Design of equipment operation in autumn-winter period

Introduction

The main task of the economic and social development of the republic is to increase the pace and efficiency of economic development on the basis of accelerating scientific and technological progress, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of production, intensive use of the created production potential, improving the management system, economic mechanism and achieving on this basis further improvement of the well-being of the people.

The agro-industrial complex of the republic is tasked with achieving sustainable growth of agricultural production, reliable provision of food and agricultural raw materials.

To successfully achieve these goals, further technical re-equipment of agricultural production will be carried out.

During operation, inevitably fail due to wear and other damage to the part.

In order to make fuller use of the machinery and achieve high performance in production processes, timely maintenance, high-quality repair work with the lowest costs plays an important role.

In order to reduce the labor and monetary costs of maintaining equipment in working condition in areas of economic and social development, it is necessary to significantly improve the maintenance and use of the machine and tractor park, to strengthen the repair base of collective farms and state farms.

To successfully complete the tasks, you need the following:

improve the quality of training of machine operators, mechanics and repairmen and other professions;

constantly improve the repair and maintenance base and organization of repair production;

Improve the provision of machine tools to workshops and other repair facilities;

improve quality of repairs, availability factor of machines and equipment.

If you take the state of repair work at this stage at repair enterprises, then they are not at a high level, for example, tractor engines and other units that have left the overhaul have many shortcomings. This suggests that it is necessary to conclude contracts with repair enterprises that would be responsible for guaranteeing repair work and depend on the final result.

That is why, the main goal of this diploma project is to reveal the reasons for the wear of parts, achieve their reliable restoration and develop a new technology for repairing a particular tractor system, and most importantly, it is right to organize and plan repair work.

1.3. Existing organization of maintenance and repair in the Farm.

The maintenance of the tractors is carried out by an existing link in the workshop, headed by a foreman.

This link includes one locksmith.

Maintenance of tractors No. 1, 2 and 3 in winter is carried out in the workshop.

In the spring-summer period, i.e., when tractors are in the field, maintenance No. 1 is carried out at the place of work of tractors.

Maintenance No. 1 for Belarus 892 and MTZ80 tractors is carried out only in the workshop. Maintenance No. 2 and 3 for Belarus 1522 tractors is carried out in the workshop of the district agro-industrial equipment of the region, located at a distance of 15 km from the engine yard. Maintenance and repair in the farm is carried out in accordance with the schedules that are drawn up for maintenance and repair of tractors, in addition to the schedules, a fuel release system has been introduced in the farm, coupons must be used up until the next maintenance. The fuel consumption of the tractor driver is controlled both by the head. TSM warehouse, when the tractor is refueled in the engine yard, and by the driver - fuel truck, when the tractor is refueled in the field. If the tractor driver has used up the last ticket and the next maintenance must be carried out No. 1, then the driver - the tanker informs the master - the adjustment officer, who, together with the locksmith, conducts maintenance at a convenient time for the tractor driver mainly, before or after the shift, leave for the field and the tractor driver at the mobile technical assistance workshop and carry out maintenance.

During this maintenance, there is always fuel - a refueling agent. If it is necessary to conduct maintenance No. 2 and 3, then after the end of the shift the tractor is sent to the engine yard.

Upon arrival in the machine yard, the tractor driver washes the tractor and drives it to the maintenance post, i.e. to the workshop.

If this happens during spring sowing or harvesting, then the maintenance is carried out outside working hours so that the tractor can participate in field work without delay.

Technical repair of tractors is carried out in the workshop by the brigade method, by replacing units and units that have failed with those received from the exchange fund of the district center of Raiselkhoztehniki.

Repair, as a rule, is carried out by a group of locksmiths and machine operators under the guidance of the foreman.

Turning, welding, blacksmithing and other works are carried out directly in the corresponding departments of the workshop, by production workers who work like this.

Faulty units and units are sent to the exchange point of the district branch of agricultural machinery. Agricultural machines after the completion of field work, pass through the wash, are repaired as far as possible in open areas and put into storage.

Some cars are repaired later, and at the end of field work they are put for repair. After the completion of field work, combine harvesters clean from dust and dirt, thoroughly wash and, combine harvesters that need major repairs, are sent for repair to a specialized department for the repair of combine harvesters.

Harvesters go there in tow with the help of a special chain made in the collective farm workshop, the remaining harvesters are repaired in the collective farm workshop in the winter.

Major repairs of tractors are carried out in specialized repair plants: MTZ, Belarus - Mostovsky Repair Plant, K701 - Vitebsk Repair Plant and workshops of the district branch.

Due to the fact that ongoing repairs of tractors, combines and other complex machines are carried out in the winter, at that time it is not possible to place all the equipment requiring repairs in the workshop due to the small usable area, so many machine operators have to carry out repairs on open areas, which reduces labor productivity and the cost of repair work.

