Protective Atmosphere Station

Introduction

In the 1960s, many countries began the development of a process for the production of sheet glass based on a new method of forming using a molten metal bath for fire polishing the surface of glass. The use of this method was supposed to dramatically improve the quality of glass in optical terms, increase the productivity of the plants while reducing the costs of glass production.

The basis of these developments was a new fundamental idea set forth in 1902 and 1905 in the patents of American inventors X. Heal and X. Hitchcock .

According to this idea, the production of sheet and flat glass of any desired thickness in the form of a continuous belt is carried out by pouring molten glass mass from a glass-melting furnace into an adjacent container containing molten material with a greater specific gravity than glass. As a result, the glass mass is spread and in the form of a continuous belt floats over the surface of the molten metal, then removed from it and sent to the annealing furnace. In recent years, tin has been used as such material.

Due to the fact that the glass production process takes place at a high temperature, the question arose of protecting molten tin from rapid oxidation and slag. This problem was solved by feeding a protective atmosphere to the annealing furnace which had inert properties to the molten metal.

The most suitable atmosphere in this case is an atmosphere mainly containing hydrogen and other gases inert to tin.

Process Part

2.1 Justification of selected method of production and equipment

Modern devices must have high productivity, have sufficient reliability and flexibility in operation, provide low operating costs, have a small mass and, finally, be structurally simple and technological in manufacture. The latter requirements are no less important than the former, since they not only determine capital costs, but also significantly affect operating costs, ensure the ease and convenience of manufacturing devices (especially for serial ones), their installation and dismantling, repair, control, testing, as well as safe operation. In addition to the above requirements, the designed devices must also meet the requirements of state standards, departmental normals and inspection of the Gosnadzor Rokhrantruda.

In the current production of the protective atmosphere, non-standard devices are used, which are not as reliable in operation as serial ones, require high costs in manufacturing and repair, since their production is single.

In this diploma project, I propose to develop and introduce into the production of a protective atmosphere standard devices - a converter and an adsorber with new performance characteristics to improve repair and operational parameters and increase the production capacity of the protective atmosphere from 1200 m3/h to 1300 m3/h.

2.2.2 Equipment composition. General and auxiliary systems

Processes for the production of a protective atmosphere from natural gas are carried out at the NPS in the corresponding units. To ensure the necessary productivity in the protective atmosphere and to ensure reliable redundancy for process equipment, three plants (AVU400) are located on the MFA, one of which is in the "hot" reserve. The MFA equipment includes:

- natural gas combustion unit - 3 pcs.

converter - 3 pcs.

- air cooling unit - 3 pcs.

- heat exchangers - 6 pcs .

- refrigerating machine - 3 pcs.

- adsorption purification units - 4 pcs.

- condensate system flow tanks - 2 pcs.

- condensate system storage tanks - 1 pc.

- "buried" water tank - 1 pcs.

- 2GM4 hydrogen compressor - 2 pcs.

- pumps vacuum BBH2 - 50M - 5 of piece.

- circulating water pump station

- gas analysis laboratory,

- instrumentation laboratory.

In the general process diagram, the following functions independently:

1 - condensate system;

2 - air cooling system;

3 - recirculated water supply system;

4 - "buried" water system;

5 - vacuum and vacuum systems;

6 - system for stabilization of flow rate and pressure of the protective atmosphere during its generation.

1. Condensate system is intended for collection and supply of water condensate obtained as a result of cooled products of incomplete combustion in heat exchangers of cooling and moisture separation unit before adsorbers.

The system includes:

- condensate collection tank (storage tank);

- two service tanks (upper condensate tanks);

- two water pumps;

- condensate pipeline.

The system of collecting and supply of condensate serves all AVU400 installations.

Condensate collector is a 4 m 3 tank located below the level of process units (in the basement room). Condensate pipeline for condensate drain by gravity approaches it, and outlet branch pipes are connected to water-ring pumps of VK2/26 KU2 type, one of which is working and the other is standby.

The service tanks are sealed tanks of 2.5m3 located at elevation plus 12.000, which provides the necessary head for condensate supply to the combustion chamber evaporators. The upper part of the tanks is connected by pipelines to the branch pipes of the combustion chambers, due to which the condensate in the flow tanks and in the line of condensate supply to the evaporators is under the additional pressure required to pass through the condensate flow control unit.

2. The air cooling system shall reduce the temperature of combustion products after the converter from 220 ° C to 50 ° C.

For this purpose, AVM type air cooling devices manufactured by the Borisoglebsk Chemical Engineering Plant are used.

The air cooler is installed outdoors.

3. The recirculated water supply system shall provide:

- cooling of natural gas combustion chambers;

- cooling of the gas mixture passing through the first gas-water heat exchangers;

- cooling of compressor supplying protective atmosphere for filling adsorbers after zeolite regeneration;

- cooling of refrigerating machine condensers;

water supply to water-ring vacuum pumps.

The revolving water supply consists of:

- cooling tower for cooling water;

- pump station, which serves to supply cooled water to the protective atmosphere station and to supply heated water to the cooling tower for cooling

- a vessel for collecting heated water from combustion chambers, heat exchangers, compressor, refrigerators and vacuum pumps.

4. The "buried" water system is designed to cool the gas mixture to a temperature of plus 8H2 ° С in the second gas-water heat exchangers. The system includes:

- supply tank of "buried" water;

- two water pumps;

- three steam compression refrigerators;

- pipelines.

The supply tank of "buried" water is a tank of 8 m where water is drained from gas-water heat exchangers through a pipeline. Water is taken from the tank by water-ring pumps (one of them is working, the other is standby) and supplied under pressure to evaporators of refrigerating machines, where it is cooled to plus 8M0 ° С and then it is supplied to the second gas-water heat exchangers.

Water pipelines and isolation valves arrangement provide the possibility of alternating use of refrigeration machines, as well as their simultaneous operation, depending on the temperature of the "buried" water. Tank and pipelines of "buried" water have thermal insulation.

5. Vacuum and vacuum systems are designed to create vacuum in adsorbers during their regeneration.

The system includes:

- five vacuum pumps of grade VBN250M, of which three are vacuum pumps

pumps are operated for vacuum, one for vacuum and one for standby;

- vacuum isolation valves;

- vacuum lines.

The purpose of the pre-vacuum system is to remove excess pressure from the adsorber and create a small vacuum (about minus 0.4 - 0.6 kG/cm) after its operation in the mode of cleaning the protective atmosphere.

This stage according to the cyclogram of operation of vacuum valves is 2 minutes.

After the preliminary vacuum is created by the pre-vacuum system, the main vacuum system is connected, and the pre-vacuum system is turned off. A vacuum of minus 0.9 kG/cm is created in the adsorber. Simultaneously with connection of vacuum system adsorber is blown by purified protective atmosphere taken from next adsorber of unit operating in mode of protective atmosphere cleaning.

