Refinery Reconstruction Project

Contents

CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Brief description of the economy

1.1. General Information

1.2. Enterprise Structure

1.3. Composition of the machine and tractor fleet

1.4. Organization of the petrochemical industry

1.5. Conclusions and proposals

2. Literature Review

2.1. Car gasoline

2.2. Diesel fuel

2.3. Lubricants

2.3.1. Classification of motor oils

2.3.2. Oils for gasoline engines

2.3.3. Oils for diesel engines

2.4. Tanks

2.5. Tank equipment

2.6. Fuel distribution columns (TFR)

2.7. Tank farms

3. Organizational and Technological Part

3.1. Calculation of TSM requirements

3.2. Oil base calculation

4. Design Development

4.1. Analyzing Existing Constructs

4.2. Description and operating principle of the structure

4.3. Calculation of subassemblies

4.3.1 Weld Cut Calculation

4.3.2. Strength Thread Calculation

4.3.3. Calculation of rod for compression

4.3.4. Tensile Thread Calculation with Torsion

4.3.5. Spring Calculation

5. Safety of life

5.1. The state of labor protection in the conditions of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva

5.2. Safety requirements for oil depots

5.3. Safety requirements when working with a barrel filling and emptying device

5.4. Environmental issues

6. Project Feasibility Study

6.1. Determining Design Cost

6.2. Cost-effectiveness of the project

Conclusion

List of Literature Uses

Application

Paper

Reconstruction of the petrochemical farm LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva of the KinelCherkassky district of the Samara region: Diploma project/

The draft is presented with an explanatory note and graphic part on nine sheets of A1 format. The explanatory note contains 74 pages of typewritten text, includes 1 drawing, 16 tables, 20 names of used sources and 1 annex.

Keywords: petrochemistry, bochkotara.

The results of analysis of the existing oil farm, calculations of the required quantity of oil products are given.

The design of the device for filling and emptying the barrel in a horizontal position has been developed.

In accordance with the design assignment, life safety issues are considered.

The relevant calculations were made and a table of technical and economic indicators of the project was compiled.

The annual economic effect will be 206.701 thousand rubles.

Introduction

The efficient and durable operation of the machine and tractor fleet depends to a large extent on the quality and rational use of fuel and lubricants. Uninterrupted provision of machinery and other consumers with petroleum products requires a highly organized system of petrochemicals, a sufficient number of tanks, tankers, mobile and stationary refueling facilities. The rational use of fuel and energy resources is inextricably connected with the improvement of the organization and means of maintenance and repair of oil storage equipment.

Modern petrochemical industry is a specialized unit within the technical base of agricultural enterprises. The task of the petrochemical industry is to satisfy the current demand for oil products of the machine-tractor fleet by supplying them from distribution oil depots and own reserves with minimal quantitative and qualitative losses.

The proper organization of the petrochemical industry is possible only if a wide range of engineering service specialists, including students of engineering faculties, master of theoretical and practical training in the field of using modern resource-saving technologies, knowledge of the technical characteristics of modern means of delivery and storage of oil products, oil filling machines and equipment are mastered.

Modern agricultural production is equipped with a variety of engines and units that consume large quantities of fuels and lubricants: 40% of diesel fuel and about 30% of automobile gasoline of the total volume consumed in the country.

Oil depots and gas stations (filling stations) - are the most important links of the oil product supply system. Their proper operation depends on the activities of many enterprises, organizations and institutions of various forms of ownership. Improving the operation of oil depots and gas stations will increase the efficiency of road transport, their fire and environmental safety.

When receiving, storing and releasing gasoline, it is lost as a result of evaporation. Losses during filling of machines occur in the absence of filling equipment or its incorrect use. Filling of machines must be performed at stationary filling stations equipped with fuel dispenser columns or acceptance risers.

Given the constant increase in oil prices, the issue of reducing the quantitative and qualitative losses of lubricants fuel is now especially relevant. An important factor in the fight for the saving of petroleum products is the annual development and implementation of organizational and technical measures for the rational consumption of fuel and other petroleum products.

One of the most important areas of economy is the maximum use of resources, production waste, which will reduce the consumption of expensive materials and will have a great economic effect on the scale of the state.

In addition to economic content, the struggle to reduce the loss of petroleum products leads to improved working conditions, clean and cultured jobs, and environmental pollution is reduced.

Brief description of the economy

1.1. General Information

LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva is located in the Samara region of the KinelCherkassky district of the village of Mukhanovo.

The main direction of the economy is the cultivation of grain crops.

Samara region is located in the forest-steppe natural zone. This suggests that this farm is in the zone of risky agriculture. In late spring, frost on the soil is observed. In summer, temperature fluctuations are observed. In some years, frost is observed. All this has a negative impact on the growth and development of crops.

Transport communication with regional and district centers is carried out on asphalt roads.

The company also specializes in the transportation of various agricultural cargoes (grain, fertilizers, equipment) in the region and region.

Structure of sown areas is given in Table 1.1

Analyzing the structure of sown areas, it can be concluded that in recent years it is mainly stable. However, it can be seen that the area of ​ ​ sunflower cultivation is increasing and corn crops are decreasing. This is due to the greater profitability of sunflower cultivation.

Table 1.2 shows crop yields for 2004-2006.

The table shows that cereal yields have declined over the last reporting year, mainly due to adverse weather conditions.

1. 2. Enterprise Structure

The enterprise is located on the territory of one settlement and adjacent land. It consists of one population, which includes: a central estate, a repair shop, a fleet, farms, warehouses. The village itself is located near the city of Otradny. Roads in the village are satisfactory, where asphalt, a little repair is required.

The relationship between objects is present as a telephone.

There is a staff:

• Managing foreman - (image.) 9 classes;

• Engineer mechanic - (image.) Higher;

• Agronomist - (image.) Higher;

• Zoo engineer - (image.) Higher;

• Machine operators - 8 classes;

- 8 classes;

- Ave. School;

- Wed special;

- Wed special;

- 8 classes;

The enterprise plan of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva is presented

1.3. Composition of the machine and tractor fleet

The tractor fleet of the enterprise is presented in Table 1.4.

When analyzing the fleet of agricultural machines, it is necessary to pay attention to the number, service life, completeness, as well as the terms of maintenance and repair of these machines. Most of the machines are not complete, there are no mechanisms and units in the sowing machines, working elements are worn out in the tillage units, as well as part of them in a faulty state. It is necessary to complete the units, eliminate the faults, repair, install the missing mechanisms and units, organize periodic maintenance.

