Diploma in architecture. Residential building with attic

Contents

Contents

Introduction

1 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL PART

1.1 General plan

1.2 General characteristics of the building

1.3 Space Planning Solution

1.4 Structural solution of the building

1.5 Exterior and interior decoration of the building

2 DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL PART

2.1Invalues adopted in calculations

2.2 Calculation and design of the flight of stairs

3 CONSTRUCTION AND PRODUCTION PART

3.1 Job Instruction

3.2 Calendar Plan

3.3 Construction plan

4 ECONOMIC PART

4.1 Local estimate for civil works

4.2 Local Estimates

4.3 Object Estimate

4.4 Contract Price

5 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

5.1 Occupational Safety Regulations

5.2 Organization of labor in construction

5.3 Certification and certification of workplaces

5.4 Site Occupational Safety Measures

5.5 Safety precautions

Literature

Introduction

The theme of this graduation project is the development of a residential building with an attic. The project was completed in compliance with all norms and requirements. The project consists of the following sections:

- architectural and structural part containing 2 sheets of graphics, which depict:

1sheet - 2 facades, plan at elevation 0.000, basement section, stair flight unit, roof plan, plot plan, technical and economic indicators (TEP), building explication;

2 sheet - section 11, layout of floor slabs, installation plan of beams, layout of foundations, plan of bridges, plan of attic, plan of rafters, floor unit, unit 2, unit 3;

- design and structural part in which the flight of stairs is calculated;

- design and production part, in which the technological part for installation works was performed, a schedule for the entire construction period was developed, the construction plan was designed and the construction TEP was calculated;

- The economic part contains the object estimate.

In addition, health and safety measures have been developed.

Architectural and structural part

1.1 General Plan

The territory of the site allocated for the development of a residential building with an attic has a rectangular shape in plan. The territory of the site is free for development and has a calm relief. In addition to the designed building on the site there are: a bath (42 m2), a summer house (42 m2). Roads adjacent to the territory of the site, entrances are paved. In the rest of the territory, a flower garden is designed, as well as planting deciduous trees. Ballot boxes are provided in places of rest. The territory of the site is fenced.

The building of the house with an attic is oriented around the world, taking into account the maximum insolation of the premises with sunlight. Relative elevations 0.000 correspond to 89.30.

1.2 General characteristics of the building

The house with the attic has a rectangular shape with dimensions in axes A-D - 12.2 m; 1-5 - 14.1 m. The highest elevation of the building is 8.4 m.

One-story house with attic has a basement. The foundation is tape, consisting of blocks. There is a built-in garage.

The walls are brick. The thickness of the external walls is 770 mm, the internal 380 mm. Brick partitions 120 mm thick. Slabs of multistage reinforced concrete slabs. The roof of the house is metal (attic).

1.3 Space Planning Solution

The building is designed for people to live in. On the ground floor there is a central entrance, a lobby, from where you can climb the stairs to the second floor (attic). Also on the ground floor there is a bathroom, a kitchen-dining room and a descent into the basement, in which there is a pool.

On the second (attic) floor there is a bathroom and sleeping rooms.

On the ground floor there is an entrance to the garage. A gate is provided to enter the garage.

1.4 Structural solution of the building

The building with the attic is arceless with transverse bearing walls. In the attic building, the structures described below are adopted.

1.4.1 Foundations

The foundation of the house with a mansard is adopted by tape from prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete blocks, the elevation of the foundation floor is -4.500. The pillow blocks are laid continuously under all the walls of the building along the aligned sand base. Wall foundation blocks are laid on cement sand mortar with dressing of vertical seams. Foundations have vertical and horizontal waterproofing. Horizontal waterproofing is designed from two layers of ruberoid on bitumen mastic. Vertical waterproofing is performed by coating the basement walls from the outside with hot bitumen in 2 times.

1.4.2 Walls and partitions

External walls of residential building with attic are made of red silicate brick. In addition, in connection with the northern construction area, additional heat insulation is arranged in the outer walls. Outer wall thickness 770 mm.

The inner walls are laid out of brick with a thickness of 380mm. Partitions are laid out in one brick.

1.4.3 Flooring

Floors are designed from hollow slabs. Reinforced concrete slabs are supported on the walls by a layer of cement sand. Ends of plates resting on external walls are anchored in masonry with the help of steel anchors, and ends of plates on internal walls are connected to each other by wire twists. The seams are sealed with cement sand mortar, thereby creating a single monolithic slab disk.

1.4.4 Stairs

Stairs are designed to move human flows from one floor to another.