This operation is called vacuum purge regeneration.

6. System for stabilization of flow rate and pressure of the protective atmosphere during its production. Considering that the adsorbers after their regeneration are under vacuum, and their filling is carried out by the purified protective atmosphere from the outlet pipelines under excessive pressure, a short-term increased extraction of the protective atmosphere for filling the adsorbers occurs, which leads to fluctuation in the flow rate of the protective atmosphere supplied to the melt bath and, accordingly, pressure.

The design documentation developed a system for stabilizing the flow rate and pressure of the protective atmosphere during its development.

The essence of its work is that from the outlet pipelines (from one, two or three) there is a constant extraction of the protective atmosphere with the flow rate necessary to fill the operating adsorbers after their regeneration.

The extraction of the protective atmosphere is carried out by a compressor (the design provides for two compressors: one working, the other standby) and is supplied to existing ammonia tanks under a pressure of 8 kG/cm. From the containers, the protective atmosphere is supplied through flow controllers to the adsorber to fill them to working pressure.

The process diagram provides a backup version of the stabilization system operation without compressors through the tanks.

The switching of adsorbers from one mode to another is carried out according to the developed cyclogram, which also provides a uniform load on vacuum and vacuum pumps.

When switching to the backup adsorption cleaning unit, the vacuum valves shall operate according to the cyclogram of the unit to be replaced.

2.7 Hydraulic calculation

Since the height of the catalyst and adsorbent, the diameters of the nozzles, the height of the shells in the designed devices are the same as in the devices in the current production, in this case we take hydraulic resistances to the flow of the medium the same: for the converter - 13 kPa; for adsorber - 10 kPa.

Description of apparatus design and operation principle

3.1 Converter Operation Description

3.1.1 Converter Purpose

converter is designed for catalytic purification of products of partial combustion of natural gas from carbon monoxide and their enrichment with hydrogen.

3.1.2 Converter design

The converter is a cylindrical stainless steel vessel with a diameter of 1.2 m, a height of 4 m, divided in height by a stainless steel grid. The converter is filled with a low temperature catalyst. In the side surface of the converter there are two hatches for unloading the catalyst. On top, the converter is closed with a cover on the flange connection. Combustion products saturated with steam are introduced into upper part of converter. Combustion products cleaned of carbon monoxide are removed from below through branch pipe in side surface of converter. 4 thermoelectric thermometers of HC type are installed along the height of the converter to control the temperature of the catalyst. Outside the converter has thermal insulation from chamotalegkoves.

3.2 Description of operation of adsorption purification unit

3.2.1 Purpose, composition of adsorption purification unit

Unit is designed for cleaning of converted combustion products

natural gas from carbon dioxide and water vapors.

Adsorption purification unit consists of the following main units:

-threat of adsorbers;

-filters;

- vacuum system;

- board of the system of automatic control of vacuum shutoff valves.

3.2.2 Adsorber Design

The adsorber is a cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 1.2 m,

2.7 m high. At the bottom of the adsorber there is a flow distributor, which is a layer of filled rings of steel pipes with a diameter of 2550 mm. In addition to flow distribution, the ring layer reduces the temperature of the gas blown through it in the adsorption purification mode due to the fact that in the adsorption mode of substances absorbed by zeolite, the layer is cooled. Above the flow distributor there is a grid with a metal mesh. The same grid is installed in the upper part of the adsorber. Zeolite NaX is filled between the lattices. On the side surface of the adsorber there are two hatches for unloading zeolite. On top, the adsorber is closed by a cover on the flange joint. The volume of zeolite in the adsorber is 2.5 m3, the weight of zeolite is 1.5 tons.

The filter is a cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 0.3 m and

1.0 m high. The pipe with the openings drilled in its side surface which is fitted by technical baize is welded on a removable cover of the filter. Two filters are installed in parallel and can be switched off alternately for preventive maintenance and repair.

Vacuum system consists of vacuum pumps and vacuum lines with vacuum shutoff valves.

To create vacuum in the vacuum system, water-ring vacuum pumps of the BBH50 type are used. It is possible to use oil vacuum pumps of NVZ500 type. Vacuum pumps shall be operated in accordance with the attached Operating Instructions. Vacuum pumps are connected by means of vacuum lines to a single vacuum header. Adsorbers are also connected by pipelines to the vacuum manifold by means of vacuum valves installed on the pipelines.

The board of the system of automatic control of vacuum shutoff valves is installed in the panel and serves to switch the vacuum shutoff valves in accordance with the specified cyclogram. Manual control of vacuum shut-off valves is provided. On the front panel of the board there are signal lamps to indicate the position of the working elements of vacuum valves ("Open" or "Closed").

3.2.3 Description of adsorption treatment process

The full cycle of operation of each adsorber of the unit consists of three modes:

-commercial;

- regeneration with blowing of protective atmosphere;

-fills.

In operation, cooled converted combustion products

are fed to lower part of adsorber. Passing through the zeolite layer, they are purified from water vapors and carbon dioxide. The purified nitrogen-hydrogen protective atmosphere is withdrawn from the upper part of the adsorber, passes through a filter, where zeolite particles carried from the adsorber are removed and supplied to the consumer. Part of pure nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixture is supplied to other adsorbers for blowing and filling.

In the regeneration mode, a vacuum is created in the adsorber by connecting its lower part to the vacuum system through an open vacuum valve. Purified protective atmosphere in amount of 6,0100 nm3/h is supplied to upper part of adsorber through flow diaphragm and control valve to purge zeolite layer.

In the mode of filling in the adsorber, the pressure is restored to the working one. The supply of the protective atmosphere for filling is carried out to the upper part of the adsorber through the flow diaphragm and the control valve. The flow rate of the protective atmosphere for filling is set so that the operating pressure in the regenerated adsorber is restored by the end of the filling mode time.

Selection of basic structural materials

4.1 Material Selection for Converter

Considering properties and temperature of the environment, for production of the converter we choose steel of an austenitic class - 12X18H10T

Material of the cylindrical feedwell, internal devices, the bottoms and covers - GOST 563272 steel 12X18H10T

Material of hardware flanges is GOST 563272 steel 12X18H10T

Material of pipeline flanges and fittings - GOST 563272 steel 12X18H10T.

Material of pipes for branch pipes is GOST 563272 steel 12X18H10T

Material of fasteners for hardware flanges is GOST 563272 steel 12X18H10T

Material of bolts and nuts for pipeline flanges and fittings - GOST 563272] steel 10X17H13M2T.

Support material - steel St3sp3 DSTU 265194.