The vehicle fleet is represented by table 1.6.

Analysis: the table shows that the number of cars over the past three years has not changed, their condition is satisfactory.

Analysis: the table shows that repair sites, maintenance points and other structures have not changed in three years.

We see that the annual mileage of cars of all brands has decreased. This is due to an increase in fuel prices. Some transport works are carried out by tractors.

1.4. Organization of the petrochemical industry

The fuel and lubricants warehouse was built according to an individual project in an economic way. Oil products are stored in underground horizontal tanks. Each tank has its own volume. For diesel fuel 30 m ³, and for gasoline 25 m ³. The stored oil product is: gasoline AI76. Oil products are discharged by two fuel dispensers. The gas station operates in one shift from 8.00 to 16.00., Throughput up to 55 cars, gasoline sales per day up to 1700 liters. There are no treatment facilities. Method of oil products reception: filling.

The fuel filling station has a total filling area of ​ ​ 24 m2, of which the trade area is 12m2, household 8m2, san-unit and washbasin 4 m2. There are instrumentation: metrostock, AIT2GOST 18481-8120 areometer, exemplary 2 discharge meter.

Filling is performed by fuel dispenser columns LIVNY 1 KER. 50.05.1., the measurement limits of which are from 0 to 100.

The fuel station is equipped with fire fighting equipment: OPK10, OP100.

Table 1.9 shows the fuel and lubricants consumption by the enterprise.

Due to the decrease in the scope of work, there was a decrease in the consumption of TSM.

1.5. Conclusions and proposals

Summing up, you can draw the following conclusions and make the most rational proposals for the possible reorganization and reconstruction of the fuel and lubricants warehouse, as well as the introduction of the latest equipment in the systems of accounting, issue and reception of petroleum products. Calculate the required quantity of oil products for the machine and tractor fleet during field operations, as well as for the fleet when it is used in transport operations with the aim of the most efficient use and accounting of oil products and excluding large losses in the release of oil products. Having selected the most optimal and efficiently convenient design solutions, apply them to the reconstruction of this fuel and lubricants warehouse.

The discharge of oils is carried out from barrels of 200 liters with the help of a manual pump of low productivity, which affects the tempering time and outage of equipment. Then the oil is poured into the equipment manually using a funnel and container. Oil release is recorded visually according to assumed marks, which is a gross violation. Oil storage does not meet fire safety requirements and is in faulty condition. It is necessary to reconstruct the oil warehouse and equip it with an oil release unit.

The release of light oil products is accompanied by large losses due to leaks through leaks in pipeline connections, as well as due to wear of mechanisms and assemblies of fuel dispensers. The absence of treatment facilities has led to pollution of the territory of gas stations and the environment, which is an environmental offense. The delivery of petroleum products to large equipment is complicated by the small distance between the filling stations and their location and leads to a long downtime of equipment during the release of petroleum products. It is necessary to reconstruct the location of filling stations, replace utilities, pipelines, fuel filling equipment, as well as follow the latest systems and metering units for the reception and release of petroleum products.

Literature Review

Agricultural production is one of the main consumers of fuel, lubricants and technical liquids. The quality and rational use of fuel and lubricants (TSM) to a large extent depends on the effective and durable operation of the machine and tractor fleet. Uninterrupted provision of machinery and other consumers with oil products requires a highly organized system of petrochemicals, a sufficient number of tanks, tankers, mobile and stationary refueling facilities. Rational use of fuel and energy resources is inextricably linked with improvement of organization and means of maintenance and repair of oil storage equipment [12].

Modern petrochemical industry is a specialized unit within the technical base of agricultural enterprises. The task of the petrochemical industry is to satisfy the current demand for oil products of the machine-tractor fleet by supplying them from distribution oil depots and own reserves with minimal quantitative and qualitative losses [10].

2.1 Automobile gasoline

The power of the gasoline engine, its economy, reliability of operation, fuel and oil consumption, toxicity of the exhaust gases largely depend on the quality of the fuel used.

Automobile gasoline is a fuel for carburetor and injector engines and is a mixture of oil disciplines boiling at temperatures from 35˚S to 215˚S.

Motor gasoline must meet the following requirements: evaporate well and form a combustible mixture that is uniform in composition in all cylinders; provide easy starting and stable operation of the engine in various modes, high efficiency; have high detonation resistance, i.e. burn without detonation at different engine operation modes; have high physical and chemical stability in the car tank, during storage, transportation, etc.; do not cause corrosion of tanks, equipment, filling, engines; have high heat of combustion, provide maximum engine power, completely burn with minimal formation of toxic and carcinogenic substances; have a minimal tendency to deposit on engine parts; have good low temperature properties; have no increased hygroscopicity and tendency to ice formation; do not cause icing of the carburetor; contain no mechanical impurities and water; ensure minimum oil consumption.

To meet these requirements, gasolines must have certain operational and technical properties characterized by a number of physicochemical quality indicators [13].

2.2. Diesel fuel

Diesel fuel is intended for high-speed diesel and gas turbine engines of ground and ship equipment. The conditions for mixing and ignition of fuel in diesel engines are different from those in carburetor engines. The advantage of the former is the possibility of a high compression ratio (up to 18 in high-speed diesel engines), as a result of which the specific fuel consumption in them is 25-30% lower than in carburetor engines. At the same time, diesel engines are more complex to manufacture, with large dimensions. In terms of economy and reliability of operation, diesel engines successfully compete with carburetor engines [12].

Diesel engines are more reliable and durable. They are characterized by stable economy in the entire range of loads, better acceleration and the ability to work with the load without complete heating. The main differences in the operation of diesel and gasoline engines are in the methods of mixing and ignition of the working mixture. Therefore, requirements for diesel fuel are determined by the peculiarities of engine operation [13].

Diesel fuel shall have good spraying, mixing, evaporation and pumping capacity, rapid self-ignition; completely burn, and without smoke; not to cause the raised deposit and a lakoobrazovaniye on valves and pistons, cokings up of the spray, lag of a needle of the spray, corrosion of tanks, tanks, engine details, etc.

Main performance indicators of diesel fuel:

• cetane number, which determines power and economic parameters of engine operation;

• low temperature properties that determine the operation of the power supply system at negative ambient temperatures;

• viscosity and density ensuring normal fuel supply, its spraying in the combustion chamber and fuel filters operability;

• fractional composition affecting combustion completeness, fluidity and toxicity of exhaust gases;

• purity level, which determines reliability of coarse and fine filters operation;

• flashpoint characterizing the safety conditions of fuel use in engines;

• corrosive properties caused by sulphur compounds, unsaturated hydrocarbons, water-soluble acids and alkalis, etc. [18].

