordance with the established design procedure, natural conditions and the nature of the designed facilities for the development of: pre-design documentation, feasibility studies and feasibility studies (TER) for the construction of new, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, buildings and structures; projects (working projects) of enterprises, buildings and structures.

Engineering surveys are carried out without removing land from land users.

The organization performing engineering surveys has the right to install (lay) geodetic points, carry out mining workings, take samples of air, water and soil. Perform preparatory and related works (clearing and planning of sites, laying of viziers, arrangement of temporary roads, crossings, water pipelines, etc.) necessary for surveys.

Logging required for carrying out surveys is allowed only if there is a lumberjack ticket received by the customer in accordance with the established procedure before the survey begins.

Engineering and geodetic surveys of the routes of linear structures should be carried out in the areas approved in the feasibility study (TER).

The survey includes:

- collection and analysis of available topographic geodetic, aerial photography materials, as well as data of surveys of previous years in the direction of the route;

- camera tracing of route variants and field survey (reconnaissance) of intended variants;

- topographic survey along the planned versions of the pipeline route, as well as individual design sites (transitions through natural and artificial obstacles, intersections of communications, sites, etc.);

- Field tracing with traverse and tacheometric traverses along the entire length of the route in the absence of large-scale topographic plans;

- geodetic support of surveys of other types.

In the field survey, the intended position of the route should be clarified; Collect and refine information on communications crossed; if the content of the existing plans does not correspond to the current state of the situation and the terrain, they are updated. Updating of plans should be carried out as a rule, in a strip not less than the width of the protection area of ​ ​ the structure.

The routes of the main pipelines laid in difficult conditions are surveyed.

On the routes of linear structures, if necessary, the following are performed: field routing; plan-elevation alignments to points of control geodetic network; topographic survey of the terrain along the route (survey of current changes if there are plans); geodetic support of surveys of other types.

The composition and scope of surveys for the working projector shall be taken into account the instructions for the composition and scope of surveys for the project and the working documentation.

Geotechnical surveys shall provide comprehensive study of geotechnical conditions of the area (sites, sections, routes) of the designed construction, including relief, geomorphological, seismic, hydrogeological conditions, geological structure, composition, state and properties of soils, geological processes and phenomena, change of conditions of mastered (built-up) areas in order to obtain the necessary and sufficient materials to justify the design of objects taking into account the rational use and protection of the geological environment, as well as data to prepare a forecast of changes in engineering and geological conditions during the construction and operation of enterprises, buildings and structures.

Engineering and geological surveys include: collection, processing, analysis and use of survey materials of previous years and data on engineering and geological conditions:

1. decryption of space-aerial materials and aerovisual observations;

2. route observations;

3. laying of mine workings;

4. geophysical research;

5. field studies of soils;

6. hydrogeological studies;

7. stationary observations;

8. laboratory studies of soils;

9. survey of soils of bases of existing buildings and structures;

10. chamber processing of materials.

The need to perform certain types of engineering and geological works, the conditions for their replacement should be established in the survey program depending on the stage of design, the complexity of engineering and geological conditions, the nature and class of responsibility of the designed buildings and structures.

During surveys for the design documentation and the project, the greatest detail of the study of the geological environment and its individual elements should be provided at typical ("key," characteristic) areas, the data of which should be extrapolated to the adjacent area or soil mass. The number, location of key areas, as well as the composition and scope of work are established by the survey program.

The purpose and necessity of certain types of works and studies, the conditions of their interchangeability and combination with other types of surveys are established in the program of engineering and environmental surveys depending on the type of construction, the nature and level of responsibility of the designed buildings and structures, the peculiarities of the natural and technological situation, the degree of environmental study of the territory and the stage of design and survey work.

On the basis of the materials obtained during engineering-geodetic, engineering-geological, engineering-hydrometeorological and engineering-ecological surveys, design documentation for the construction and operation of the facility is developed.

4.2 Main tasks of pipeline engineering surveys

Engineering survey for construction is a complex production process that should provide construction design with initial data on the natural conditions of the area (site) of the proposed construction.