Gasket materials for flange connections:

- for hardware flanges - paronite GOST 48180 in accordance with GOST 28759.690 - for pipeline flanges and valves - paronite GOST 48180 in accordance with GOST 15180-86

4.2 Material Selection for Adsorber

Considering the properties and temperature of the medium, carbon steel is selected for the adsorber - St3sp3 GOST 380 - 94

Material of cylindrical shell, internal devices, bottom and cover - steel St3sp3 GOST 380-94.

Equipment flange material - steel 20 GOST 1050 - 88

Material of pipe flanges and fittings - steel 20 GOST 1050 - 88].

Pipe material for nozzles - steel St3sp3 GOST 380 - 94.

Material of fastening parts for equipment flanges of pipe flanges and fittings:

- bolts - steel 35 GOST 105088

- nuts - steel 25 GOST 105088, in accordance with GOST 28 28759.590.

Support material - steel St3sp3 DSTU 265194.

Gasket materials for flange connections:

- for hardware flanges - paronite GOST 48180 in accordance with GOST 28759.690

- for pipe flanges and valves - paronite GOST 48180 in accordance with GOST 15180-86

Strength, stiffness and stability calculations

5.1 Initial data

5.1.1 Design temperature

Maximum operating temperature in the apparatus: 270 ° C converter, 40 ° C adsorber. I take the maximum working temperature as the calculated temperature:

- for converter:

t = 270 ° С;

- for adsorber:

t = 40 ° С.

5.1.4 Strength factor of welds

Nitrogen-hydrogen mixture refers to 3 hazard class media as per GOST 12.1.00776.

Depending on the design pressure, the design temperature and the hazard class of the medium, we determine the group of the vessel for the converter and adsorber: the group of the vessel - 4.

For vessels of group 4, the length of the controlled sections of the seams is 25% of the total length of each seam

For butt joints with double-sided continuous welding performed by automatic and semi-automatic welding, the strength factor of welds

Technology of apparatus manufacturing

Production of the designed equipment - converter and adsorber - is carried out according to the general technical requirements for the design and manufacture of pressure devices.

Pressure devices are manufactured in accordance with the current requirements of the rules of Gosgortekhnadzor and industry standard OST 26 - 291 - 71 "Welded steel vessels and devices. Technical requirements.. "

For the manufacture of vessels and apparatus, depending on their design and dimensions, all types of industrial welding are used, except for gas, which is allowed only for pipes with a nominal diameter of up to 80 mm with a wall thickness of not more than 4 mm.

Diameters of flanged bottoms according to GOST 6533-68 are taken as basic sizes of diameters of devices. The devices are equipped with manholes or inspection panels providing their inspection, cleaning and repair.

For machined parts, dimensions with unspecified deviations are made according to the 7th accuracy class, and for parts from units without machining according to the 9th accuracy class OST 1010 and GOST 2689 - 54. On the working surface of shells and bottoms, risks, nicks and other defects are not allowed if their depth exceeds the minus limit deviations specified by the relevant standards or specifications for materials.

Manufacture of cylindrical shells.

The process sequence for manufacturing different shells is basically the same. However, depending on the diameter, thickness, steel grades, you sometimes need to enter additional operations or exclude individual operations.

In the production of shells on production lines, products are transported from one workplace to another using special devices. When producing shells not on the production lines, the order of operations and the equipment for their execution in the process sequence are mainly preserved, but the shells are transported between workplaces using a bridge crane.

Manufacturing of single-seam shells 1000-3600 mm in heated state (from carbonaceous and low-alloyed steels). Shell blank is coated with chalk solution on both sides to prevent scale formation and is loaded into furnace. After heating, the sheet is taken out of the furnace and fed to the roll table of the sheet bending machine. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature of the workpiece does not fall below 1050 ΅S. From the surface of the workpiece, the scale is also cleaned at a minimum time so that the temperature of the workpiece does not decrease below 1000 ΅S. After bending of blank on sheet bending machine it is supplied to stand for welding of longitudinal joint. Immediately before the assembly, the length of the circle (sweep) is measured at the ends and in the middle of the shell and its diameter is determined. Displacement of edges along thickness is eliminated, places of installation of clamps and pockets are marked and clamps, pockets and outlet plates are installed at longitudinal joint, they are gripped by electric welding and welded finally. Longitudinal edge of shell joint is placed for gas cutting so that gap for electric slag welding is in size mm. After the edge section the shells are cleaned from traces of scale and rust to metallic gloss. After electric slag welding of longitudinal joint, cutting of clamps, pockets, grinding and control, shell surfaces are coated with chalk solution, shell is loaded into furnace, heated to 980 ° C and supplied to sheet bending machine for straightening. The shell is then removed from the machine and the weld is X-rayed, cut and corrected.

Manufacturing of bottoms.

For chemical production devices, bottoms made according to GOST 6533-68 "Elliptical flanged steel bottoms for vessels, apparatuses and boilers" are used.

Technical requirements for design and manufacture of bottoms are specified in "Rules for arrangement and safe operation of pressure vessels" OST 26 - 292 - 71. When welding bottoms from several sheets with arrangement of seams along the chord, the distance from the axis of the seam to the center of the bottom must be at least 0.2 of the bottom diameter. Circular seams on bottoms shall be located at a distance from the bottom center not exceeding 0.25 of the bottom diameter. The distance from the edge of the hole on the convex bottom to the inner surface of the flange, measured before the projection, should be no more than 0.1 internal diameter. The main requirements for the manufacture of bottoms limit the ovality of the bottoms within the tolerance for diameter. Deviations of the profile of the convex part of the bottoms shall not exceed: 1.25% of the nominal internal diameter for bottoms with an internal diameter greater than 500 mm.

Elliptical bottoms are manufactured according to the specifications for manufacturing and installation of bottoms, which are set out in the standards for bottoms OST 26 - 291 - 72 and factory normals.

The accuracy of the geometric parameters of the bottoms determines the performance of the devices, their stress state, as well as permissible deviations from the shape and size values ​ ​ during manufacture.

The bottoms can be stamped on presses, roll-in, electrohydraulic and electromagnetic stamping, manual extrusion on machines, and manual stamping. The first two methods of manufacturing bottoms are most widespread in industry. Any manufacturing process of bottoms consists of three groups of operations: production of blanks, molding, final operations.

Forming elliptical bottoms.

Both cold and hot blanks are produced. Hot molding is generally used if the power of the equipment is insufficient or the bottom preform tends to fold during molding.

Moulding of bottoms by stamping on presses.

The preform is conveyed to a heating furnace for uniform heating to the desired temperature. The heated blank is removed from the furnace by special grips and fed to a conveyor, by means of which it is transported to a die located under the press. The blank is then placed on an extension ring and stamped, as a rule, in one step. For two operations, they are stamped only in cases where it is necessary to produce a bottom of increased accuracy.