The oil refining industry generates diesel fuel according to GOST 305-82 of three grades: L - summer, used at ambient temperatures above 0 ° C; З - winter, applied at temperatures up to 20 °C, or winter, applied at temperatures up to 30 °C, And - Arctic, application temperature up to which 50 °C.

Sulphur content in diesel fuel of grades L and C does not exceed 0.2% - for I type of fuel and 0.5 - for II type of fuel, and grade A - 0.4% [12].

2.3. Lubricants

Motor oil is an important element of the engine design. It can perform its functions for a long time and reliably, providing a given engine life, only if its properties accurately correspond to the thermal, mechanical and chemical effects to which oil is subjected in the engine lubrication system and on the surfaces of lubricated and cooled parts. Mutual correspondence of engine design, operating conditions and oil properties is one of the most important conditions for achieving high reliability of engines. Modern engine oils must meet many requirements, the main ones of which are listed below:

• high, detergent, dispersing stabilizing, peptizing and solubilizing properties to various insoluble contaminants, ensuring purity of engine parts;

• high thermal and thermal oxidative stability allows the use of oils to cool the pistons, increase the limit heating of the oil in the crankcase, increase the replacement period;

• sufficient anti-wear properties provided by the strength of the oil film, the required viscosity at high temperature and high shear gradient, the ability to chemically modify the metal surface during boundary friction and neutralize acids formed during the oxidation of oil and fuel combustion products, the absence of corrosion on the materials of engine parts both during operation and during long breaks;

• hollow viscosity-temperature characteristic, provision of cold start-up, pumping capacity during cold start-up and reliable lubrication under extreme conditions at high loads and ambient temperature;

• compatibility with seal materials, compatibility with catalysts of exhaust gas neutralization system;

• high stability during transportation and storage under regulated conditions;

• low foamability at high and low temperatures;

• low volatility, low coal consumption (environmental friendliness) [4].

2.3.1. Classification of motor oils

Table 2.1 shows data on compliance of motor oil grades designations as per GOST 17479.1-85 and adopted earlier in regulatory documents.

It is often necessary to solve the issues of interchangeability of domestic and foreign motor oils, for example, when it is necessary to choose domestic oil for imported equipment or foreign oil for exported domestic equipment. The classification of motor oils according to the viscosity of the American Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE J300 has become generally accepted on an international scale. The level of operational properties and the field of application of foreign manufacturers of motor oils are in most cases indicated by the API (American Petroleum Institute) classification.

GOST 17479.1-85 in reference applications gives approximate correspondence of viscosity classes and groups according to purpose and operational properties set forth in GOST, viscosity classes according to SAE and API classes according to conditions and areas of application of motor oils [4].

2.3.2. Oils for gasoline engines

Four-stroke gasoline engines are the predominant type of engines for cars, minibuses, light and medium-duty trucks. The operating conditions of motor oils in these vehicles are characterized by very high thermal loads when driving outside cities and sharply variable driving modes in cities where stops are frequent, trips to short distances at which the engine does not warm up to the optimal oil and coolant temperature. This is due to the specific requirements for oils for four-stroke gasoline engines: on the one hand, the ability to prevent the formation of high-temperature deposits (deposits, lacquer on parts of the cylinder-piston group), especially high oxidation resistance; on the other hand, the ability to prevent formation of low-temperature deposits (sediments, sludge in the crankcase, on the screen of the oil intake and other parts) and to protect engine parts from rusting under the influence of fuel combustion products condensed in the unheated or cooling engine.

Two-stroke gasoline engines mounted on mopeds, scooters, motorcycles, snowmobiles, motor boats, as well as chainsaws, lawn mowers, are often lubricated with oils that are previously dissolved in fuel and that burn with it. Specific requirements for oils for two-stroke gasoline engines - miscibility with gasoline, complete solubility in them, ability to prevent coking of piston rings, formation of deposits on the piston, in outlet windows and silencer, damage to the friction surfaces of the piston and cylinder (burrs, hairlines), protection of engine parts from rusting, low ash content to ensure operation of ignition plugs and prevent premature ignition of the working mixture from ash deposits in the combustion chamber, low effect on toxicity of exhaust gases (smoke content). Oils for four-stroke gasoline engines do not have these properties [13].

2.3.3. Oils for diesel engines

Diesel engines differ from other internal combustion engines in a wide variety of designs, mixing methods, assignments, operating conditions and an extremely wide range of aggregate capacities (from several kilowatts to tens of thousands). Therefore, the range of diesel oils varies significantly in terms of their requirements and operational properties. The most important criteria determining the choice of lubricating oil are the type and purpose of the diesel engine, the level of its forcing, the degree of rigidity of operating conditions, the type and quality of the fuel used. The operating instructions of the equipment contain information on oil grades approved for use, maintenance regulations for diesel lubricating systems, including replacement periods or oil limit state indicators [12].

All diesel oils contain additives introduced into distillate, compounded or residual selective refined base oils produced from low sulfur or sulfurous oils. The range of operational properties of diesel oils covers all classification groups GOST 17479.185 [4].

2.4. Tanks

Oil products are stored on oil deposits in tanks, containers, steel barrels, bidons and other containers, which can be used for these purposes according to GOST 151084 "Oil and oil products. Marking, packing, transportation and storage "[1].

The tank is a reservoir for storing petroleum products. It is one of the main structures of oil depots and filling stations.

The tanks are operated in accordance with the rules of technical operation of metal tanks and their repair manual [2].

Petroleum products of each grade or grade are stored in separate, serviceable tanks intended for them, excluding the ingress of atmospheric precipitation and dust into them. As per GOST 151084, metal tanks shall have an internal oil and gas resistant and steam resistant protective coating meeting the requirements of electrostatic intrinsic safety. Metal tanks for motor gasoline and diesel fuels shall be subjected to periodic grinding: at least once every two years. In case of long-term storage of oil products, it is allowed to clean metal tanks after their emptying, in addition, the tanks are cleaned when changing the grade of oil product, freeing from high-viscous precipitation with the presence of contaminants, rust and water, repair according to the schedule, as well as during complete comprehensive flaw detection. When changing the grade of oil product, the purity of the tank and its readiness for filling must comply with the requirements of GOST 151084, which ensures the safety of the quality of fuel and lubricants.

