Development of drinking water supply and domestic sewerage of a group of residential buildings

Introduction

Internal water supply - a system of pipelines and devices that provides water supply to sanitary and technical devices, fire cranes and technological equipment, serving one building or group of buildings and structures and having a common water measuring device from the water supply network of a settlement or industrial enterprise.

Internal sewerage - a system of pipelines and devices in the volume limited by the external surfaces of the enclosing structures and the outlets to the first inspection well, providing the removal of waste water from sanitary and technical devices and technological equipment and, if necessary, local treatment facilities, as well as rain and meltwater to the sewerage network of the appropriate purpose of a settlement or industrial enterprise.

The task of the course project is to design an internal cold water supply and drainage system to provide water and drain a group of residential buildings of an apartment type equipped with washbasins, washes and baths up to 1700 mm long with showers.

The building calculation is a residential 9-storey three-section house, two 5-storey three-section houses with a floor height of 2.7 m and a basement of 2.7 m and a floor thickness of 0.3 m. The number of consumers in the apartment is 3. The buildings are located at an absolute elevation of 80.2 m, the absolute floor elevation of the first floor is 81.0 m, the absolute elevation of the top of the city water supply pipe is 77.2 m, the tray of the well "A" of the city sewage system is 76.0 m, the depth of ground freezing is 2.5 m.

The guarantee head of the calculated water supply system is 20 m. The diameter of the pipe of the city water supply system is 400 mm, the city sewage system is 250 mm. The distance from the red line to the building is 5 m, from the building to the city sewage well "A" is 30 m, from the building to the city water supply - 7 m.

Residential buildings are supplied with cold drinking water from the well of the city water supply (VK11). Waste water from buildings is drained by gravity through the intraquartal drainage network to the well of the city drainage network (KK11).

Select Cold Pipe Routing Scheme

The water supply scheme consists of a main pipeline, distribution water supply (risers and supply to instruments). By location, the main pipelines are divided into:

- pipelines with lower wiring;

- pipelines with upper wiring.

Pipelines with lower wiring are used if there is a basement or semi-basement room, or if it is possible to install channels in the floor of the first floor. With upper wiring - if the main pipeline is located on the upper or technical floors, in the attic rooms.

Also, network routing schemes are dead end (when interruptions in water supply are possible), zone (in high-rise buildings), ring (when interruptions in water supply are impossible) and combined (in large buildings with large water scatter).

In this course project, you have selected a stub network routing scheme with one input and lower trunk routing. Main pipeline, inlet and water metering unit are located in basement of building.

The main elements of the internal water supply are: input (one or more); water metering units; water supply network with necessary valves, as well as water supply plants, regulating and spare tanks.

1.4 Water metering unit

Water metering units are installed on cold and hot water pipelines at entrances to the building and apartments.

The water metering unit is used to take into account the amount of water consumed in the water supply system of the building. Water metering unit includes device for measurement of quantity of consumed water, shutoff valves, control and discharge crane, connecting shaped parts and branch pipes from water-and-gas steel pipes.

There are simple water metering units (without a bypass line) and with a bypass line on which a sealed gate valve (valve) is installed in a closed position.

A water metering unit with a bypass line is used in the presence of one input. Shut-off valves are installed before and after the measuring device to replace or verify the correct readings, as well as to disconnect the internal water supply network from inlet and its emptying.

The control and drain valve is used to lower water from the internal water supply network, monitor pressure, check the correctness of the water meter readings and detect water leakage from the system.

The water metering unit is located in a warm and dry non-residential room, in a place easily accessible for inspection near the outer wall at the entrance to the building (basement or pits, on staircases of the building or in corridors). In the basement - at a height of 0.9-1.0 m from the floor, a convenient place for operation. Impeller and turbine water meters are used to account for the amount of water.

Impeller water meters of the BSX type are manufactured with a caliber of 15-40 mm and are threaded.

Turbine VSH water meters are issued in caliber of 50 - 250 mm and connect on flanges.

Meters of BSX type can be installed in any position. In front of the water meters, it is recommended to provide a straight section with a length equal to five of its diameters, and a filter, and behind the counter - a straight section with a length equal to one diameter.

In these buildings, a water metering unit with a bypass line, impeller and turbine water meters are used according to the hydraulic calculation of the water supply network and paragraph 2.7.

Internal plumbing design

The main pipeline from the water metering unit is laid in the basement at a distance of 0.2 m from the floor slab.

Horizontal pipelines are laid with a slope of 0.005 towards the inlet to allow water to descend from the system.

The pipelines from the risers to the shutoff valves are laid along the walls at a height of 0.1-0.2 m from the floor. Access to the flush tank is carried out at an altitude of 0.65 m.

To irrigate the area around the building, internal water pipelines are equipped with irrigation taps. These cranes lead from the main pipeline to the external walls (base) of the building in the niche at a height of 0.30 m from the pavement of the building. Valves are equipped with shut-off valves. To lower the water for the winter, a crane is arranged there, and the submarines are laid with a slope towards the crane. The diameter of the watering crane is 25 mm.

In each apartment there is an internal fire extinguishing device for PKB designed for use by residents as a primary means of extinguishing fires in apartments at an early stage of their detection. A separate crane to which the fire hose is connected is installed on the water pipe in any place convenient for its opening. Valves are equipped with shut-off valves.