During hot forging, the heated preform is quickly cooled and, reducing its size, is pressed onto the punch. To facilitate the removal of the stamped bottom, the punch for hot stamping is made of two parts: a fungus and a forming ring. Billet is removed as punch moves upwards.

Final operations include marking of ends for cutting, processing of holes, heat treatment, cleaning of surfaces, control and marking of bottom. The contents of these operations are described in standard process 01200.002.

Repair and installation

Repair of the designed equipment (converter and adsorber) due to the continuous nature of the production of the protective atmosphere is carried out in a short time during the cold repair of the glass production bath. Therefore, the main goal of preparatory operations is to minimize the time for repairing devices.

Having received an order to repair the devices, the workshop mechanic instructs the brigade on the nature of the upcoming operations. After that, the team begins to prepare tools, lifting mechanisms and replaceable parts. This preparation should be carried out simultaneously with the preparation for the repair of the devices themselves, that is, at the time when the replacement personnel disconnects it from the existing system, depressurizing, steaming, etc.

Repair of the apparatus housing begins with external inspection. Inspection results are reflected in the report and layout of defects and damages. Special attention should be paid to the state of welds and sealing surfaces of the housing and cover.

In the absence of visible defects and damages, selective magnetic and ultrasonic inspection can be carried out. In the presence of mechanical damages and cracks, metal defects are sampled with a grinding machine with periodic magnetic control. The formed spherical recess is cut until smooth transitions are obtained, after which ultrasonic control of metal is carried out in and around the damage zone.

Ultrasonic inspection of the external or internal surface of the housing is carried out by a flaw detector .

Repair of the apparatus housing consists in elimination of cracks, dents, fistulas or corrosion-erosion wear. Depending on the type of damage, the repair method is selected.

Brewing cracks.

By careful inspection of the crack, its boundaries are established. Locations of cracks are carefully cleaned from inner and outer sides. Holes are drilled at the ends of the crack to prevent it from spreading in length. In addition, the holes reduce stresses occurring at these locations during welding. After drilling the ends, the crack is "cut" for welding: this operation is carried out using a pneumatic hammer-tooth or a special gas cutter.

Repair of connectors.

Repair of connectors is possible by installation of sleeve. The sleeve is welded on both sides to the cylinder. Weld density is checked by hydraulic test. In a body of the union two openings with thread M 10 for control of a condition of weld joints in use are bored through. At that, connector with valve is screwed into thread of control hole to control gas flow. When replacing the flange, the sleeve with the flange is pulled out and welded to the connector.

Wear of parts.

When repairing internal devices, the devices are cleaned of coke and other deposits. Hard and dough-like mass is removed with blades and scrapers, coke - with pneumatic bump hammers.

Determination of wear and rejection of internal devices. Worn-out connectors are cut out and replaced with new ones with mandatory installation of reinforcing rings. During each repair, the actual wall thickness of the apparatus body is measured.

The apparatus housing is dismantled if it is necessary to replace part of the housing or bottom. The lower part of the body or bottom can be replaced without dismantling the apparatus. The lower part of the apparatus is cut off and removed after lifting the upper part to a height of 100 mm. After bringing the new lower part, the upper part is lowered and welded to the lower part. After repair of devices they are subjected to hydraulic and pneumatic tests.

Requirements for installation and operation.

When operating vessels, the safety requirements set out in the "General Explosion Hazard Rules for Explosive Chemical, Petrochemical and Oil Refineries" (M.: Metallurgy, 1988) and other industry documents shall be observed.

During acceptance for installation, the vessels are subjected to external inspection without disassembly to units and parts, at that the following are checked:

completeness of equipment according to factory specifications or reference and packing lists;

compliance of equipment with working drawings, given industry standard; project specifications;

no damage or breakage, cracks, shells and other visible defects of the equipment;

availability and completeness of technical documentation of the manufacturer required for installation works;

availability of heat insulation attachment devices welded to the vessel;

presence of blankings and plugs at connectors, with which they must be closed to prevent atmospheric precipitation, dirt and foreign objects from entering the vessel;

presence of mating flanges, working gaskets and fasteners at the connector in accordance with the instructions of the industry standard;

presence of painting and preservation vessels in accordance with the requirements of OST 26 - 291 - 87;

availability of instructions on location of centre of gravity, places of slinging and vessel weight.

Vessels shall be installed in accordance with the Work Execution Design (WP). Only qualified maintenance personnel are allowed to operate the vessels.

If the design pressure in the vessel rises above the allowable pressure, it is necessary to release part of the vapor phase into the flare line before the design pressure is restored.

Start, stop and test of vessels for densities in winter shall be carried out in accordance with OST 26 - 291 - 87.

Equipment installation includes the following main operations: preparation and installation of mechanisms and devices for lifting and installation of the apparatus on the foundation; unpacking of equipment, completeness check and acceptance for installation; preparation of equipment for installation; verification of foundations and installation of foundation bolts; moving the equipment within the installation area; lifting and installation of equipment to the design position; reconciliation and fixation of equipment on the foundation; installation of internal equipment devices; removal of lifting mechanisms and accessories; strength and density tests, idling and under load; preparation for equipment commissioning with preparation of necessary technical documentation.

Work on installation of equipment and structures is carried out by methods and means provided in the technical maps of the PPM.

Automation and process automation

8.1 Information Automated Control System

Process (IAPCS).

8.1.1 Purpose of the system.

The system is designed for automated control of the process of obtaining a protective atmosphere by partial high-temperature gas combustion, by automatic maintenance, in accordance with the technological regulations, of the main technological parameters of its operation, performance of the provided functions of protections and interlocks, as well as for provision of operational information characterizing the process as a whole and the state of the main equipment.

8.1.2 Purposes of system creation.

The purpose of the system is to increase operational reliability of the control system and reduce the area of the process damage in case of failures of parts of the CTS, due to:

Applications of modern microprocessor technology for process control

equipment and main parameters affecting the safety and quality of the process.

A reasonable combination of technical and functional duplication of the main managers

functions, processes and CTS.

The purpose of the system is to reduce the accident rate in process equipment operation, reduce the costs of its repair due to accurate observance of the equipment operating limits.

The purpose of the system is to improve the efficiency of process control by concentrating the main operational information on the operator workstation.

8.2 Characteristics of the automation object.

Protection atmosphere station with capacity of 1200 m3/h is designed to provide nitrogen-hydrocarbon gas mixture (protective atmosphere) of molten bath for forming high-quality glass.

The station consists of three nitrogen-hydrocarbon units (AVU400) with a capacity of 400 m3/h each.

Each plant can produce a protective atmosphere with a hydrogen content of 0.514% by volume.