1.4.5 Roof

Wooden rafters are used as the load-bearing structure. The rafter structure consists of mauerlats, on which the rafter legs of the bench runs rest.

As a base under the roof is a continuous grate of boards. The roof is made of Monterrey metal, which performs many functions, such as: protection against precipitation, decoration of the facade of the building, and so on.

All wooden roof products are treated with antiseptics and flame retardants.

1.4.6 Floors

Floors are an important structural element that are constantly exposed to operational effects. The floors of the building must meet the following requirements: have high mechanical strength, smooth and smooth surface, be non-slippery and non-wipable, have moisture resistance and fire resistance, be able to carry out quick and non-labor-intensive repairs.

In the designed building, the floors of the first floor and the second (attic) are made of linoleum.

The floor of the attic is additionally insulated by mineral wool slabs.

1.4.7 Windows, doors and gates

Windows in buildings are used to ventilate the room, to get into the rooms of light, etc. The purpose of doors is to connect different rooms to each other. The gate serves to enter cars into the garage.

Windows are installed in a residential building with an attic, which provides convenience in ventilating rooms. Windows are very environmentally friendly, so favorable conditions are created for people to live.

Wooden doors are installed in the residential building.

There is a metal gate to enter the garage. They are 2.5 by 2.5 for free passage of cars to the garage. By the type of opening, the gates are open.

1.5 Exterior and interior decoration of the building

Since this project is a residential building, the facade of the building should be made with special aesthetics. For this purpose external walls are made of red brick, and roof is made of metal.

The interior decoration of the rooms is expressed in lining the walls with wallpaper, installing suspended ceilings. In places of large accumulation of moisture, the walls are finished with ceramic tiles.

Design and structural part

2.1Invalues adopted in calculations

M - Design bending moment;

Q- transverse force on the support;

q- design load per 1 linear meter of the march;

Qmach - transverse force on the support;

h1f - height of T-section shelf;

b 1f is the width of the T-section shelf;

h - height of T-section;

ho - working section height;

As-area of reinforcement section;

Rs-design resistance of reinforcement;

the relative height of the compressed zone of concrete;

[mu] - reinforcement coefficient;

Asw-area of clamp stretching;

Rsw-design resistance of transverse reinforcement to tension;

Es-modulus of reinforcement elasticity;

Eb-initial modulus of concrete elasticity during compression and tension

2.2 Calculation and design of the flight of stairs

2.2.1 Initial data

It is required to calculate and design a reinforced concrete march 1.35 meters wide for the stairs of a residential building. The height of the floor is 3 meters, the angle of inclination of the march α = 300, steps measuring 15 × 30 centimeters. Concrete of class B20, reinforcement of class AII, grids - class BpI.

2.2.2 Loads and Forces

Calculation scheme of the march is given in accordance with Figure 1.

Design load per 1 linear meter of the march

q = (gpοs + ppοs) * a = (3.6 × 1.1 + 3 × 1.2) × 1.35 = 10.206 kN/m;

Design bending moment

M = q × L2/8 = 10.2 × 32/8 = 11.5 kN/m;

Transverse force on the support

Q = q × L2/2 = 10.3 × 32/2 = 15.3 kN;

2.1.3 Preselection of section dimensions

It is noteworthy to typical factory forms that we assign the thickness of the plate (cross section between steps) h1f = 30 millimeters, the height of the ribs (cosors) h = 70 millimeters, the thickness of the ribs br = 80 millimeters (in accordance with Figure 2). We replace the actual cross section of the march with the calculated T-ray with the shelf in the compressed zone b = 2br = 2 × 80 = 160mm, the width of the shelf b 1f in the absence of transverse ribs is assumed to be no more than b 1f = 2 (L/6) + b = 2 (300/6) + 16 = 116cm or b 1f = 12h1f + b = 12 × 3 + 16 = 0.52f = 0.2cm,

2.2.4 Calculation of strength by standard section

According to the condition, we set the design case for the T-section (at x = h1f): at M≤Rb*b1f*h1f (h00.5 h1f) the neutral axis passes in the shelf; M = 11.5 < 11.5 * 103 * 0.52 * 0.03 (0,130,5 * 0.03) = 20,631 kNm; the condition satisfies the neutral axis passing in the shelf; reinforcement calculation is performed by formulas for rectangular sections with width b1f = 0.52 m.

A0 = M/Rb * b1f * h02 = 11.5/11.5 * 105 * 0.52 * 0,132 = 0,11379

From the table we find

ŋ =0,94 ξ=0,12

As = M / ŋ*ho*Rs=11,5/0,94*0,13*280*103=3,36*104 м.