Pipelines are laid in open or closed way. Hidden gasket is used with increased requirements for aesthetics of rooms. Open laying is much more ergonomic, allows you to constantly monitor the state of pipelines, simplifies their assembly and disassembly during repair work.

Pipes are attached to walls, partitions, plates by various methods using hooks, clamps, suspensions, brackets.

In this building, open piping is accepted. Pipe is attached to basement floor slab on suspensions.

The potable water supply network is designed from steel galvanized pipes with diameters up to 150 mm and from non-galvanized pipes with large diameters.

Internal drainage

2.1 Selection of water disposal system

Internal domestic sewage system is designed to remove contaminated water from the building after washing dishes, products, washing laundry, sanitary and hygienic procedures and transporting these waters to the city sewage network.

We begin the design of domestic sewage, outlining on the plan of the standard floor the places of installation of sewage risers that we place, open in toilets, as a rule, in the corner near the toilet.

For the domestic sewerage system, the most widely used cast-iron sewage pipes of the Cheka brand. The diameter of the pipes is 50-150 mm, the length is 500-2200 mm.

2.2 Selection of Water Disposal Routing Scheme

The network is traced, parallel to the buildings with the connection of outlets, in the direction to the city collector so that the direction of flow of drains coincides with the slope of the terrain. Connection to the city network is made in the inspection well on it.

Arrangement of inspection wells on the city network is made taking into account connection points of yard headers and maximum distances between wells.

When crossing the sewer network with the pipelines of the domestic water supply, the pipeline of the domestic water supply should be laid above the sewer network by 0.4 m (in the light). If it is necessary to lay water supply networks below sewage, water supply networks should be received from steel pipes enclosed in cases, and the distance from the walls of sewage pipes from the cut of the case should be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in filtering soils. Laying of domestic and drinking water supply at diameter < 150 mm is allowed for 0.5 m (in light) without case device. The section of the sewage collector (between adjacent wells), on which there is an intersection with the water supply, is made of cast-iron pipes.

To monitor the operation of the sewage network and clean it, install inspection wells at the points of connection of outlets, at turns, at places of change of diameters and slopes of pipes, in straight sections at a distance of not more than 35 m. With a pipe diameter of 150 mm, 50 m with a diameter of 200450 mm and 75 m with a diameter of 500-600 mm.

Wells are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete with a diameter of 1000 mm for pipes with a diameter of < 600 mm. Pipes shall be connected at an angle of not less than 90 °.

Piping connections of different diameters shall be made in wells by pipe silk.

2.3 Internal Water Disposal System Design

Internal drainage systems from a residential building are designed to divert domestic wastewater from sanitary devices to the courtyard, and then to the city drainage network.

The internal drainage network consists of sanitary and technical devices (washbasins, washes, baths, toilet bowls, etc.), branch pipelines connecting to hydraulic locks (siphons) of risers, exhaust part, outlets, cleaning devices.

Drain sewage pipes serve to drain sewage from sanitary devices. They are laid rectilinear along walls above the floor with slope 0.035 (at d = 50 mm) and 0.02 (at d = 100 mm) towards the riser. Diameters of branch pipes are accepted depending on the type of devices attached to them. Discharge pipelines from toilet bowls are accepted 100 mm, from other devices - 50 mm. The drain pipes are connected to the risers of the drainage system using shaped parts (tees, crosses). Double-sided connection of branch pipes from baths to one riser at one elevation is allowed using oblique crosses. In the basements should take crosses and tees oblique. Do not use straight crosses in the horizontal plane. Hydraulic closures are designed to prevent the ingress of gases from the drainage system into the premises. They are installed under sanitary devices.

Risers transporting waste water from branch pipelines to the lower part of the building are placed in bathrooms near sewage water receivers openly, near walls or in niches of internal walls of the building, next to cold water riser. For two adjacent sanitary units, one riser of the drainage system is arranged. The risers shall have the same diameter along the entire height, equal to the largest diameter of the floor drain or branch pipe of the connected wastewater receiver (the largest diameter of the branch pipe with a diameter of 100 mm has a toilet).

The domestic internal drainage system network, which discharges waste water to the external network, is ventilated through risers, the exhaust part of which is removed through the roof to a height of 0.3 m from the flat non-operated roof. Connection of the exhaust network of drainage risers with ventilation systems and chimneys is prohibited. Diameter of riser exhaust part is equal to diameter of riser drain part.

The drainage riser in the lower part passes into an outlet, which serves to drain waste liquid into the yard network. Outlet diameters are taken equal to the largest riser diameters (100 mm).

The number of issues from one building is taken equal to the number of entrances in the building - 3. They are designed towards the courtyard facade (to the entrances), drainage outlets are located on the side of the courtyard of the building perpendicular to the external walls, the minimum depth of the discharge laying is determined:

- depending on ground freezing (pipe bottom is laid above the freezing limit by 0.3 m);

- taking into account mechanical strength of pipes (0.7 m to the top of the pipe).

To eliminate clogging on the drainage network, revision devices for cleaning are provided, which serve to clean the network in both directions. Audits and cleaning are provided for:

- on risers, if there are no indents on them, in the lower and upper floors, and if there are indents, also on the floors above the indents;

- every three floors;

- at the beginning of branch pipe sections with the number of connected devices three or more, under which there are no cleaning devices;

- at network turns before or after turns.

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