Packaged oil products should be stored (depending on climatic conditions) in buildings or on sites under canopies, and oil products with a flash point above 45˚Snaotkrytykh sites.

Storage of petroleum products in containers in open areas makes it necessary to fulfill the following requirements:

- number of container stacks with oil products - not more than six;

- overall dimensions of the stack 25 15 5.5 m;

- distance between stacks on site 5m, between stacks of adjacent sites 15m.

Storage of barrels with oil products in warehouses is allowed only with plugs up. Defective barrels and without plugs should not be accepted for storage.

Horizontal steel tanks with a capacity of 100, 200, 275 m ³ according to GOST 624779 and a capacity of 10, 100, 200 m ³ according to GOST 1395076 were most widely used for storing oil products in the agro-industrial complex.

The disadvantage of these tanks is the absence of an internal anticorrosive coating according to GOST 151084 such a coating is necessary [9].

For the storage of oil products, steel welded horizontal tanks are widely used, the main types of which are p5, p-10, p25, p-50, p75, p-100 with a capacity of 5... 100 m ³ according to GOST 1703271.

Horizontal steel tanks (early years of production) of the CSG type with a capacity of 5 are also in operation; 9,5; 10; 10,5; 11; 13,5; 24; 25; 26,5; m ³, which are installed mainly stationary at oil warehouses and filling points in ground and buried versions.

Acceptance of the tanks for operation is carried out after testing them for tightness and strength with fully installed equipment, external inspection of Ir to verify compliance of the submitted documentation with the project requirements. The tightness and strength of the tank roof during the hydraulic test is checked by filling the tank with water: first you need to pour water into the tank by 1 m, then close all the hatches on the wall and roof of the tank with plugs and increase the height of filling with water so that excess pressure is created in the tank 10% higher than the design value. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully monitor the readings of the U-shaped pressure gauge, since the pressure can vary not only from the supply of water, but also from the fluctuation of the temperature of the ambient air.

During the test with compressed air, the welded joint shall be wetted externally with soap or other test solution.

Strength tests of tanks shall be performed only for design hydrostatic load.

When testing LP tanks, overpressure is taken to be 25% and vacuum is 50% higher than design values, unless otherwise specified in the design. As per GOST 1703284 the permissible vacuum in the tank shall be taken equal to 0.01 kg/cm ². Each tank shall be tested with a vacuum of 0.015kg/cm ² and a hydraulic pressure of 1.25% of the working pressure. Pneumatic pressure test of the tank not exceeding 0.7 kg/cm ² is permitted

As the tank is filled with water, it is necessary to monitor the state of its structure and welded joints. If a leak is detected from under the bottom edges or wet spots appear on the surface of the pavement, stop the test, drain water, identify and eliminate the cause of the leak.

The tank shall be considered to have passed the hydraulic test if, during the test and after 24 hours, no leakage occurs on the wall surface or at the bottom edges and if the water level does not decrease.

Cleaning of tanks is required to ensure normal operation of tanks, operation of metering devices, sampling, etc.; when changing oil product grade; for release from deposits, highly viscous residues with the presence of mineral contaminants, rust and water; for repair.

Grinding time is due to the type of product (viscosity, aggressiveness, purity), but at least once every two years

During the grinding period, control analyses of the air in the tank are carried out. In case of an increase in the concentration of harmful vapors above sanitary standards, cleaning work is stopped, and workers are removed from the hazardous area. Cleaning can be continued only after identifying the causes of an increase in the concentration of harmful vapors, taking measures to reduce the concentration of vapors to sanitary standards, after analyzing air and using protective equipment to ensure safety of operation.

Cleaning of tanks from oil products must be carried out in accordance with the rules for the operation of metal tanks for oil and oil products and the guidelines for their repair, safety and industrial sanitation, as well as fire safety requirements. This work should be carried out by specially trained personnel [9].

2.5. Tank equipment

Equipment is installed on tanks depending on the type of stored oil products.

• for light petroleum products - hatches (measuring, light, laser, for the device of the level indicator), breathing and safety valves, fire safety, receiving and distributing branch pipe, bypass device, cotton with control, siphon valve, main valves, foam chamber, level indicator tyre devices and sampling device, ladder.

• For dark petroleum products and oils - hatches (measuring, light, laser), siphon valve, ventilation and receiving and distributing branch pipes, intake pipe with control or cotton with control, bypass device, heater, level indicator type devices and fuse, main gate valves, hand winch, roller unit and ladder [10].

2.6. Fuel distribution columns (TFR)

All domestic fuel distribution columns must comply with GOST 901889, which applies to columns designed to measure the volume of fuel (automobile gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene) and fuel mixture (oil-gasoline) with a viscosity of 0.55 to 40 mm ²/s when issued.

In the nomenclature issued in Russia until 1995. columns included single (single) columns with a mechanical and electromechanical counter of one-time accounting series 2000, a volume meter of four-piston

(from aluminum alloy with spool distributor), roller-type reference device (for TRC "Nara271"), switch ("Nara21M1S") and electromechanical ("Nara27M1E"). The manufacturer of such columns JSC "Mopaz."

Unlike the listed columns, "Nara27M1N" has a modern appearance and is equipped with a five-bit electromechanical annunciator, the hydraulic part consists of a gasoline pump, gas separator, float chamber, and a coarse filter.

In 1996, AZT OJSC began developing arceless modular TRCs of the 4000, 5000, 6000 series. TRC series 4000 (for example, "Nara 4116," "Nara 4216," etc.) are distinguished by a block-modular arrangement: the information display device and the measuring part are made in separate units, connected by communications. This makes it possible to encapsulate all electrical and electronic elements in a common compartment, ensure high explosion and fire safety, solve issues of heating, indication and further replace mechanical devices with electrical ones in old columns.

The 6000 series TRC (for example, Nara 612315) are characterized by increased productivity, they are recommended to be used for refueling trucks. The pump units of this series of TRK have a capacity of 100 l/min.

Currently, JSC "AZT" is developing modular TRC series 5000 they allow to refuel all types of fuel at one refueling site [18].

2.7. Tank farms

An oil warehouse is a complex of structures and installations designed for their reception, storage and disposal of petroleum products of all types, including engineering structures and technical facilities. The main task of the oil warehouse employees is to provide the engine and other consumers with oil products in a timely manner, to deliver, store and refill the machines without quantitative losses and deterioration of the quality of fuel and lubricants

Oil reserves of enterprises are designed to store current fuel reserves and refuel tractors and cars.