Accept 2 Ø16 AII, As = 4.02

Each edge has one flat frame K-1.

2.2.5 Calculation of strength by inclined section

Transverse force on support Qmach = 15.3 * 1 = 15.3 kN.

We calculate the projection of the calculated inclined section on the longitudinal axis with

2.2.6 Construction of the flight of stairs

The march plate is reinforced with a grid of rods with a diameter of 4? 6 mm, located in increments of 100? 300 mm.

The plate is monolithically connected to the stages, which are reinforced for structural reasons, and its bearing capacity is quite ensured taking into account the operation of the stages. The steps laid on the cosors are calculated as free-resting beams of triangular cross-section. The diameter of the working reinforcement of the stages, taking into account transport and installation effects, is assigned depending on the length of the stages ℓst;

ℓst=1-1,4m ----------- 6mm

ℓst=1,51,9m 7÷8mm

ℓst=2-2.4m 8÷10mm

clamps are made of reinforcement with diameter of 4-6 mm in spacing of 200 mm

Construction and production part

3.1 Job Instruction

3.1.1 Initial data

For this project the routing has been developed for installation works. To do this, the volumes of work for masonry of the external and internal walls of the building, for masonry of partitions, installation of lintels, installation of slabs and girders, installation of scaffolding are calculated. During installation works masonry of external and internal walls and partitions is combined with construction of bridges and installation of floor slabs. Installation is carried out by a caterpillar crane of the MGK16M brand with an arrow of 18 meters.

Installation and masonry works are carried out from the bottom up along the entire construction site. The flooring slabs are delivered to the working area by the automotive aggravator.

This Job Instruction shows the operating areas, the approximate position of the crane during certain operations, as well as the basic dimensions.

3.1.2 Work Statement

To calculate labor costs for assembly works, use the ENiR, according to which the time standards for certain types of work are determined, as well as the composition of the workers' link (profession and number of people).

3.1.3 Selection of link composition

The selection of the composition of the link is carried out depending on the complexity of the work. He can be recognized from the ENiR. It stipulates the profession of a worker, his category and the number of people in the link. In some cases, you need to use two worker links, such as exterior wall masonry, to perform the framing work faster. This allows you to approximately halve the period of installation work.

3.1.4 Selection of mechanisms

The most rational methods of performing installation works should ensure the performance of these works within a given time frame. In this case, modern equipment and methods of work should be used. The best working conditions shall be created at the work site so that the maximum possible technical and economic parameters can be achieved.

During the work, a caterpillar crane of the MKG16M brand with a departure boom of 18 m will be used, as well as an automatic loader for delivering reinforced concrete structures to the working zone. Electric welding operations will be carried out using welding machines TS120. The solution is delivered to the work site by GAZ dump truck. Also, during installation work, four-branch slings will be used for the installation of floor slabs and the delivery of bricks to a height.

3.1.5 Characteristics of production methods

Installation and masonry works will begin with the installation of floor slabs. Caterpillar crane uses slings to lay slabs. After laying all slabs, the process of masonry of external and internal walls begins, which is combined with the processes of masonry of partitions and installation of bridges. As structures are erected, electric welding works are carried out to secure reinforced concrete elements. After completion of these works, seams are sealed between slabs, as a result of which a single monolithic slab disk is obtained.

Installation of floor slabs begins only after the block and brickwork have acquired the necessary strength. The work area consists of one work area. It accepts the axis of crane movement - this is the trajectory along which the crane will move during various operations. Delivery of reinforced concrete structures to the work area will be carried out by automotive aggravators. To do this, temporary roads are provided around the building, which overlook permanent roads.

To perform installation works at height, scaffolds are used, from which masons carry out masonry of walls and partitions of the second and third levels. The arrangement of workplaces on the scaffold is shown in Job Instruction.

Process diagrams show where materials and structures are stored. The diagrams also show the lifting capacity of the crane and the outflow of the boom.

3.2 Calendar Plan

The schedule is drawn up for the entire construction period. It displays all operations or processes that are necessary for the construction and commissioning of a residential building. The schedule includes the scope of work, the labor intensity of the process execution, the composition of the link and the number of workers, as well as the name of the machines and the duration of the various works. The schedule shows the phased construction. A single operation takes one or more days to complete. In the graph of the operation, this is indicated by a straight line.

The schedule also shows the actual construction period. Some operations can be combined. This is necessary in order to reduce the construction period and to ensure that workers and construction equipment are not idle after work.

A work flow schedule is based on the schedule. It shows how many people are involved in

construction works on various days of construction. The schedule of workers is drawn up for the entire construction period.