The content of impurities in the produced protective atmosphere does not exceed by volume: oxygen - 0.0003% carbon monoxide - 0.005% carbon dioxide - 0.005% moisture - 0.001% (minus 60 ° С by dew point temperature)

Detailed production technology and MFA equipment are described in the process regulations of the protective atmosphere station

In general, the AVU400 line, from the point of view of the technological process, is characterized by several states:

repair - AVU400 equipment is stopped and is under repair;

simple - AVU400 equipment is stopped and ready for start-up;

start-up - AVU400 equipment is in the start-up stage;

hot reserve - combustion chamber AVU400 operates at minimum load, combustion products are discharged to candle No. 1, the rest of the equipment is ready for start-up;

operation - AVU-400 is in operation, protective atmosphere is transmitted to the consumer,

planned shutdown of AVU400 equipment is in the stage of planned (regular) shutdown;

emergency shutdown for protection - immediate shutdown of gas supply for combustion in accordance with process regulations.

The adsorber unit, from the point of view of the technological process, is characterized by several states:

repair - the equipment is under repair;

simple - the equipment is ready for operation;

reserve - the equipment is prepared for operation with a certain AVU;

operation - adsorber unit is in operation;

planned shutdown of the equipment is in the stage of planned (regular) shutdown;

emergency shutdown - immediate shutdown of adsorber unit in accordance with process regulations.

8.4 Information on functions of "SZA" TP IAS.

8.4.1 Information about server functions.

The automated server functions include:

Collection of operational information on the state of the main process parameters of the MPA from the operator's workstations;

Collection of operational information on the state of MFA main process equipment from operator workstations;

Request from workstations, storage and display of logical variables (per line and adsorber units);

Current line condition (repair, simple, ignition, operation, hot standby, shutdown, emergency shutdown).

The current control mode of AVU400 (manual from a board, separate control of regulators, automatic control on the set ratio gas/air and

natural gas load);

Current condition of adsorber unit (repair, simple, reserve, operation).

Current mode of control of air valves of adsorber unit (manual, automatic by cyclogram);

8. Request from workstations, storage and display of calculated variables (for each AVU400 installation);

normal combustion gas flow rate;

combustion air flow rate reduced to normal conditions;

gas consumption for combustion (from the beginning of shift, day, month, quarter and year);

combustion air consumption (from the beginning of shift, day, month, quarter and year);

time of AVU400 line stay in certain modes (repair, simple, hot reserve, operation), from the beginning of shift, day, month, quarter and year;

9. Calculation, storage and display of data on the protective atmosphere station:

total consumption of natural gas for combustion from the beginning of shift, day, month, quarter and year;

total compressed air consumption for combustion from the beginning of shift, day, month, quarter and year;

10. Storage of process history and AWS history:

accumulation and storage of short-term history of the process (six days, for operational use);

accumulation and storage of the long-term history of the process (six months);

accumulation and storage of AWS history (possibility of formation by time, period or event);

Store master copies of the server, client, and workstation applications.

To ensure performance of the above listed functions, the server application is started on the server, (5B _ 8NC) made on the basis of RteMaz1eg having its own database and the required set of mnemonic diagrams of control objects.

The network administrator PC is designed to perform the entire complex of administration and maintenance of the software and technical complex of the SSA TP IAS. It stores copies of applications for operational use (making changes and additions to the software). A workstation application can be overloaded, started, and stopped remotely from the network administrator workstation.

A link to the plant network is provided to provide data to plant management and departments.

8.4.2 Information about "Workshop" ISP

The automated functions of the "Workshop" are:

Collection of operational information on the status of general-purpose process equipment (analog signals):

natural gas temperature at the entrance to the workshop before reduction;

compressed air temperature at the entrance to the workshop before reduction;

cooling water temperature at the entrance to the workshop;

temperature of the protective atmosphere along line A at the outlet of the workshop;

temperature of the protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

temperature of the protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

natural gas pressure at the entrance to the workshop before reduction;

compressed air pressure at the entrance to the workshop before reduction;

pressure of protective atmosphere along line A at the outlet of the workshop;

pressure of protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

pressure of protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

natural gas flow at the entrance to the workshop prior to reduction;

compressed air flow at the entrance to the workshop before reduction;

flow rate of the protective atmosphere along line A at the outlet of the workshop;

flow rate of protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

flow rate of the protective atmosphere along line B at the outlet of the workshop;

concentration of H2O in the protective atmosphere via line A at the outlet of the workshop;

concentration of H2O in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

concentration of H2O in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

CO2 concentration in the protective atmosphere via line A at the outlet of the workshop;

CO2 concentration in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

CO2 concentration in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

CO concentration in the protective atmosphere via line A at the outlet of the workshop;

CO concentration in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

CO concentration in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop

concentration of H2 in the protective atmosphere via line A at the outlet of the workshop;

concentration of H2 in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

concentration of H2 in the protective atmosphere via line B at the outlet of the workshop;

Collection of operational information on the state of general engineering process equipment

(discrete signals):

compressed air pressure at the emergency room inlet;

cooling water pressure at the entrance to the workshop tt;

cooling water pressure at the entrance to the workshop tach;

condensate level in service tank No. 1 of condensate system max;

condensate level in service tank No. 1 of condensate system min;

condensate level in service tank No. 1 of the emergency condensate system;

condensate level in service tank No. 2 of condensate system max;

condensate level in service tank No. 2 of condensate system min;

condensate level in service tank No. 2 of the emergency condensate system;

condensate level in the tank of the emergency condensate system accumulator;

the level in the tank of "buried" water min;

level in the tank of "buried" water max;

exceeding the pre-explosion methane concentration in the area of the natural gas reduction unit at the entrance to the workshop;

Software and technical solutions shall provide light and sound alarm to the board and to the operator workstation according to the following parameters:

pressure drop of compressed air;

natural gas pressure drop;

exceeding the upper regulatory limit of natural gas pressure;

exceeding the pre-explosion methane concentration in the area of the natural gas reduction unit at the entrance to the workshop;

cooling water pressure drop;

min and max condensate level in service tanks;

emergency level of condensate in the storage tank;

min and max level in the tank of "buried" water.

ISP "Workshop" shall provide operational data of process parameters and state data of shutoff and control valves, be open, recoverable and multifunctional system.

Measurement of natural gas flow rates, compressed air to the workshop and protective atmosphere at the outlet of the workshop shall be performed with pressure and temperature correction.

During the development of the "Workshop" ISP, it is necessary to provide nomenclature protection of combustion chambers in accordance with the "Safety Rules for Gas Supply Systems" - cut-off of natural gas at the entrance to the workshop. The protection system (safety automation) must be independent of the main system and implement the function of gas cut-off when reaching the norm by the following parameter:

• drop in air pressure at the entrance to the workshop;

As part of the integrated automated shop control system, the system must be connected to the shop network server.

