Power supply of mechanical repair shop

Introduction

The power supply of industry plays an important role in solving the problems of electrification, technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy, mechanization, automation and intensification of production processes.

With the development of an industrial enterprise, its electric economy is also developing. Recently, there has been a rise in production, and therefore, energy consumption has increased.

Electrical networks of enterprises shall provide:

• reliability of power supply; - quality of transmitted power as a product;

• safety of electrical and non-electrical personnel during operation of networks and electrical installations;

• Cost efficiency, that is, cost reduction in the construction and operation of networks and installations;

• reconfiguration of networks due to changes in production technology;

• reduction of power losses in networks;

• Environmental friendliness, i.e. no harmful impact on the environment.

The main task of designing enterprises is to develop rational power supply taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology on the basis of a feasibility study of solutions, which provide optimal reliability of supplying consumers with electricity in the necessary size, required quality with the lowest cost. The implementation of this task involves the consideration of a number of issues that arise at various stages of design.

In the case of technical and economic comparisons of power supply options, the main criteria for choosing a technical solution is its economic feasibility, that is, the decisive factors should be: cost indicators, namely, the costs given, taking into account one-time capital investments and estimated annual production costs.

The reliability of the power supply system is primarily determined by the schematic and structural structures of the system, the reasonable amount of reserves included in it, as well as the reliability of the incoming electrical equipment. The fundamental principle in the design of power supply schemes is also the rejection of the "cold" reserve. Rational solution circuits shall ensure limitation of short circuit currents. If necessary, reactive power compensation shall be provided during design of power supply systems.

Measures to ensure the quality of electricity should be decided comprehensively and based on rational technology and production regime, as well as on economic criteria. When selecting equipment, it is necessary to strive for unification and focus on the use of complex devices of various voltages, power and purpose, which improves the quality of the electrical installation, reliability, convenience and safety of its maintenance.

10 Occupational safety measures

The subject of labor protection is a training discipline that studies social and legal issues regulated by labor protection legislation, safety and industrial sanitation issues, as well as fire and explosion safety issues.

Labour legislation regulates the working time and rest of workers and employees. Normal working hours for all workers and employees in all enterprises and institutions should not exceed 40 hours per week, both under five-day and six-day systems. Workers and employees under the age of 16 up to 18 years establish a 36 hourly system of work.

The application of certain safety measures depends on the rated voltage of the electrical installation. There are installations with a nominal voltage of up to 1kV and above 1kV. Personnel at least 18 years old, prepared and without contraindications for health, are allowed to work in existing electrical installations. Maintenance of existing electrical installations, preventive tests, repair works, installation or dismantling of installed equipment is carried out only by personnel who have undergone special training and safety knowledge check. These persons shall be assigned a group, the scope of work to which they may be admitted shall be determined and a certificate shall be issued. Persons who do not have such a permit are not allowed to work in operating electrical installations.

Measures ensuring safety of works in electrical installations:

• Organizational arrangements:

- execution of works by work order, arrangement or list of works performed in the order of current operation;

- access to work;

- supervision during operation;

- execution of work interruption, transfer to another place, completion of work .

• Technical activities:

- make the necessary disconnections and take measures preventing the supply of voltage to the place of operation due to erroneous or spontaneous switching on of switching devices;

- prohibition posters shall be displayed on the drives and on the switches remote control keys;

- check the absence of voltage on the current-carrying parts, which must be grounded to protect people from electric shock

- apply grounding (turn on the grounding knives and, where they are not available, install a portable grounding);

- display "Grounded" signalling posters, shield if necessary

- work places and live parts left under voltage, to display warning and prescriptive posters.

All organizational work on labor protection is carried out by the Department of Labor Protection, which plans and monitors the work on labor protection, develops comprehensive plans for improving working conditions of sanitary health measures, prepares projections of industry standards of labor protection regulations, and develops measures to prevent injuries.

Responsibilities and personal responsibility for the creation of safe and healthy working conditions are assigned to the first head, who selects managerial personnel and distributes their functions in the management of labor protection. The Chief Occupational Safety Engineer of the enterprise, together with the main specialists, ensures working conditions in the performance of technological processes at the production site, strict compliance with standards and rules of instructions and carries out general management of the occupational safety service.

The Occupational Safety and Safety Service monitors compliance with labor safety standards and rules and requirements, organizes training of workers and ITR, organizes and monitors the timely conduct of knowledge checks on labor safety instructions and rules.

The master is directly responsible for the safety during the work and use of equipment, tools and protective equipment.

According to the requirements of the PTB, when inspecting existing electrical installations, it is not allowed to carry out any work, and if an emergency condition of the electrical equipment is detected, it must be immediately disconnected, informing the person responsible for the electrical plant.