The complexity of engineering surveys depends on the variety of natural factors affecting the construction and operation conditions of pipelines. The main types of engineering surveys include engineering geodetic, engineering-geological, engineering-hydrometeorological and geophysical.

The object of engineering and geodetic surveys is the relief and situation within the route and site construction area.

In the process of engineering and geological surveys, soils are subject to study as grounds for designing buildings and structures, groundwater, physical and geological processes and forms of their manifestation.

During engineering and hydrometeorological surveys, surface waters and climatic conditions of the construction area are studied. The complex of engineering surveys should provide the study of the natural conditions of the pipeline laying zone and obtain materials for the development of economically feasible and technically sound solutions, as well as data for the preparation of a forecast of changes in the natural environment under the influence of construction and operation of buildings and structures. Engineering surveys are carried out for the linear part of the main pipeline, industrial and housing construction sites with engineering communications to them, as well as the site of temporary construction and pipe welding bases.

For the performance of survey works, the engineering survey department is given a comprehensive technical assignment, which, on the basis of the design assignment received by the institute from the customer, is developed by the chief project engineer together with the design departments of the institute, is coordinated with the management of the engineering survey department and approved by the chief engineer of the institute.

On the routes of long pipelines laid in difficult physical and geographical conditions, the management of the engineering survey department draws up a program for the production of engineering surveys in accordance with paragraphs 1.13 and 1.14 of SNiP I-9-78 [33].

Engineering surveys of main pipelines and industrial and housing construction sites are carried out in two stages: for the project; for working documentation (working drawings).

For technically simple pipelines, engineering surveys can be performed in one stage for detailed documentation.

Work on engineering surveys, both for the project and for detailed documentation, is divided into three periods:

1. preparatory, during which materials containing information on the route area and site location are collected and studied, and the necessary organizational preparations are carried out for field work, including, if necessary, a field survey of complex sections of the pipeline route;

2. field, during which field work on engineering surveys is carried out, including the production of the necessary approvals;

3. camera, during which field measurement data are processed.

Laboratory works, preparation of route section plans, technical report and executive estimates.

For the production of engineering surveys in the territories of regions (territories), cities and towns, the design and survey organization should receive permission (according to the instructions of the State Geo-Supervision): for topographic geodetic work related to engineering surveys of pipeline routes up to 25 km long, as well as survey work on an area of ​ ​ up to 1 km2 - from the relevant departments (departments) for construction and architecture, city and district architects; for topographic geodetic work related to engineering surveys of pipeline routes with a length of more than 25 km, as well as survey work on an area of ​ ​ more than 1 km2 (continuous massif) - from the corresponding territorial inspection of the Gosgeo-supervision.

Engineering and geological works at the project stage and working documentation are registered in territorial geological funds (TGF) according to the "Instructions on the procedure for registering geological works in territorial funds and the All-Union Geological Fund" of the Ministry of Geology.

Surveys related to the production of drilling and mining works within the territory of cities, towns and protection zones of underground engineering networks are allowed to be carried out only with the availability of appropriate permits or in the presence of representatives of organizations operating these networks.

The main materials on which engineering surveys are carried out and route options are developed are topographic, thematic (geological, geophysical, soil, climatic, hydrological, etc.) and administrative maps, manuals on climatology and hydrology, aerial photography materials. Therefore, the priorities in the preparatory period are:

- collection, study and analysis of cartographic materials (geophysical, geological, hydrological, aerial survey) and survey materials of previous years in the area of work;

- obtaining in the relevant organizations of planned materials with land use boundaries, materials of mineral deposits, areas of prospective development and other objects affecting the location of the pipeline route;

- production of copies of land use plans for the area of route application and site location according to the established procedure;

- obtaining information about the nearest existing and projected hydroelectric power stations and other hydraulic structures (dams, locks, reservoirs), about flooding marks and other levels in the area of ​ ​ the route;

- Collecting information on the nearest railways and roads of national and national importance;

- collection of information on existing and projected communications (pipelines, power transmission lines, communication lines, etc.) in the route area.

Topographic maps (scales 1:25000, 1:50000 and 1: 100,000 and smaller), extracts from the catalogs of coordinates of points and marks of marks and benchmarks should be obtained from the relevant organizations.