Based on the above, we can conclude that the maintenance and repair of ICC, cars and other equipment and equipment is not yet at the proper level and requires prompt and proper improvement of the maintenance organization.

2.6. Organization of maintenance and repair of ICC.

The purpose of the machine maintenance organization is to perform high-quality maintenance operations with optimal labor and funds. To do this, specialization and division of labor are used, a repair and maintenance base is created for maintenance, depending on the prevailing conditions, certain methods of organization and scheme of maintenance are chosen, as well as methods of controlling the installation of machines for maintenance.

In agriculture, several methods of organizing machine maintenance are used: according to the way cars move when

Maintenance - in-line and dead end; in place of maintenance - centralized and decentralized; for maintenance performed by specialists - operational and specialized personnel; according to the maintenance performed by the operating organization, specialized organizations, manufacturer.

The in-line maintenance method is characterized by the fact that the work is carried out at specialized posts with certain technological sequence and rhythm. This method is usually used at maintenance stations with a large number of maintenance tractors and cars.

The dead end maintenance method is characterized by the fact that the main works are performed at one stationary maintenance station. This method is usually used at maintenance points of brigades, farms, farmers.

The centralized method of maintenance is distinguished by the fact that the service is carried out centrally by personnel and means, one department - STOT, STOA, etc. First of all, this, for example, applies to energy-saturated tractors. The decentralized method of maintenance is characterized by the fact that the service is carried out by the personnel and means of several departments of the organization or enterprise.

For example, an ETO, TO-1 machine is carried out in a brigade by a tractor driver, and the other more complex types of TO are carried out by an installer on the estate of the same farm.

The maintenance method by operational personnel is characterized by the fact that the maintenance is performed by the machine operator itself, which. operates the machine. This applies, for example, to simple mounted or trailed machines.

The method of maintenance by specialized personnel is characterized by the fact that the maintenance of the machine is carried out by personnel specialized in the performance of maintenance operations, that is, the maintenance of the machines is carried out by specialized links of the installers, which is now widely practiced, especially when machines, such as harvesters, are working around the clock.

The method of maintenance by the operating organization is distinguished by the fact that the maintenance of the machine is carried out by the farm or enterprise operating the machine. The method of maintenance by a specialized organization differs in that the maintenance by the machine is carried out by an organization (in this case, STOT, STOA, cooperative) specialized in maintenance operations.

The manufacturer's maintenance method (branded maintenance method) is now quite widespread. For example, this applies to KamAZ trucks.

It should be noted that the above methods of the organization do not belong to the ETO, which is usually carried out by the machine operator himself. The main distribution for complex machines was the method of maintenance by specialized personnel.

The tractor driver carries out operational running-in of the machine, another-shift maintenance, performs the necessary technological regulation depending on the working conditions, participates in periodic and seasonal maintenance, troubleshooting, repair and putting the machines into storage.

The specialized maintenance link conducts maintenance during operational running-in, periodic and seasonal maintenance of machines, participates in the current repair of tractors and agricultural machines.

Before performing TO3 prior to scheduled current or overhaul, the master (engineer) -diagnosis performs resource diagnostics.

Seasonal maintenance is combined with the next TO1, TO-2 or TO-3 and performed at a stationary post in the central estate or in the subdivision.

During maintenance all detected faults are eliminated. Opening of engine, hydraulic system units or electrical equipment is performed in conditions of repair shop. During maintenance of machines it is necessary to carefully observe measures to prevent contamination of soil and water bodies with fuel, oils and greases.

Daily maintenance of tractors and agricultural machines, as a rule, the tractor driver conducts at the beginning of the shift at the parking area of ​ ​ the car or in the field. Daily maintenance of harvesters and other self-propelled harvesters is carried out mainly at the time of the day when the machine cannot be used for its intended purpose, for example, in the morning during mildew, with the participation of a harvester. At the same time, harvesters should be installed in one place to facilitate maintenance. The master tuner alternately performs the most complex operations requiring special equipment (check and regulation of mechanisms, blowing of radiators, etc.).

During round-the-clock operation of combines, daily maintenance is carried out twice a day by workers of a specialized link without the participation of a combine harvester.

TO-1 and TO-2 tractors are carried out at stationary posts of the farm (TsRMPTO), as well as at the place of work of the machine using mobile maintenance units. TO-3 is carried out, as a rule, at the posts of TO CLD or STOT. TO3, part of the second maintenance and seasonal maintenance of energy saturated tractors are recommended to be carried out by the STO.