All repairs of the existing electrical equipment, as a rule, should be carried out only when the voltage is removed from the repaired electrical installation. Operation under voltage (up to 380 V) can be performed by a tool with insulating handles or in dielectric gloves.

At the same time, steel rulers, legs, and other tools and devices should not be used, which can accidentally cause a short circuit between phases or on the ground.

Industrial safety

During operation of electrical installations, the following hazards may occur:

- electric shock;

- occurrence of fires and explosions;

Exposure to ionizing, radiation, infrared and ultraviolet radiation;

- exposure to harmful substances, vibration, impacts, noise;

- effects of electromagnetic and electrostatic fields;

- obtaining burns as a result of contact of people with parts of equipment heated to high temperature, etc.

Safety measures shall be provided to protect against these hazards.

Direct Touch Protection:

People must be protected from the danger that may arise from contact with the live parts of the plant. This protection may be accomplished in one of the following ways:

- means preventing the flow of current through the human body; - limiting the current of damage that can flow through the body to a value less than the value of the current of damage.

Indirect Touch Protection:

People should be protected from the danger that may arise from contact with open conductive parts. This protection may be accomplished in one of the following ways:

means to prevent the flow of current through the human body;

- limiting the fault current that can flow through the body to a value less than the damage current;

- automatic power-off in case of insulation damage, in which there is a possibility of current flowing through the body when in contact with open current-carrying parts, if the value of this current is equal to or more than the value of the damage current.

Thermal protection under normal operating conditions:

Under normal conditions of operation of electrical equipment, the risk of burns by people or pets must be eliminated.

Overcurrent Protection:

People must be protected from injury, and property must be protected from damage caused by high temperatures or electromechanical loads caused by any overcurrent that can flow through conductive conductors.

This protection may be accomplished in one of the following ways:

- automatic shutdown in case of overflow before it reaches dangerous value and duration;

- limiting the maximum overcurrent to a safe value and duration.

Fault current protection:

The conductive parts, with the exception of the current conductors, and any other parts of the electrical installation through which damage current can flow, shall be designed to flow this current, which is not accompanied by the appearance of high temperature.

Overvoltage protection:

People should be protected from injuries, and property from any harmful effects in the event of a fault between the current conductors of circuits fed at various voltages.

People should be protected from injuries, and property from damage caused by any probable ultra-high voltages or other causes (for example, thunderstorms or switching overvoltages).

Fire protection (explosion):

Electrical installations shall be positioned to avoid the risk of ignition of combustible materials due to high temperature or electric arc.

Fire protection

One of the main rules of fire safety and maintenance of production facilities in cleanliness and order. The production area should not be contaminated with flammable and combustible liquids, as well as garbage and production waste. Flammable and combustible liquids shall not be stored in open pits and barns.

Roads, driveways and entrances to production facilities, reservoirs, fire hydrants and fire extinguishing equipment should be maintained in proper condition. Fire hydrants shall have signs and indicators.

On the territory of the workshop, it is forbidden to raise bonfires, except for places where this is allowed by order of the head of the enterprise, in agreement with the local fire department. Smoking is prohibited at fire hazardous and explosive objects and warning signs are posted: "Smoking is prohibited."

Heads of energy enterprises and organizations are obliged to:

- Establish a Fire Technical Commission and Voluntary Fire Units (DPF) and ensure their regular operation in accordance with applicable regulations.

- To ensure the development, as well as the implementation of measures aimed at improving fire safety, with the necessary allocation for approved activities.

- establish the fire-fighting regime corresponding to their fire hazard in the territory, in production rooms (workshops, laboratories, workshops, warehouses, etc.), as well as in administrative and auxiliary rooms.

- define the specific procedure for organization and execution of welding and other flammable works during equipment repair

- establish the procedure for regular check of fire safety of the enterprise, serviceability of fire extinguishing equipment, water supply, warning, communication and other fire protection systems. Take the necessary measures to eliminate the detected flaws that can lead to fire.

- appoint responsible persons for fire safety for each production area and premises and delimit service areas between workshops for constant supervision by employees of the enterprise over the technical condition, repair and normal operation of water supply equipment, fire detection and extinguishing units, as well as other fire extinguishing equipment and fire fighting equipment.

Plates indicating the name and position of the person responsible for fire safety shall be displayed in a prominent place.

Fire safety signs specified in NPB 16097 "Signal colors shall be used at power plants. Fire safety signs.

In case of violations of fire safety in the work area, in other places of the workshop or enterprise, the use of fire equipment not for the intended purpose, each employee of the enterprise is obliged to immediately indicate this to the violator and inform the person responsible for fire safety or the head of the enterprise.

Everyone working at the power plant is obliged to know and comply with the established fire safety requirements at the workplace, in other premises and on the territory of the enterprise, and in the event of a fire immediately inform the superior manager or operational personnel about the place of fire and begin to eliminate it with existing fire extinguishing equipment in compliance with safety measures.

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