The main technological functions of oilfields are:

• reception of oil products from tank trucks into tanks;

• acceptance of petroleum products in containers from vehicles;

• delivery of oil products from tanks and containers to fuel tanks, filling tanks of machines and tank trucks;

• mechanization of acceptance works;

• maintenance of oil reserves;

• quality control of petroleum products.

In accordance with these functions, equipment is placed in the warehouse: for filling petroleum products, storing them, quality control, and measuring quantity.

The unjustified increase in the volume of the reservoir fleet of oil reserves leads to an increase in capital investments in their construction and operational costs for maintenance. However, the cost of operating small tanks is much higher than that of larger tanks. Therefore, for example, the tank capacity of stationary filling stations should ensure uninterrupted operation of the fleet during 10... 15 days of a busy period of field work.

A significant part of oil products is lost during filling, transportation, drainage into the storage tanks, during storage and removal from the warehouse, during filling of machines.

The number of these losses depends on the state of the warehouse of oil products and containers, the degree of mechanization of work during the delivery, reception and delivery of oil products, as well as on the methods of refueling machines.

Part of the loss is inevitable due to the specific properties of petroleum products. Gasoline evaporates easily even at minus temperatures, oil remains on the inner walls of the container when draining or filling. But these losses do not exceed the established standards of natural loss.

In addition to direct losses, the loss of fuel and lubricants occurs due to improper and involuntary consumption of them in faulty machines and poor organization of tractor units: engine underload, idle moves.

Certain standards of natural loss of petroleum products in agriculture have been approved. However, actual losses of petroleum products significantly exceed the current loss rates [6].

Thus, based on the review of the literature and the latest design developments presented in it, it should be taken into account that the most rational solution for the reconstruction and modernization of the oil depot is the introduction of modern technologies in the reconstruction of the oil depot. This will reduce the loss of petroleum products.

Organizational and Technological Part

3.1. Calculation of TSM requirements

The expected consumption of petroleum products in the calculation year can be predicted provided that the farm under consideration has been operating steadily for a number of years, without significant changes in its structure, specialization, technical equipment, etc. In this case, the required indicator can be determined on the basis of accounting data for the past 3... 5 years.

3.2. Oil base calculation

In order to determine the required capacity of oil storage tanks and the required number of means of filling and transportation of oil products, it is necessary to know the average daily consumption of oil products in the calculated year and per month.

Average daily consumption of petroleum products per year:

We take as the basis an oil warehouse with a reservoir capacity of 150 m ³, a typical project 817-3 (241041). Oil products storage is provided in underground tanks with the following volume:

- for diesel fuel 30 m ³ and 40 m ³,

- for gasoline A76 35 m ³,

- for gasoline AI92 5 m ³,

- for diesel oil 12 m ³,

For gasoline engine oil 20 barrels of 200 liters,

For oil of hydraulic systems 3 barrels of 200 liters,

For transmission oil, 3 barrels of 200 liters.

Oils (for gasoline engines, transmission, for the hydraulic system) are stored under a canopy, and in the cold season on an oil deposit for 40 barrels (volume of barrels 200 l GOST 6247-79) with an oil dispenser. The total area of ​ ​ the oil warehouse is 0.55 ha.

Fuel is delivered to the oil warehouse in tanker trucks. Reception and discharge of diesel fuel and gasoline are carried out using mechanized acceptance risers, and reception and discharge of motor fuel - using an acceptance riser with a manual pump. Diesel fuel is filled into the machines with fuel dispenser 0301769, and gasoline - with fuel dispenser TK56.

Oils can be delivered in barrels and tanker trucks. A barrel hoist is used to unload the barrels. Motor oil is filled with CMDE oil dispensers and transmission oil is filled with 3119 unit. The oil block has a solidifier.

Design Development

In most cases, in the workshops of motor vehicles and agricultural enterprises serving a small amount of equipment, various types of lubricants are supplied in standard barrels with a volume of 200 liters, so a device is needed to empty these barrels and fill them. The designed design meets the specified requirements, is simple and easy to disassemble, which provides quick maintenance during repair.

4.1. Analyzing Existing Constructs

Device for filling and discharging liquid from tank RU 2070536.

Device is used in discharge of liquid or filling of liquid into reservoir through hole in its wall.

The substance of the invention consists in the fact that with the help of the handle the plug holder means presses to the plug. The tool spindle is then rotated counterclockwise using a handle. The blade moves relative to the body of the plug holder, and the spring ensures that the projections of the plug are retained. With further rotation of the spindle counterclockwise, the plug is screwed out and can be removed using a handle. In this case, the liquid can freely pass through the body.

The invention relates to a device of the type comprising a cylindrical body for mounting on and removing from the holes in the reservoir. In the cylindrical wall of the housing there is an opening designed for filling or discharging liquid.

Showing a tool in the drawing that can be manually manipulated from a position outside the housing when the housing is mounted on a short tube. This tool has a tubular spindle with a circular cross section, which is mounted in a sealed through hole at the closed end of the body so that it can be moved and rotated. Spindle is provided with handle on end located on outer side of housing. Plug holder means is mounted on its other end.

Vessel filling and emptying device RU 2053196.

The device operates as follows, the liquid entering the pipeline under turbulent pressure mode enters the distributor at a speed equal to the speed of its pressure in the pipeline. As the liquid moves along the interconical gap to the periphery of the distributor, its speed gradually decreases and a new structure of divergent turbulent flow is formed. When liquid leaves the distributor in turbulent mode, the flat jet, falling into the mass of the surrounding liquid, gradually expands in accordance with the hydraulic laws of scattering the flooded free turbulent jet. Start of the jet

Coincides with output section of interconical gap. The speed of the jet drops. For a flat jet, depending on the coefficient of structure taking into account the flow structure in the output section, the scattering angle of the jet is 2432 °. To avoid swirling, the angle should preferably not exceed 40 °. Alternatively, the connecting surface of the rotation may be replaced by connecting elements in the form of separate plates. After leaving the interhull gap, partially expanding and reducing the speed, the jet with its lower surface hits the solid surface of the reflecting disk and changes the direction of the lower border. As a result, the use of a reflective disk allows you to almost halve the angle of deviation of the lower boundary of the flooded jet from the horizontal plane and lead it to a small value of 1216 °. This is important when using a tank filling and emptying device. The reflective disc may be provided with vertically distributing radial guide members (plates) as additional means against funnel formation. This is especially important at high rates of tank emptying.

Device for filling of oil products into transported tanks RU 2053197.