Based on the collected materials, the scope and composition of engineering surveys at this facility is specified, programs are drawn up for sections and types of work, estimates and schedule of work execution dates.

4.3 Procedure for selection and approval of routes of main pipelines and industrial sites

Preliminary selection of route options or sites for industrial facilities, as well as communications to them, is made by the design organization on the written instructions of the customer. The preliminary selection of the route provides for the mapping of possible route options and placement of objects on the required scale; carrying out the necessary technical and economic calculations and comparing the options; Develop recommendations for selecting an alignment option and object placement options.

Materials prepared by the project organization shall be handed over to the customer.

The Customer shall initiate a petition before the Council of Ministers of the Republic, the regional (regional) executive committee to coordinate the location of the facilities and the selection of a land plot and organize a commission to select the pipeline route and sites of the CC, NPS, GRS, etc.

The work of the commission is carried out in accordance with the "Regulation on the procedure for initiating and considering applications for the provision of land plots."

During engineering surveys of main pipeline routes, the task is set to develop the optimal route version subject to technical conditions ensuring reliability of pipeline operation.

The length of the pipeline route should be as close as possible to the shortest distance between the start and end points of the pipeline (geodetic line) and have a minimum number of rotation angles. It is not allowed to extend the route relative to local geodetic lines more than 810% (except for mountainous terrain). Each alignment rotation in the plan must be justified.

Often, land users, based only on the interests of their farms, coordinate the laying of the route along the boundaries of crop rotation fields, on lands of worse quality - swamps, ravines, etc. Because of this, the length of the route often increases. In such cases, it is necessary to challenge such agreements in higher authorities, since after the completion of the construction of the pipeline, the land by reclamation is brought to a state suitable for agricultural use.

It is recommended to lay the route, avoiding, where possible, complex crossings through large water obstacles, intersections of engineering structures, demolition of buildings, cutting down valuable wood species.

Airfields, industrial enterprises, settlements, mining, railway stations, sea and river ports and marinas, difficult swamps are subject to mandatory bypass when laying the pipeline route.

It is not allowed to lay main pipelines in railway and road tunnels, in tunnels or in the same trench with electric or telephone cables and pipelines of other purpose, as well as on bridges of railways and roads of all categories.

When choosing the pipeline route, it is necessary to take into account the promising development of cities and other settlements, industrial enterprises and the designed pipeline for the next 25 years.

When laying main oil pipelines near settlements and industrial enterprises, if possible, the route should be marked at elevations below the elevations of a settlement or industrial enterprise.

In mountainous conditions and in areas with heavily crossed terrain, pipelines should be laid along associated watersheds, which sharply reduces the number of oblique sections that require the installation of special "shelves" and negatively affect the reliability of pipeline operation. It is less desirable to lay pipelines in mountainous areas in river valleys, which are characterized by a large number of oblique ("shelf") sections.

Landslide sections of the long length of the route should bypass above the landslide slope.

When laying the pipeline within the mined area, the route should be connected with mining plans and pass mainly through territories where the surface deformation processes have already ended (information on surface deformation should be obtained from the marksman), as well as in territories whose additional work is planned for the future. The crossing of mine fields by pipelines should be provided mainly perpendicular to the extension of the formations.

The location of industrial sites for the construction of Constitutional Court, NPS, GRS and other facilities should be carried out in compliance with the foundations of land legislation and legislative acts on the protection of nature and improvement of the use of natural resources, building design norms and rules, taking into account the promising development of the master plan of the city (village) and the regional planning scheme .

When placing sites, it is necessary to proceed from the conditions of maximum reduction in the cost of construction, bringing them closer to supply routes, water supply sources, electricity supply and cultural facilities. Sites for industrial facilities should not be located in mineral deposits, mined areas, as well as in barked, landslide or flooded areas.

The terrain of industrial sites should be relatively flat, slightly crossed.

Sites under the oil pipeline NPS should be located below the elevations of settlements and other facilities.

When placing sites for housing construction in cities and other settlements, in addition to the design task, the customer must issue an architectural and planning task.