There are several options for organizing maintenance in farms. The most common scheme is in divisions that have 20... 30 tractors, where the amount of maintenance during field work is sufficient to load one master setup with the participation of tractor drivers, as well as (regardless of the number of machines) in divisions remote from the central estate that have insufficient road communication. In this case, all maintenance, except TO3, is carried out in the PTO workshop and in the interstitial parking at the PTO. For maintenance of machine-tractor units, interchange parking of which is organized in the field at the place of their work, a mobile maintenance unit is attached to the installers.

The second maintenance scheme is used for units in which there is no equipped room d

la TO machines, the scope of maintenance work is not enough to load one installer, roads are passable for cars during the entire time of field work. In this case, stationary maintenance posts for TO1, TO2 and seasonal maintenance are equipped in the workshop or in a separate farm room. In addition, the posts are given one or two mobile maintenance units. The specialized link consists of two or three installers working either at stationary posts, or partially in the field using mobile maintenance equipment.

Maintenance of trailed, mounted and semi-mounted machines is carried out simultaneously with maintenance of tractor, with which they are aggregated.

Control of machines for maintenance is carried out by various methods using stamps, tokens, limit books, service books, automatic accounting of fuel consumption. All these methods are based on limiting fuelling of machines in case of failure to perform maintenance. Manage with coupons. The control document of fuel consumption is the ticket book. For each tractor, taking into account its brand, coupons are issued that correspond to the fuel limit until the next

planned maintenance. At each refueling, the tanker is signed on coupons for the issued amount of fuel. After spending the entire fuel limit (which follows from the records on the coupons), its issuance stops before the next maintenance, after which the tractor driver receives new coupons. Fixing of fuel quantity in the coupon of the book corresponds to its expense equal to frequency of TO-1.

Control with tokens. This method is widespread in many farms where tractors are used as part of mobile specialized detachments or complexes.

After maintenance, the tractor driver receives metal or plastic tokens of various denominations, depending on the tractor brand. Set of issued tokens is equal to limit of fuel to the next maintenance.

The tanker issues fuel, noting its amount in the one-time list, and the tractor driver gives the tanker tokens for the amount of fuel received. Without the presentation of tokens, the tractor is not refueled. Tokens compared to coupons are more convenient to store, they are repeatedly used. Limited account management is widespread in households. Limit books consist of 16 sets of numbered filling lists and maintenance orders. The book indicates the brand and number of the tractor, the limit of fuel consumption between maintenance equipment, the number of maintenance equipment in the established sequence. When the fuel is supplied, the refueling list is stored at the refueling agent. The list indicates the quantity of fuel released and the total of its consumption. When the fuel limit is consumed, the refueller stops issuing, in the order for the next maintenance, records the amount of released fuel and gives it to the tractor driver. After maintenance, a new filling list is issued. Control with the help of service books is usually used for maintenance of energy saturated tractors on STOT. This book notes the general information about the tractor, the list of maintenance works, contains maintenance stamps, the form of the maintenance plan, etc.

Coupons reflect maintenance: when preparing a new or overhauled tractor for operational running-in; at the end of this run-in, TO1, TO-2, TO3, as well as seasonal maintenance.

In the main part of the ticket, it is indicated at what operating time (in motor hours, kg and liters of spent fuel) this maintenance is carried out, a list of the corresponding works is given. After maintenance, the master adjuster and the tractor driver enter into the tear-off part of the ticket information about the actual operating time of the tractor, performed in full maintenance and are signed. This is the basis for fuel output before the next maintenance.

Control by automatic fuel flow metering. Such control of the machine setting to maintenance is carried out in the presence of an automated fuel filling plant OZ18008GOSNITI. The plant automatically records the quantity of released fuel and warns about the deadline for setting the machine to maintenance, automatically stops the fuel release, if the maintenance has not been carried out. After maintenance, the operator sends a command to the mini-computer of the plant, after which it begins to drain the fuel again.

When organizing maintenance machines, ex-nomic management methods are developed in connection with the creation of production and technical rental teams. In this case, farms and other enterprises of the region on a mutual basis become the direct owners of centralized production funds for maintenance and repair of machines. Farms identify their authorized representatives, who, taking into account existing provisions, exercise legislative power in the use of these funds and the engineering and technical support of agricultural production in general.

Other forms of cooperatives are based on the transfer to them of basic means of production for maintenance and repair of machines, as well as the functions of engineering and technical support of farms and other enterprises.

The production and technical cooperative (association) in the administrative region usually performs two main functions: work and services for maintenance and repair of machines under contracts; part of the management work delegated to the cooperative (association) by the engineering service of farms and enterprises.

The second function, as a rule, includes work performed centrally for all farms and enterprises, which reduces the cost of labor and funds: logistics, the introduction of new equipment, technology, best practices, the establishment of various norms, standards, prices, training, etc.

To service the equipment of rental and family collectives, it is recommended to create complex maintenance, troubleshooting and technological regulation teams working on rental relations or a cooperative form of labor organization in farms and enterprises.