The device operates as follows, after the tank is supplied at the place of filling, the apparatus opens the covers of the tank filling and suction branch pipes and moves the rod to the branch pipes using a handle, then it is filled in turn. A similar operation is carried out with a metal nozzle of vapor suction. After filling shut-off valve level monitoring system is started, pump is started. During filling, the level in the tank is monitored by the level indicator. At the end of filling, a signal is sent and the apparatus performs the disconnection operation, taking the clamps to the reverse position, and then with the handle takes the rod from the tank to the safe position. Complete draining of the product from metal jackets is provided due to the installation slope of the hoses from the shutoff valves to the tank nozzles in working condition. Thus, the coordinated movement of the rod in the plane of cross-shaped bearings and the use of flexible metal jackets as product pipelines allows to achieve alignment and consistency of flanges for connecting product pipelines to the tank. The use of a double-wall suction product line eliminates solidification, crystallization of the product, i.e. prevents false operation of the level meter.

4.2. Description and operating principle of the structure

Device for filling and emptying barrel in horizontal position includes body, end seal, sliding wrench with rod, tip to grip neck plug and ring to seal rod, wrench mounted inside body. The body is a flexible hose made of elastic benzo-oil-resistant material, one end of which is put on a sealing bushing with a detachable connection installed on the neck, and the other - on an end bushing, which is connected through a sealing ring by means of a bayonet connection to an end flange with a sliding key mounted inside it with a rod, a tip for gripping a plug, a neck and a seal ring, a rod, a key. The flow-through system consists of two flexible pipelines made of elastic benzo-oil-resistant material, at that the flow-through pipeline is equipped with an intake nozzle and is connected to the transfer pump, and the drain pipeline is located inside the flow-through pipeline with the possibility of movement relative to the latter and is connected by one end to the float, and by the other end through the adapter is connected to the atmosphere. Intake nozzle is made of material providing negative buoyancy to flow pipeline. Detachable connection consists of split flange connected by means of fastening elements with sealing bushing and fixed on barrel neck by mounting ring. The tip for gripping the neck plug is a shaped lock with a spring-loaded pressure plate movably connected to the latter by means of fastening elements.

As an example, options are considered for filling and emptying the barrel in a horizontal position, in which the neck is located in the extreme lower position (with all other possible positions of the barrel neck, the principle of operation of the device does not change).

To fill the empty barrel in horizontal position, when the plug is removed, a detachable connection is installed on the neck, the split flange of which, fixed on the neck with a mounting ring, is tightened with a sealing bushing by means of fastening elements, providing tight connection of the body of the device with the barrel. By bending the hose, the device body is moved to the vertical position and pipelines of the flow-through system are introduced into the barrel. The device is ready to fill.

Liquid from the transfer pump is supplied to the barrel through the intake nozzle of the flow pipeline, at the same time the float of the drain pipeline monitors an increase in the level of liquid in the barrel and ensures removal of air from the filled volume.

After filling the barrel, pipelines are removed from it, and an end flange with a sliding wrench mounted inside it is inserted into the end bushing, on the tip of the rod of which a plug and necks are installed in advance. Sealing rings ensure tightness of bayonet connection of end bushing with end flange. The device housing is moved to horizontal position. Using a retractable key, the plug is brought to the neck and screwed, sealing the filled barrel. By turning the retractable key to the side opposite to screwing, the shaped lock of the tip with the spring-loaded pressure plate is disengaged from the plug and together with the retractable key is retracted from the neck. The body of the device returns to the vertical position, the end flange with the retractable wrench is disconnected and removed, and the liquid remaining in the device after filling the barrel is pumped out with the help of the flow drain system and the transfer pump, after which the device is disconnected.

For emptying of filled barrel in horizontal position shaped lock of tip with spring-loaded pressing plate by turning of retractable wrench towards unfolding is brought into engagement with plug and on neck, similar to filling process, detachable connection is installed, providing tight connection of device with barrel. With the help of a retractable key, the plug is screwed out, and together with it it is removed from the neck. Drained liquid partially fills free internal volume of device body. By bending the hose, the device body is moved to the vertical position, the end flange is disconnected and removed with a retractable wrench and a plug held on the tip, providing the necessary flow section for the pipelines of the flow-through system, which are immersed in the barrel. Its gas cushion communicates with atmosphere by moving drain pipeline with float inside barrel. The device is ready to drain.

4.3. Calculation of subassemblies

Safety of life

5.1. The state of labor protection in the conditions of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva

Responsibility for the safety of life of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva is the head of Paramonov Alexander Ivanovich.

The duties of employees to comply with the norms and rules for life safety at the enterprise are assigned to the chief engineer.

At each workplace, there is a safety log, where the corresponding instructions are noted (instruction at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled).

Financing of life safety measures is not fully carried out.

Workers of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva are provided with overalls.

Measures to prevent accidents are regularly carried out. No industrial accidents were recorded during the reporting period.

The plant's oil depot does not meet the requirements of fire safety, therefore, its partial modernization is required

5.2. Safety requirements for oil depots

Warehouses for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids are arranged in the ground or underground design, and in warehouses of the first type, the storage of liquids can be organized both in tanks and in containers specially designed for this purpose. Underground warehouses are preferable under fire and explosion safety conditions. [1]

Depending on the total volume of storage tanks for GW and LVW, the warehouses of oil products of agricultural enterprises are divided into two categories: the first - with a total capacity of 11... 250 m ³, the second - with a capacity of 251... 600 m ³. For warehouses of each category, fire safety measures are established separately; at the same time, the main of these measures is compliance with fire breaks between the warehouse territory and nearby buildings. The size of the gaps depends on the degree of fire resistance of the adjacent buildings and is within 20... 40 m for warehouses with a capacity of up to 10 m ³, 30... 60 m for warehouses of the first category and 50... 80 m for warehouses of the second category.

The territory of reservoir oil depots (warehouses), filling and pumping stations is fenced with a fence with a height of at least 2 m. Shafts are built around the reservoirs. Areas between shafts and tanks are carefully leveled and filled with sand. The shafts themselves and the moves through them are kept in good condition.

Tanks are installed on foundation supports made of non-combustible materials and are equipped with grounding for protection against discharges of static electricity, stairs, hatches, breathing valves and other devices. It is also necessary to ground motors, filters, pipelines, pumps, fuel and oil dispensers.