3.3 Construction plan

3.3.1 General requirements

The construction plan is the second most important, after the schedule, document of the work execution project.

When placing the construction facility on the construction plan, it is necessary to comply with the following basic requirements:

- temporary buildings should be placed in areas free from the main construction, taking into account usability, observance of fire safety standards, sanitary and hygienic conditions, safety;

- supply of all communications to the construction site is carried out in compliance with safety rules;

- ensuring good consumer service for workers, eliminating unnecessary transitions.

The construction plan is based on a scale of 1:500. The design of the construction plan begins with the transfer of the workshop building and temporary buildings to it. Then they begin to place warehouses, installation cranes, installation of places of acceptance of mortars and concretes coming to the construction site in the ready form, temporary structures.

Warehouses of materials and structures are planned as close as possible to the residential building under construction. Covered warehouses of construction materials according to safety conditions are placed near the border of crane coverage area.

To change the clothes of workers, mobile cars are provided. They are combined with the office of the work manufacturer. A temporary toilet was also designed on the construction plan.

Simultaneously with the placement of warehouses and temporary structures, highways are located that overlook permanent roads. The width of the road is taken to be 7 meters, since the movement of the two is outward, the radius of the rounding of the road is 18 m.

Last of all, on the construction plan, the symbols of the temporary communications network are applied.

The construction plan shows temporary fences made of reinforced concrete slabs. Floodlights are installed along the entire perimeter of the fence to illuminate the construction site.

3.3.2 Calculation of storage areas

The area of open storage rooms is determined by calculation, data for which is taken from the structure consumption schedule and storage standards of materials and structures per 1 square meter of storage area.

Usable storage area (without passages), calculated by formula

3.3.3 Construction Site Water Supply

Design water consumption for production and economic needs is determined by appropriate formulas

3.3.4 Selection and calculation of temporary buildings

Temporary buildings and structures are usually erected only for the period of construction, so their volume and cost should be minimal.

During construction, the following temporary buildings are built:

Room for maintenance and heating of workers, workshops, etc.

The maximum number of workers per shift is 16 people. Pro-slave is designed for 5 people.

1. Office area at the rate of 3.5 m2 per 1 workplace:

Fq = 3.5 x 5 = 17.5 m2;

2. The area of dressing rooms and washrooms is taken at the rate of 0.5 m2 per one workplace:

Fr = 0.5 * 16 * 0.7 = 5.6 m2.

3.3.5 Schedule TEP

The construction period of the facility determines the coefficient of construction duration:

Economic part

4.1 Local estimate for civil works

Local estimates are made for individual types of work, as well as for site-wide works on the basis of the quantities defined in the detailed documentation. Estimated construction costs include estimated profits, direct costs and overhead costs. Direct expenses are directly related to the execution of specific types of construction work and include:

- Costs of basic wages of workers;

- operating costs of machines and mechanisms;

- costs for construction materials, products, structures at the price of a franco-converted warehouse.

Direct expenses are calculated in the estimates on the basis of territorial unit rates for construction work in the Tomsk region. The cost of unaccounted materials and structures is calculated at prices from cost estimates. Calculation of direct expenses in current prices is given in Table-4.1.

Overhead costs are indirect costs associated with the management of construction, the organization of construction production and the maintenance of its employees. Overhead costs in the local estimate are determined on the basis of industry-wide aggregated standards for the main types of construction, in accordance with MDS 814.99. In this work, overhead costs are calculated according to the standards from the amount of direct costs in the amount of 18%.

Estimated profit is the amount of funds necessary to cover the expenses of the construction and installation organization for the development of social production, material incentives, and the payment of income tax.

The estimated profit is calculated in the amount of 12% of the estimated cost (amount of direct and overhead costs).

4.2 Local Estimates

Estimated local calculations for internal sanitary works (water supply, sewerage, heating, ventilation), internal electric lighting, low-current devices

are compiled on the basis of the aggregated indicators of the estimated cost of these works per 1 m3 of the building. The estimated cost of improvement costs is calculated in the amount of 0.5% of the estimated cost of public works.

The basis for the estimates is the volume of the 1445m3 building. Local estimates are given in Table 4.2

4.3 Object Estimate

The object estimate is based on local estimate calculations (Estimate) for certain types of work. The object estimate determines the total amount of all costs and is the basis for determining the estimated cost of the object. The estimated cost of the facility additionally includes the following funds to cover the limited costs: to increase the cost of other work performed in winter and costs, which are calculated in the amount of 20% of the total cost of construction and installation work for all local estimates. In accordance with the tax legislation, it is necessary to calculate funds to cover the costs of paying VAT, which will be calculated in the amount of 18% of the total data on the object estimate. Calculation of object estimate is given in Table 4.3.