8.4.3 Information about "AMU" ACS system.

The automated functions of ACS "AVU" include:

Gathering of intelligence of a condition of AVU400 processing equipment (analog signals):

temperature of combustion products after AVU-400 evaporator

temperature of catalyst bed in zone I of AVU-400 conversion unit

temperature of catalyst bed in zone II of AVU-400 conversion unit

temperature of catalyst bed in zone III of AVU-400 conversion unit

temperature of catalyst bed in zone IV of AVU-400 conversion unit

gas temperature at the inlet to AVU-400 air cooling device

gas temperature at the outlet of AVU400 air cooling device;

temperature on an entrance to the heat treatment device (only for AVU1);

temperature at the exit from the heat treatment device (only for AVU1);

pressure in combustion chamber AVU-400

natural gas flow rate to AVU-400 line

compressed air flow rate for combustion on AVU-400 line

the provision IM of flow control of natural gas on burning of AVU400;

IM position of air flow control for AVU-400 combustion

IM position of condensate flow control to AVU400 evaporator;

concentration of H2 in burning products after the AVU400 evaporator.

Gathering of intelligence of a condition of AVU400 processing equipment (discrete signals):

management from a board a consumption of natural gas on AVU400 line;

management from a board a consumption of compressed air on burning on AVU400 line;

control of condensate flow rate to AVU400 evaporator from the board;

overpressure downstream of stage II gas-water heat exchanger (on "laid" water);

Exceeding the pre-explosion methane concentration near the combustion chamber.

Output of discrete control signals to IM and electric drives:

management of natural gas IM for burning MORE;

management of natural gas IM for combustion LESS;

IM air control for burning MORE;

control of IM of air for combustion LESS;

control of condensate IM for evaporation MORE;

control of condensate IM for evaporation LESS;

Software and technical solutions shall provide light and sound alarm to the board and to the operator workstation according to the following parameters:

temperature of combustion products after evaporator, fr.

excess of pre-explosion methane concentration in the combustion chamber area;

pressure in combustion chamber t! p, t;

overpressure after the gas-water heat exchanger of the 11th stage (on "laid" water).

The developed system shall provide control of the main

process parameters of AVU400 in the following operating modes:

Manual - in this mode the ACS shall provide the possibility of control of the automatic control unit IM from the control panel. When implementing these functions, the system shall ensure full registration and output of process information. The control board shall contain the necessary controls and visualizers to ensure a full control effect on the equipment.

Automated - control from the operator workstation:

a) separate control of regulators;

b) automatic control of regulators according to the specified gas/air ratio and load load.

The temperature of the combustion products after the evaporator is controlled by changing the condensate flow rate to the evaporator.

The following parameters shall be indicated in situ:

natural gas flow per line;

air flow per line;

3. Condensate flow to the evaporator;

4. the temperature of the combustion products after the evaporator;

Software and technical solutions shall provide flexible setting, without unloading the application, of the specified modes, I use special mnemonic diagrams intended for personnel of the system maintenance KTS, which are inaccessible to operators.

Combustion chamber ignition is performed manually, in the presence of shop ITR, as per process instruction.

Incineration chamber shall be brought to STD by separate control of IM control of gas and air flow rate.

The stop of AVU400 is carried out by separate management of flow control of gas and air of IT.

In order to maintain the pressure in the combustion chamber within the permissible limits, it is necessary to provide for the opening of the electric valve to spark plug No. 2 independent of the main technical means when the pressure of the second stage gas-water heat exchanger exceeds.

The emergency stop of AVU400 at the initiative of the operator (the cases stipulated in duty regulations of the operator) has to be carried out from the workstation by pressing the monitor screen STOP key.

ACS AVA has to ensure continuous and trouble-free functioning of AVU400 processing equipment, operate the key process parameters, provide operational data of process parameters and these states locking and

control valves, be open, recoverable and multifunctional system.

Software and technical solutions shall ensure automatic maintenance of the specified parameters in the independent operation mode of the controller, when the operator workstation is disconnected. And manual control, when the controller is disconnected, from the control board.

As part of the integrated automated shop control system, the system must be connected to the shop network server.

8.4.4 Information about "ADSORBER" ACS system.

The automated functions of ACS "ADSORBER" include:

Collection of operational information of process equipment status of adsorber unit (analog signals):

flow rate of the protective atmosphere for "running-in" during regeneration;

flow rate of protective atmosphere for "filling" of adsorbers after regeneration;

pressure of the protective atmosphere downstream the adsorber unit;

Collection of operational information of process equipment status of adsorber unit (discrete signals):

the "open" position of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on adsorbers;

the "closed" position of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on adsorbers;

operation mode of the adsorber unit "manual "/" automatic";

control from the shield of the flow rate of the protective atmosphere for "running in";

control from the panel of the flow rate of the protective atmosphere for "filling";

Output of discrete control signals to IM:

IM control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on three-valve units according to cyclogram of adsorbers operation OPEN;

IM control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on three-valve units according to cyclogram of adsorbers operation CLOSE;

control of IM of the protective atmosphere for "flow" during regeneration of MORE;

control of IM of the protective atmosphere for "flow" during regeneration LESS;

5. control of IM of protective atmosphere for "filling" of adsorbers after regeneration of MORE;

6. control of IM of protective atmosphere for "filling" of adsorbers after regeneration LESS;

The following parameters shall be indicated in situ:

flow rate of the protective atmosphere for "running-in" during regeneration;

flow rate of protective atmosphere for "filling" of adsorbers after regeneration.

The developed system shall provide control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on three-valve units in the following operation modes:

Manual - control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on adsorbers by toggle switches from the control board.

2. Atomical - control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 on adsorbers by the controller according to the cyclogram.

Switching from one mode of operation must be performed by the switch from the board and displayed on the operator's workstation.

When switching from manual to automatic operation, the controller must start the cyclogram for control of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 from the beginning.

It shall be possible to change the time in the cyclogram for cleaning and regeneration in the range from 3 to 6 minutes.

It is necessary to display the current combination of "working standby" adsorber units on the operator workstation. Possible options (manually set by the operator): adsorber unit No. 1 adsorber unit No. 2; adsorber unit No. 2 adsorber unit No. 3; adsorber unit No. 3 adsorber unit No. 4;

ACS "ADSORBER" shall ensure continuous and trouble-free operation of process equipment of adsorbers, control of main process parameters, provide operational data of process parameters and state data of shutoff and control valves, be open, recoverable and multifunctional system.

Alarm of operation of pneumatic valves No. 1... 15 adsorber units shall be brought to the board.

Alarm of adsorbers operation in "cleaning" mode must be brought to the laboratory.

As part of the integrated automated shop control system, the system must be connected to the shop network server.