Do not perform the following at fuel, lubricants and oil warehouses:

• operate leaking and faulty equipment, shut-off valves, tanks with distortions and cracks, instrumentation, product pipelines and stationary fire-fighting devices;

• planting trees and shrubs on shafts;

• overflow tanks and tanks;

• Take samples from tanks during the discharge or filling of petroleum products;

• drain and pour petroleum products during thunderstorms.

Breathing valves of tanks and fire retardants are checked for compliance with the requirements of the technical passport at least once a month, and at air temperature below 0 ° С - at least once a decade. During inspection of breathing valves it is necessary to clean the valves and nets from ice. They should be heated only in fireproof ways.

Sampling of combustible and flammable liquids and measurement of their level in tanks is carried out only with the help of devices from materials that exclude sparking.

Tank farm warehouses shall have a supply of fire extinguishing substances, as well as means of their supply or delivery in the amount necessary to extinguish the fire in the largest tank.

If LV and LV are stored in containers, then buildings for LV are built no more than three floors high, and for LV - one-story. Storage of liquids with a flash-point above 120 ° C and a volume of up to 60 m ³ is allowed in underground storage facilities made of combustible materials, provided that the floor is arranged from non-combustible materials and the coating is filled with a layer of tamped earth with a thickness of at least 0.2 m. A joint storage of LVW and GW in a container in one room is allowed with their total volume not more than 200 m ³

In storages, when manually laying barrels with HFL and HFL, they must be installed on the floor in no more than 2 rows, when mechanized laying barrels with HFL - no more than 5, and HFL - no more than 3. The stack width shall not exceed 2 barrels. The width of the main passages for transporting barrels should be provided at least 1.8 m, and between stacks - at least 1 m.

It is permitted to store liquids only in serviceable container. The spilled liquid must be removed immediately.

The opening of the site for storage of petroleum products in containers shall be fenced with an earthen shaft or an unburned solid wall with a height of at least 0.5 m with ramps for passage to the sites. The sites shall rise 0.2 m above the adjacent area and be surrounded by a waste water ditch. It is allowed to place no more than 4 barrels stacks with a size of 25 × 15 m with gaps between the stacks of at least 10 m, and between the stack and the shaft (wall) of at least 5 m. The gaps between the stacks of two adjacent platforms should be at least 20 m.

It is not allowed to pour petroleum products, as well as to place packaging material and packagings directly in storages and on collapsed sites [8].

Prevention of explosion-and-fire environment formation shall be ensured by:

• Automation of processes related to handling of flammable liquids and combustible liquids;

• application of technical measures and equipment protection against damage and premature wear;

• Regulated tightness control of sections, assemblies, connections, which, under operating conditions, can become sources of emissions (passage) of combustible gases;

• control of the environment, blocking of controls, allowing to stop the formation of explosive medium at an early stage;

• recovery of explosive mixture vapors and their withdrawal to the tank (condenser);

• Use of technical means and techniques to minimize forced release (evaporation) of combustible substances;

• use of a closed system of explosive mixture collection by type of communicating vessels [15].

5.3. Safety requirements when working with a barrel filling and emptying device

For normal and safe operation during operation of the barrel filling and emptying device, strength calculations of structural elements were made (section 4.3), the following rules must also be observed:

People who are at least 18 years old and fit for health reasons are allowed to work.

All maintenance personnel shall be instructed about the need to comply with fire safety rules, as well as trained in the rules for the use of primary fire extinguishing equipment.

People who are intoxicated or intoxicated are not allowed to work.

Maintenance personnel shall be provided with personal protective equipment [2].

Smoking and drinking are prohibited in the workplace.

Workers shall be provided with workwear.

During a fire, inform the fire department and use the means to extinguish the fire.

5.4. Environmental issues

The environmental properties of lubricant fuels include those that occur when these products contact an environment that includes living organisms (humans and animals), vegetation, atmosphere, soil, hydrosphere (water bodies, springs, groundwater). The most important environmental properties of fuel and lubricants are toxicity, fire hazard and the ability to generate electrostatic charges

All motor fuels are more or less toxic. The intensity of their effects on the human body depends on the properties of each product, its concentration, ways of penetration and the duration of exposure.

Human airways and lungs are very sensitive to the effects of oil vapors and oil fog causing poisoning, as well as contributing to the development of diseases such as lung and bronchial cancer. The risk of oil poisoning in the form of vapors and fog is greatly increased if sulfur compounds are contained in the oil. By spraying and evaporating oils containing sulfur, it is possible to form hydrogen sulfide - a colorless very poisonous gas with the characteristic smell of stewed eggs, which enters the body through the airways. A person instantly loses consciousness and can die if the concentration of hydrogen sulfide reaches 1 mg/l. At a hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.15 mg/l, the mucous membranes of the eyes and nasopharynx become irritated, and prolonged exposure to this gas even at low concentrations can cause chronic poisoning. The toxicity of oils is also manifested by their frequent ingress on the surface of the body. Prolonged contact with oil can cause skin disease that manifests itself in an acute or chronic form.

Employees of petrochemical farms should remember that oil products and their vapors are poisonous and adversely affect the human body. Permissible content of gasoline vapors is not more than 5 mg in 1 m3 of air. If the content of gasoline vapors exceeds 40 g/m3, poisoning occurs almost instantly and death can occur within a few minutes. Special care should be taken when handling leaded petrol. Ethyl liquid added to gasoline to enhance antidetonation properties contains tetraethyl lead, which is a strong poison. The main danger of tetraethyl lead is that it is not felt in small doses, but, accumulating in the body, it can cause a weakening of the pulse, a decrease in blood pressure and temperature, abdominal pain, seizures, etc. [10]

Project Feasibility Study

6.1. Determining Design Cost

We calculate the cost of design development.

The cost of design development is determined by the formula:

Calculation of cost of materials required for manufacture of the device for filling and emptying the barrel in horizontal position is given in Table 6.1.

Engineering Manufacturing Costing Auxiliary Table

As a result of the calculations, it is determined that the cost of the developed design will be 8702 rubles.

6.2. Cost-effectiveness of the project

The company LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva for 2006 spent:

gasoline A76 - 200.63 tons;

gasoline Ai92 - 16.8 tons;

diesel fuel - 485.66 tons.

A large amount of petroleum products is lost from:

- evaporation;

- spillage;

- equipment malfunctions;

- during transportation;

- draining into storage tanks and issuing them from storage.

The number of these losses depends on the mechanization of work during the delivery and delivery of oil products, on the state of the warehouse of oil products and containers, as well as on the methods of filling machines and storage methods.