A number of requirements must be taken into account when selecting utility routes to the CS, NPS, and other facilities.

The following requirements are imposed on the water duct route:

- The crossing of railways, roads, canals and rivers, city gas pipelines, heating networks, water pipelines and large sewers should be carried out at right angles as far as possible;

- It is forbidden to lay water duct routes on the territory of landfills "cemeteries and cattle trucks;

- If there are waterproof soils at the depth of the pipe laying, as well as water-saturated filtering soils with the movement of soil water flow from the route towards landfills, cemeteries and cattle trucks, the distance between the route and their border should be at least 10 m, and when the soil water flow moves from these places towards the water pipeline route - at least 30 m.

When routing a water conduit, the following distances shall be maintained:

- to the axis of the railway track 4 m, but not less than to the depth of the trench from the bottom of the embankment or the edge of the excavation;

- to the curb stone of roads 1.5 m or 1 m from the brow of the ditch or the sole of the embankment;

- to the building development line 5 m;

- up to low-pressure gas pipelines (up to 0.005 MPa) 1.0 m; medium pressure (up to 0.3 MPa) 1.5; high pressure (0.30.6 MPa) 2.0 m.

During surveys of sewage routes, the place of discharge, as well as the type of treatment and the location of treatment facilities are determined when selecting the site.

The minimum slopes of all sewage systems are taken depending on the permissible minimum speeds of sewage. So, for pipes with a diameter of 150 mm, the smallest slope is 0.008, for pipes with a diameter of 200 mm it is 0.05.

If gravity sewage cannot be applied under the conditions of the relief, then the site for the transfer station for pressure sewage is selected and agreed.

Links can be routed along pipelines or in a separate direction. It is most useful to route the link in the pipe outlet. Cable lines are laid parallel to the pipeline at a distance of 8 m from its axis with pipeline diameter up to 500 mm and 9 m with diameter over 500 mm. Air lines are laid parallel to pipeline at the distance of 4 m from its axis regardless of its diameter.

Unserved reinforcement points (NMP) of the process communication cable line, as a rule, should be located near roads, settlements, at the boundaries of crop rotation fields in order to ensure access and approach to them. It is undesirable to place NPUs in swampy and flooded places.

During radio relay communication, the radio relay line route should be selected taking into account the convenience of maintenance and quick repair of damage at radio relay stations (RRS) by means of emergency and preventive services and, as a rule, should be tied to roads.

4.5 Geotechnical Survey

Engineering and geological reconnaissance of the general direction of the pipeline route is carried out to obtain the actual material characterizing the main features of engineering and geological conditions of the pipeline construction and operation.

Geotechnical reconnaissance is carried out in order to assess the quality and refinement of the collected materials characterizing the geotechnical conditions of the pipeline route area; substantiation of the possibility of pipeline construction in specific natural conditions; technical and economic comparison of design pipeline route versions; obtaining data necessary for preliminary assessment of possible natural development of physical and geological processes and measurements of the geological environment under the influence of construction and operation of the pipeline.

Reconnaissance is carried out in three periods - preparatory, field and camera.

The task of the preparatory period is to draw up a reconnaissance program and carry out a number of organizational and technical measures that ensure its production in the prescribed time frame and methods provided for by the program.

The sequence of work in the preparatory period is as follows: receiving a task for reconnaissance and studying the intended route options on topographic map sheets; collection and synthesis of materials of previous surveys in the area, as well as aerial photographs (if available); Identify the complex route sections to be surveyed; Selection of the field survey method.

The main source of information when collecting materials are: topographic maps of scale 1: 100,000, 1:50000, 1:25000; state geological and hydrological surveys of scale 1: 500,000 - 1: 200,000; results of complex engineering and geological surveys of objects, including description of individual workings, results of single or few analyses on determination of soil properties, etc.; data from special case studies of individual elements of the geological environment (the study of landslides, loesses, mudflows, geomorphological work on the study of relief-forming processes, etc.).

Based on the collected materials, a preliminary schematic map of the geotechnical conditions of the pipeline route area is drawn up.