Industrial ecology

Introduction

In modern conditions, the task of protecting nature from various contaminants is acute. The scientific base of nature conservation is ecology. Ecology is a biological discipline. However, environmental and environmental measures are currently being decided mainly by engineering, including chemical and technological methods. Therefore, ecology is not only a scientific basis for nature conservation, but also becomes an integral part of technological disciplines.

Pollutants in the natural environment are able to travel long distances. They can spread within individual components of the biosphere. For example, in the atmosphere, the substance is carried by the wind; impurities caught in water are dissolved in it or sorbed on suspended substances, transferred by water of the reservoir at different distances. Migration of contaminants in the soil is carried out by the processes of washing and mass transfer.

The accumulation of industrial waste, leading to a high level of pollution of the biosphere, contributes to increased morbidity of people, animals, accelerated corrosion of machines and metals, reduced crop yields and animal productivity, and the death of unique natural complexes.

Environmental problems are closely intertwined with the issues of technology, economics, morality, law, aesthetics, medicine. Therefore, ecology is a complex science. From a modern perspective, ecology is:

One of the biological sciences that studies living systems in their interaction with the habitat;

A comprehensive science that synthesizes data from natural and social sciences about nature and the interaction of its and society;

A special general scientific approach to the study of problems of interaction between organisms, biosystems and the environment;

The combination of scientific and practical problems of the relationship between man and nature.

Challenges of ecology as a science:

- Study of patterns of life organization;

Establishing a scientific basis for the rational exploitation of biological resources ,

- forecasting of nature change under the influence of human life;

- Development of systems of measures to minimize the use of chemical measures to control harmful species;

- Restoration of disturbed natural systems;

- protection of unspoiled areas of land.

Engineers are called upon to develop and improve technological processes with a deep understanding of the impact of harmful effects on the environment. Based on the knowledge gained in the study of general chemical, engineering and special (biological, economic, environmental, etc.) disciplines, taking into account the main properties of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, they should develop and implement measures to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment by improving technology and creating effective treatment systems with waste recovery.

The choice of ways to protect the environment depends on both technological capabilities and economic conditions. The primary goal is to reduce the flow of unused waste into the biosphere per unit of time so that the natural balance of the biosphere is maintained and the main natural resources are preserved.

The following four principles were defined in the creation of waste-free technology:

1) Development and implementation of various water-free process schemes and water-circulation cycles based on efficient treatment methods;

2) Development and implementation of fundamentally new technological processes that exclude generation of any types of waste;

3) Creation of territorial-industrial complexes, that is, economic areas in which a closed system of material flows of raw materials and waste inside the complex is implemented;

4) Extensive use of waste as secondary material and energy resources.

10.1 Physical, geographical and climatic characteristics

platforms

The projected production is located on the territory of the northern outskirts of the city of Lisichansk. This is the upland of the southern East European Plain - Donetsk ridge, the height of which is up to 367 m. The average January temperature is from minus 10 to plus 6 ° C, July - from plus 20 to plus 23 ° C. Precipitation falls from 450 to 500 mm per year. The wind is mainly north-east, so all harmful substances are eliminated due to the dispersal effect, without falling into the urban zone.

10.3 Major Pollutants

Nitrogen and carbon oxides are the main pollutants of the air basin, which are preserved during the combustion of natural gas. However, by appropriately organizing the process, the combustion of gaseous fuel can significantly reduce the amount of nitrogen and carbon oxides produced.

In the production of a protective atmosphere, a method of gas combustion is used that allows a sharp reduction in the content of harmful substances in combustion products. The greatest effect is provided by the organization of two-stage or two-stage gas combustion. At the same time, only part of the air (70... 95%) necessary for complete combustion is supplied to the primary combustion zone to reduce the temperature and concentration of oxygen and nitrogen, secondary air is supplied through burners of the upper row.

10.3.1 Effects of harmful emissions on human health

Effects of carbon monoxide on human health. For more than 10 years, scientists have suspected that carbon monoxide concentrations found in cities are dangerous to health. But only in the past few years have the necessary data been obtained for reliable conclusions. Now we know that carbon monoxide contained in the air poses a real danger to health.

In an atmosphere with a large content of carbon monoxide, death occurs by suffocation. This is another way to prove that body tissues die from oxygen starvation. At lower concentrations of carbon monoxide, other, thinner effects are noted.

To understand the dangers of low concentrations of carbon monoxide, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the process of transferring oxygen to body tissues. Oxygen enters the lungs at every inhalation. In the alveoli, oxygen goes into the blood bed. In blood oxygen joins the hemoglobin, difficult proteinaceous molecules which are contained in red blood cells (erythrocytes). Red blood cells carry hemoglobin-associated oxygen through a network of arteries and capillaries throughout the body. In capillaries, oxygen through their walls enters the cells of body tissues.

This normal transport pattern is disrupted when carbon monoxide is present in the inhaled air. Even very small amounts of carbon monoxide cut off oxygen transfer, since its molecules attach to hemoglobin 200 times easier than oxygen. Carbon monoxide, firmly bound to hemoglobin, pushes oxygen from its carrier to tissue cells. The more carbon monoxide is contained in the air, the more hemoglobin strongly binds to it and becomes unable to carry oxygen. Hemoglobin connected to carbon monoxide is called carboxyhemoglobin. Even very small amounts of carbon monoxide gas in air lead to the formation of a large amount of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood.

Data on the health effects of low concentrations of carbon monoxide were obtained from experiments rather than from actual observations. The use of experimental data has proved necessary because, at high concentrations of carbon monoxide in street air, concentrations of other contaminants are usually also high and their effects cannot be separated.

People with elevated carboxyhemoglobin have two important symptoms. One of them is a decrease in the ability to perceive signals coming from the external environment. This reduction was measured by a number of tests. For example, subjects were asked to report sound signals. At carboxyhemoglobin levels within 3-5% of the total hemoglobin, signals were often not perceived. The ability to determine which of the two tones is longer is reduced when the carboxyhemoglobin content is 2.5-4%. Thinking processes are also disrupted. Simple tests, such as, for example, adding a column of numbers, take longer to complete as the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood increases. The ability to distinguish between an increase in the brightness of light is weakened. In the brightness perception test, fewer correct answers are given even when carboxyhemoglobin levels are low and do not exceed 3%.

In experimental situations with an increase in carboxyhemoglobin levels of up to 10%, the skills needed to drive the car turned out to be impaired; reactions to the appearance of a stop signal and to the speed of the car ahead were weakened. The possible impact of this condition on traffic safety is obvious. On high-speed highways, the level of carbon monoxide can rise to values ​ ​ at which driving skills are seriously impaired.