When transporting from the base to the petrochemical farm in tank trucks, up to 0.1% of fuel and lubricants are lost [20]. In this case, the losses are:

gasoline A76 - 200,63⋅0,001=0,20 t,

gasoline Ai92 - 16,8⋅0,001=0,016 t,

diesel fuel - 485,66⋅0,001=0,48 t.

Storage of GSM in tanks significantly increases losses due to evaporation. When storing oil products filling the reservoir by 95%, losses per year are 0.3% of the amount of stored fuel. Annual losses [2]:

gasoline A76 - 200,63⋅0,003=0,60 t,

gasoline Ai92 - 16,8⋅0,003=0,050 t,

diesel fuel - 485,66⋅0,003=1,45 t.

Fuel and lubricants are drained from the tank truck by a pump installed on fuel trucks, 1.5% of the fuel remains, for this it must be pumped out by this pump installed on the receiving and distributing riser. If the pump is not used, the losses will be [20]:

gasoline A76 - 200,63⋅0,015=3 t,

gasoline Ai92 - 16,8⋅0,015=0,252 t,

diesel fuel - 485,66⋅0,015=7,28 t.

Draining will be ~ 0.5% loss

gasoline A76 - 200,63⋅0,005=1 t,

gasoline Ai92 - 16,8⋅0,005=0,084 t,

diesel fuel - 485,66⋅0,005=2,42 t.

With the help of the hose, the vehicle is filled, without a distribution valve, this leads to losses of ~ 0.4% [20]

gasoline A76 - 200,63⋅0,004=0,80 t,

gasoline Ai92 - 16,8⋅0,004=0,067 t,

diesel fuel - 485,66⋅0,005=1,94 t.

Draining and filling takes place using the device for filling and emptying the barrel in the horizontal position, this leads to a reduction in losses of up to 3%

diesel oil - 19,42⋅0,003=0,058 t,

oil for gasoline engines - 6,01⋅0,003=0,018 t.

Losses of petroleum products in the farm are calculated according to the data of GOSNITI and are given in Table 6.4.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the economic activities of LLC SHP Zolotaya Niva was carried out during which positive and negative aspects in the work of the economy were revealed.

Based on an analysis of the production activities of the farm and a review of special technical literature, measures were developed to reconstruct the petrochemical farm in order to reduce losses of petroleum products.

Patent research was carried out on the topic of design development (a device for filling and emptying a barrel in a horizontal position), the advantages and disadvantages of existing structures were revealed.

Verification calculations of the parts of the device for filling and emptying the barrel in a horizontal position were carried out.

Safety requirements are highlighted, occupational safety measures have been developed when working with a device for filling and emptying a barrel in a horizontal position.

Technical and economic calculations were carried out, which show that during the reconstruction of the petrochemical farm, due to the reduction of losses, LLC Zolotaya Niva should receive annual savings from reducing losses of 206.701 thousand rubles. with additional investments of 587.547, and the payback period of additional investments is 2.8 years.

List of used literature

1. Filling stations: Equipment. Operation. Safety [Text ]/V.G. Kovalenko, A.S. Safonov, A.I. Ushakov [et al.]. St. Petersburg: NPICC, 2003. – 426 pages.

2. Filling stations: Equipment. Operation. [Text ]/A.N. Donbass, A.S. Safonov, A.I. Ushakov. St. Petersburg: NPICC, 2001. – 388 pages.

3. Anuryev, V.N. Handbook of the designer-mechanical engineer [Text]: In 3 tons T.1./V.N. Anuryev - M.: Engineering, 2003. – 920 pages.

4. Badyshtova, K.M. Fuel lubricants, technical fluids [Text ]/K.M. Badyshtova, S.A. Bnatov; ed. V.A. Shkolnikova. - M.: Publishing Center "Tehinform," 1999. – 450 pages.

5. VNTP 595: Standards of technological design of enterprises for oil products supply to oil depots. - M.: JSC "Petroleum Product Project" Ministry of Energy Russia, 1995.

6. Davletyarov, F.J. Oil Products Supply [Text ]/F.J. Davletyarov, E.I. Zorya, D.V. Tsagarelli - M.: IC and Mathematics, 1998. – 380 pages.

7. Dunaev, P.F. Design of machine units and parts [Text ]/P.F. Dunaev, O.P. Lelikov. - M.: Higher School, 1985. – 416 pages.

8. Zabirov, I.M. Design of oil depots, oil warehouses and fuel filling complexes [Text ]/Penza: RIOPGSHA, 2002. – 89 pages.

9. Zazulya, A.N. Petroleum products, oil storage equipment and filling complexes [Text ]/A.N. Zazulya, S.A. Nagornov, V.V. Ostrikov. - M: Informagrotech, 1999. – 385 pages.

10. Kuhmazov, K.Z., Petrochemistry of an agricultural enterprise: Training manual [Text ]/K.Z. Kuhmazov, Z.Sh. Khabibullin, Yu.V. Guskov - Penza: RIOPGSHA, 2002. – 97 pages.

11. Kostenko, N.A., Resistance of Materials [Text ]/N.A. Kostenko, S.V. Balyasnikova, Yu.E. Voloshanovskaya. - M.: Higher School, 2000. – 512 pages.

12. Lyshko, G.P. Fuel and lubricants: a textbook for higher educational institutions [Text ]/G.P. Lyshko. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. – 354 pages.

13. Lyshko, G.P. Petroleum products and technical liquids. [Text ]/G.P. Lyshko. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1987. – 382 pages.

14. Consumption rates of fuels and lubricants in road transport. Rukov. Department of Logistics and Social Security of the MNA of Russia N.V. Rutskaya. April 9, 2003.

15. Rules of technical operation of filling stations. [Text ]/M.: Ed. Ministry of Energy, August 1, 2001.

16. Recommendations for quality control of petroleum products in agriculture. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RSFSR. 1991.

17. Reshetov, D. N. Machine details [Text ]/D. N. Reshetov. - M.: Engineering, 1989. – 548 pages.

18. Skrebkov, S.V. Application of fuel, lubricants and technical liquids in the agro-industrial complex: Training manual. [Text ]/S.V. Skrebkov, V.V. Streltsov. - Belgorod, 1999. – 327 pages.

19. Handbook for heads of oil depots and gas stations [Text ]/Kolomiychuk I.I., Belokugov A.A., Belokurova E.V. - Tyumen: ExoTEK LLC, 2003. – 289 pages.

20. Technical proposal for the organization of the workshop for cleaning and regeneration of spent oils. Ed. Technical Center "Ecology of Production" March 17, 2006.