Field work during geotechnical reconnaissance is carried out on the planned complex sections of the route requiring field examination (transitions through large water barriers, wetland, in mountain conditions, in areas of complex geological processes). Reconnaissance work is limited to route observations with a minimum amount of mining work (corpuses, clearings, small pits, fixing outcrops).

By results of the description of water manifestations (wells, wells, springs) study hydrogeological conditions.

Physical and geological processes are studied visually and options for detailed study are immediately outlined. In need of structure of field reconnoitring works include well-drilling, trial pumpings of holes, wells, wells, etc.

Field reconnaissance work on the route of the general direction of the pipeline begins with a general survey of the terrain along the camerally developed direction on the sheets of the topographic map.

If the route is planned along existing roads and other roads or in areas (steppe, forest-steppe, semi-desert, etc.). In this reconnaissance, the head of the survey party and the responsible executor of field engineering and survey work must take part.

In populated, swampy, desert and rough terrain in off-road conditions, where the movement of vehicles is difficult, it is recommended to carry out reconnaissance from the air. This reconnaissance allows you to clarify data on relief, hydrography, vegetation cover, the presence of adverse physical and geological phenomena in a short time. Karst forms of relief, landslide, solillusion, patterns in the distribution of ridge hills (moraines, comas), swamps, sections of moving sands in deserts, etc. are very clearly visible from the air.

The most convenient for air reconnaissance are helicopters or airplanes with a low flight speed. Reconnaissance from the air is carried out according to the map with the route along the highway and the intended landmarks.

When laying ground routes, all elements of the geology of the area in the area of the pipeline route along the observation points should be described in a comprehensive manner.

Based on the results of engineering and geological reconnaissance, a conclusion is drawn up with the recommendation of certain options for the pipeline route, slopes of large water passages, areas for the placement of sites for the construction of the Constitutional Court, NPS, etc. Attached to the conclusion is an engineering and geological map (on a scale of 1: 100,000), which shows all points of observation, directions of routes (including aerovisual), as well as thorn workings, points of geophysical work, etc. The conclusion, in addition to the necessary general information on the geographical position of the work area and its brief physical and geographical characteristics, should contain only those engineering and geological information and conclusions that should be taken into account when making design decisions.

4.5.1 Geotechnical survey of crossing water obstacles

At crossings through water obstacles in two threads or more, which are sought at the stage of the project in the scope of working documentation, the geological and olithological section of the channel part is built on the basis of drilling along the main and reserve threads in 3050 m depending on the complexity of the geological structure of the channel part of the transition. The depth of drilling of channel wells from the river bottom (in the erosion zone - from the depth mark of bottom sediments) is 4 m. In the presence of peat, sludge, the depth of drilling of the river bed increases by their capacity, but not more than 10 m.

Within floodplain terraces, boreholes are set along the main and reserve threads at water cuts to a depth of 5 m, on the ledges of floodplain terraces - 10 m from the edge of the ledge to the depth of the height of the terrace, but not deeper than 10 m.

4.5.2 Geotechnical surveys at the stage of detailed documentation

At the stage of final surveys, detailed geotechnical surveys of the pipeline route approved during the review are carried out. If necessary, additional collection of initial materials is carried out in geological funds, territorial geological departments and other organizations.

It is necessary to coordinate with the territorial districts of Gosgortekhnadzor the laying of the approved pipeline route along the areas of additionally identified mineral deposits.

Detailed route engineering-geological survey is performed along the pipeline route.

In areas with favorable soil conditions, engineering and geological survey is carried out on a scale of 1:50000; in areas of complexity categories II and III - on a scale of 1:25000.

The basis for the survey is topographic plans, photo plans, route picket.

The route engineering and geological survey along the pipeline route includes the performance of works related to the detailed conditions for the construction of freight roads (entrances) and the operation of freight reserves and quarries of local construction materials.

Taking into account the workings performed along the pipeline route at the project stage, on average there should be three to four workings per 1 km of the route.

The number of pits is determined by the complexity of the lithological section.