Doctors have long suspected that carbon monoxide can be the cause of heart attacks, since it was found that there is a direct relationship between the number of heart attacks and an increase in the concentration of carbon monoxide. Now this suspicion has been reinforced by new data on people with angina pectoris.

Angina pectoris is a chronic heart disease with characteristic chest pains; true, it is less dangerous than acute cardiac spasm (infarction), which directly threatens life. Angina patients were tested for their susceptibility to carbon monoxide. At first, these people were asked to inhale air with carbon monoxide, the concentration of which was sufficient to increase the carboxyhemoglobin content to 3%; then they were asked to exercise. Under these conditions, an attack of angina began faster than in normal; in addition, the attack lasted longer than usual.

Angina pectoris is only one type of heart disease. Carbon monoxide is known to reduce oxygen transport to tissues. The tissue that is particularly sensitive to oxygen deficiency is the myocardium (heart muscle). Experiments carried out on patients suffering from angina pectoris in favor of the assumption that carbon monoxide can be attributed to agents causing heart attacks.

Health effects of nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is a gas with an unpleasant smell. Even at low concentrations of only 230 μg m-3, about a third of the volunteers participating in the experiment felt its presence. However, the ability to detect this gas disappeared after 10 minutes of inhalation, but at the same time, people reported feeling dry and "permafrost" in the throat. True, these sensations disappeared with prolonged exposure to gas at a concentration 15 times the detection threshold mentioned above.

Nitrogen dioxide not only affects the sense of smell. It weakens night vision - the ability of the eyes to adapt to darkness. Visual and olfactory responses to nitrogen dioxide exposure can be called sensory effects. However, the pathological and functional effects of nitrogen dioxide should be considered more important.

Two functional effects of nitrogen dioxide were noted. One of them involves increasing the effort spent on breathing; doctors call this phenomenon increased airway resistance.

In addition, data obtained by a group of Czech scientists showed that, like carbon monoxide, gaseous nitrogen dioxide can bind to hemoglobin, thus making it unable to perform the function of an oxygen transporter to body tissues.

Numerous studies have noted an increase in respiratory tract diseases in areas contaminated with nitrogen dioxide. Although we are talking about nitrogen dioxide as a causal factor, it would be more accurate to say that nitrogen dioxide makes people more susceptible to pathogens that cause respiratory tract disease.

The researchers also tried to find a link between the presence of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere and increased mortality. Statistical analysis showed that in areas where large amounts of nitrogen dioxide are contained in the air, there is a higher mortality rate from heart disease and cancer. However, it should still be said that the presence of other pollutants makes the reliability of the findings questionable.

People with chronic airway diseases, such as lung emphysema or asthma, as well as those suffering from cardiovascular disease, may be more sensitive to direct effects of nitrogen dioxide. Persons suffering from chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are more likely to develop complications from short-term respiratory infections; these complications can be very dangerous, for example, inflammation of the lungs.

10.3.2 Impact on the animal world

Carbon monoxide. At very high concentrations, animals suddenly fall and die within 1 minute or even rather, often without seizures. At lower concentrations, anxiety, shortness of breath, retardation, seizures, often titanic muscle contractions, enlargement of pupils, bulging of the eyes, loss of sensitivity are observed. Gradually, the animal is made calmer, breathing is more superficial; After 5 10 minutes, death usually occurs. At even lower concentrations, mild arousal, movements become incorrect, sometimes vomiting. Animals are sluggish, fall on their sides, reflexes disappear, breathing is increasingly superficial and extremely slow, mild muscle twists or cramps are observed, and death within one or several hours.

Nitric oxide. Animals initially show anxiety, open their eyes widely; paws and ears are pale, the muzzle is blue, the eye bottom is painted dark. After a few minutes, the animals draw their hind limbs. Suddenly, seizures begin, then the animals quickly take up position and die in clonic seizures. If animals are removed to clean air before death, a quick recovery should follow. Distinctive features of NO poisoning from NO2 poisoning: the speed with which poisoning develops, blues (formation of methemoglobin), paralysis and seizures as a result of brain damage.

10.3.3 Effects of industrial emissions on soil and

plant world

As a rule, the impact of industrial emissions on the soil and its properties is extremely negative from the point of view of agriculture and can only accidentally manifest itself positively. In general, gaseous emissions of an acidic nature (nitrogen oxides, etc.) are harmful, since they neutralize alkaline components in the soil and, therefore, lead to its acidification. Over a long time, the acidity of the soil has increased to such an extent that it has to be neutralized by limestone in order to prevent a sharp deterioration in fertility. The soil is also seriously destroyed due to the ingress of other toxic substances into it, which are subsequently absorbed by the root system, destroy it, leading to a deterioration in growth and yield.

Contaminants negatively affect agricultural plants: directly - due to the absorption of contaminants from the air by the green mass, as well as indirectly - by intoxicating the soil, from where harmful substances are obtained through the root system. Although exposure may be acute, chronic damage occurs most often due to the prolonged effects of low concentrations of contaminants. The absorption of gaseous pollutants by the green mass leads to the damage of these parts of plants, a decrease in chlorophyll content, necrotic changes and tissue dying. Strong dust deposition leads to the accumulation of dust on the green mass and, as a result, to a deterioration in photosynthesis.

These negative effects of industrial pollution emissions are accompanied by significant losses of the national product. They degrade soil fertility and plant growth, respectively reducing yields and increasing the cost of deoxidizing soils with limestone and mineral fertilizers.

10.5 Measures to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment

The combination of fuel combustion at low air flow rates (close to 1.0) with a two-stage air supply or recirculation of combustion products allows reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides formed by 70-90%.

No solid particles are formed when the gas is burned. If natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide, it is necessarily purified from hydrogen sulfide, excluding the possibility of sulfur oxides formation during combustion.

Conclusion

During the thesis project, the following work was carried out:

1) The current methods of production of the protective atmosphere for the glass formation process have been analyzed and the most optimal day that meets the conditions of the modern market and the development of the modern chemical industry has been chosen;

2) Technological calculations were carried out, as a result of which the operating mode of the designed converter and adsorber was determined and their main dimensions - diameter and height, as well as the diameters of the technological nozzles;

3) Strength and stiffness calculations of the elements of the devices were carried out, confirming the operability of the developed design. Calculations were made in accordance with the regulatory and technical documentation in force in chemical engineering;

4) Technical and economic calculations have been carried out. Due to the increase in production capacity and the reconstruction of the converter and adsorber, the annual economic effect according to the calculations is 250997.17 UAH;

5) An automation system has been developed that ensures the normal operation of technological devices;

6) Drawings of the designed converter and adsorber have been developed. The design of the devices was developed in accordance with the regulatory and technical documentation in force in chemical engineering;

7) Measures on civil defense, health and safety, industrial ecology are provided.

In this diploma project, devices were developed that meet domestic standards