4.4 Contract Price

With the phased financing of construction, there is a postponement of payments for certain periods from the beginning of the advance, which makes it necessary to take into account the time and risk factor in determining the real estimated cost (contract price). To do this, the current estimated value of the milestones is recalculated into real future payments and then discounted to the valuation date of future payments.

Calculation of contract price and discounted estimated cost is given in the table.

When calculating, the construction financing schedule is based on the backlog and duration of construction (table), 20% of the advance payment and phased payment of work.

Occupational safety

5.1 Occupational Safety Regulations

Regulatory requirements for labor protection are set forth in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law on the Basics of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Types of regulations:

- State standards;

- Sanitary regulations;

- Sanitary standards;

- building codes and regulations.

The Federal Labour Protection Act defines a uniform procedure for the regulation of labour protection relations between employers and employees throughout the country, regardless of ownership.

The Labour Code of the Russian Federation defines:

- obligations of employer and employee;

- medical examinations;

- The need for facilities to comply with occupational safety requirements;

- obligation of employees and managers to undergo safety training;

- obligations of employers in case of accident.

5.2 Organization of labor in construction

State administration of occupational safety is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation. Labour protection is administered by the executive branch and by the Ministry of Labour and Social Development. In organizations, on the initiative of the employer, a commission on labor protection is created.

5.3 Certification and certification of workplaces

Certification of workplaces is possible for state examination bodies or for bodies with a license.

Certificates come in three categories:

category 1 - at least 90% of available places are certified,

category 2 - at least 75% of places are certified, the rest are studied during the year,

Category 3 - at least 50% of places are certified, the rest study for two years.

To obtain a certificate of any category, you must:

a) have an occupational safety service,

b) have a program to improve labor protection measures,

c) have a positive opinion of the labor protection supervisory bodies,

d) regular training of workers.

5.4 Site Occupational Safety Measures

Labor safety measures at the construction site include safe organization and training of workers. Periodic briefing when workers are doing new work and safety knowledge testing.

Training of workers is performed in the form of instruction GOST 12.0.00490. After the briefing, a record is made in a special journal or in the personal card of the worker with the signature of the person who instructed the worker.

During construction, the work site is fenced. Pits are covered with dense material, the base under the boom crane must be strengthened. Transition bridges with a width of at least 1 meter with fences 0.9 meters high are arranged above trenches and ditches. The construction site shall be illuminated in the dark. Hazardous areas shall be marked on the construction site. Deciduous and coniferous trees on the construction site are preserved as much as possible. Waste of construction materials is stored in special containers, and then disposed of.

5.5 Safety precautions

Bricks are delivered to the workplace in containers, on pallets. To organize masonry at a height, scaffolding is used, which along the perimeter, on the opposite side of masonry, have railing fences. The masonry level after each movement in the height of the scaffolding shall be not less than 0.7 m higher than the level of the working flooring or floor. When erecting brick buildings with a height of more than 7 m, it is necessary to use protective visors 1.5 m wide. They are installed at an angle of 200 to the horizon, so that the gap between the flooring of the visors does not exceed 50 mm. The first tier of protective visors is installed at a height of 6 m from the ground and is preserved until the completion of stone work. Protective visors cannot be used to store and walk materials. The protective visors are rearranged only with safety belts. At the same time, the danger area must be indicated below. Brickwork is allowed in the absence of protective visors of buildings with a height of 7 m or more, provided that mesh fences are installed at the masonry level.

For lifting structures and parts, installation equipment (crossarms, slings, etc.) is used, technically serviceable, having a plate indicating lifting capacity. When lifting structures of large sizes and areas, braces (braces) are additionally used to keep structures from swinging. When operating at height, the installers must have protective belts tested for static and dynamic load, with serviceable carbines. The installation of the subsequent floor should be carried out after fixing the structures of the previous stage. To raise the installers to a height, use inventory ladders-ladders. Stairs longer than 5 m shall have fences. Passages and passages in the area of lifting, movement, installation of structures must be closed with installation of warning signs. When lifting and moving building structures, they are not allowed to approach 1 m horizontally and 0.5 m vertically to previously installed or protruding parts of the building, or structures.

Literature

1. Danilov N.N. - Technology of construction processes, 2000

2. Danilov N.N. - Technology of construction production, 1977

3. Marionkov K.S. - Basis of design of construction works, 1980

4. Technology of erection of buildings and structures, 2001