When studying during the survey of rock soils, the main attention should be paid to their state by weathering and fracturing (development category). As a rule, the category of rock soil development is determined without special laboratory analysis (by their appearance, degree of fragmentation, nature of state change).

In areas with close occurrence of rock soils, wells and holes are set as far as possible after 100300 m depending on the complexity of the rock roof relief.

The weathering zone shall be passed by workings completely for the monolithic zone, but not more than the depth necessary for laying the pipe in a trench.

The number of pits shall be at least 1/3 of all exploration workings.

At the crossings through artificial and natural obstacles (beams, ravines, streams, railways and roads, etc.) at the stage of working documentation, the following workings are set, the location and number of which are as follows:

- at crossings through streams with a deep-cut channel - three workings, one in the channel and two on each bank 10 m from the edge of the slope. The depth of the channel mine is 3.55.0 m from the bottom of the watercourse, coastal - 5 m;

- at transitions through ravines, beams - one in talveg and one after the edges of slopes. The depth of production in the talveg is 3.5 m, the rest is 4 m;

- in the presence of steep slopes with pronounced shoulders - on each ledge at a distance of about 10 m from the brow to a depth of up to 10 m, depending on the height of the ledge;

- at the intersection of roads (highways) and railways - on both sides of the transition 20 m from the embankment and at the foot of the embankment. The depth of the workings is 5 m. At the intersection in the excavation, exploration workings are set on both sides of the canvas and on the edges of the excavation. Depth of working near the web is 5 m, on eyebrows 5 m plus depth of recess. In practice, intersections in the excavation are very rare, in exceptional cases when another, better place cannot be found. Such an intersection makes construction very difficult.

When laying the pipeline route along oblique sections with slopes of more than 12 °, exploration workings pass to a depth of 10 m through 50100 m (depending on the complexity of the geological section) along the axis of the route and at a distance from the axis of the route 10 m above and below the oblique section.

Monoliths for laboratory geotechnical studies should be selected from each soil difference in order to check slopes for stability.

When laying the route in the zone of saline soils from the latter, in the absence of groundwater, after about 2 km samples are taken for the production of water extracts in order to determine their effect on various types of insulation.

Soil specific gravity, porosity coefficient, internal friction angle, soil specific adhesion, filtration coefficient shall be determined on watered sections of the pipeline route.

4.5.3 Engineering hydrometeorological surveys

Engineering and hydrometeorological surveys shall provide the necessary hydrology and climate data for pipeline design. Surveys are carried out according to the program compiled on the basis of the requirements of regulatory documents on engineering surveys for the construction of pipelines.

The purpose of engineering and hydrological surveys on sections of water barriers is to establish the hydrodynamic effect of flow on underwater pipelines, the limit profile of erosion of the bottom and banks in the transition slopes during its operation, the chemical composition of water and its effect on pipeline corrosion, information on characteristic water horizons and ice phenomena.

The composition and scope of field work should be determined based on the degree of study of the area of work, the specified survey dates, and most importantly the complexity of the construction site. The degree of study is established not only by the quantity, but also by the quality of the available materials.

Hydrometeorological surveys are carried out on all water bodies of rivers, reservoirs, sea bays and estuaries, lakes and temporary watercourses crossed by the pipeline route, as well as when laying the pipeline route in parallel with the listed objects in the zone of their influence.

During hydrographic surveys on rivers, hydrometric and morphometric work is carried out. Hydrometric operations, as a rule, are carried out during the period of spring flood or rain flood in order to determine the flow rate, speed and direction of water flow, slope of the water surface.

4.6 Engineering and geological conditions of the linear part of the pipeline route "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean"

Geological structure.

Within the Primorsky Territory, the route of the projected oil pipeline crosses the SikhoteAlinsky folded region - a first-order region that corresponds to the territory of the Mesozoic folded region of the same name and is located in the very east - southeast of the territory under study. The Sikhot-Alin folded region includes several regions of the second order, represented by morphological structures - Sikhote-Alin and Arsenyevsky arch and arch-elbow rises and Evoron Chukagir and Prikhankaysky superimposed depressions.

The Evoron-Chukagir region is "embedded" in the Lower Amur Synclinorium and is a narrow Cenozoic overlaid depression. The oil pipeline route within the Evorogo Chukagir region runs mainly along river valleys.

The depression is made with a thickness of horizontally occurring continental precipitation with a thickness of 150400 m. From the surface in its central part, alluvial and lake-alluvial precipitation of Holocene-Hebrew-Pleistocene age prevails, and on the sides of early and Middle Pleistocene.

Alluvia is dominated by fine-grained sands with sandy sandy layers and a developed layer of loam of floodplain facies. Lake-alluvial deposits are represented by silted and thawed sediments with a thickness of 2-4 m. Within the Nizhneamursky and Evorono Chukagir regions, they are developed: on the gentle slopes of low mountains and denudation small-footed plains - flat and ravine erosion, on the slopes of the northern exposition - landslides, solifluxation; within the lake-alluvial plains - waterlogging.

The Sikhote-Alinsky arch (arch-bulb) uplift is mainly a low-mountain country with a series of mountain ranges of northeastern extension, having absolute heights of flat watersheds of 7001400 m, separated by accumulative alluvial plains. In the strip of the route there are terrigenous, volcanogenic sedimentation, molasses and granitoid formations of indigenous rocks.

The Prikhankai depression is confined to the valley of the river. Ussuri and the largest lake of Primorye - Khanka. Most of it is occupied by flat, slightly dissected alluvial, alluvial-lake, accumulative terraces with predominant absolute elevations from 50 m (lower Ussuri River) to 180 m along the mountain framing. In tectonic terms, this is the Cenozoic superimposed depression laid down on the denudation folding foundation and covering of the Khankai massif. The depression is characterized by a two-tier structure. Continental coal-bearing deposits of the Molass Formation of the late Eocenmiocene, represented by conglomerates, pebbles, sandstones, sands, argillites, aleurolites with interlayers and lenses of brown coals, lie at the base. Deposits of molasses formation are made by separate isolated grabens and grabensinclinal structures of foundation. Thickness from 50 to 1000 m. The upper tier is formed by Pliocene-Quaternary alluvial and lake sediments represented by sands, pebbles, loams, clays with interlayers of sands and pebbles, partially thawed. Thickness up to 200 m. These deposits with a continuous cover lie on Eocene-Miocene rocks, and in the instrument parts of the depressions - directly on the rocks of the foundation.

Economic part

6.2 Operating Costs

Operating costs are the full range of costs associated with transshipment of oil from railway transport to the main pipeline during the year.

Operating costs included in the cost are determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The composition of costs is established in accordance with Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation "Income Tax" with additions and amendments.

Operating costs include:

- Labor costs;

- Depreciation deductions;

- Energy costs;

- Maintenance costs;

- Other costs.

6.2 Operating Costs

Operating costs are the full range of costs associated with transshipment of oil from railway transport to the main pipeline during the year.

Operating costs included in the cost are determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The composition of costs is established in accordance with Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation "Income Tax" with additions and amendments.

Operating costs include:

- Labor costs;

- Depreciation deductions;

- Energy costs;

- Maintenance costs;

- Other costs.

CONCLUSION

The completed project assessments showed that the project of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean main oil pipeline is important both for Primorsky Krai and for Russia as a whole. Design it, build and ensure the subsequent accident-free operation one of the most important tasks for the oil and gas complex.

As a result of the design of the main oil pipeline, the hydraulic calculation of the oil pipeline was carried out. During the hydraulic calculation were calculated; main pumps for the oil pumping station; number of oil pumping stations; cathodic protection station and equipment for it were calculated. During the design, the main technological solutions for the main oil pipeline and oil pumping stations were selected.

Hazardous and harmful production factors were analyzed at the oil pumping station. As a result of the design, the main technical solutions and measures for environmental protection during the construction and operation phase were selected.

Also in the diploma project, a feasibility study of the project (feasibility study) was made. In which the cost of building an oil pipeline and the profitability of the project were calculated.

The Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline project should lead Russia to a leading position in the world, improve our living conditions in the Far East and Primorsky Territory, create additional jobs and increase deductions to budgets of all levels.