One-storey residential cottage with attic

Introduction

In the course project, a residential building for permanent residence is being developed. One-story cottage with attic is intended for one family, meets the corresponding functional requirements and is most suitable for construction in the suburban territory.

In the course project, an industrial building is being developed for the construction industry enterprise. When designing industrial buildings, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of their construction by industrial methods from enlarged prefabricated elements, as well as take into account the requirements of architecture.

Architecture as a materially organized environment of human life was born with the advent of the first people on earth and is inextricably connected with the entire history of mankind. Its first manifestations are the arrangement of the simplest shelter and hearth, the installation of a cult stone.

Architecture plays an important role in human life. The purpose of the architecture is to create an environment in which society can carry out its life processes favorably. This life environment, called architecture, is embodied in buildings that have internal space, complexes of buildings and structures that organize external space - streets, squares and cities.

The architecture allows you to fulfill the life functions of society, while at the same time directing life processes. However, the architecture is designed according to the capabilities and needs of people. Interior design is a professional creative activity of architects and designers to create a functional, ergonomic and aesthetic space inside the premises by architectural and artistic means.

As a type of art, architecture enters the sphere of spiritual culture, aesthetically forms the environment of a person, expresses public ideas in artistic images. The power of her artistic images constantly affects a person, because his whole life takes place surrounded by architecture.

Over time, architecture changed, as new materials appeared, a person changed the production and social environment, and in accordance with this, new types of buildings and plastic solutions appeared.

Architectural activity - the professional activity of architects, aimed at creating an architectural object and including:

- creative process of creating an architectural project;

- coordination of development of all sections of design documentation for construction or reconstruction;

- author supervision over the construction of the architectural facility.

The requirements for architecture, along with functional feasibility, convenience and beauty, include requirements for technical feasibility and economy. In addition to the rational layout of the premises, according to certain functional processes, the convenience of all buildings is ensured by the correct distribution of stairs and elevators, the placement of equipment and engineering devices.

Cost reduction in architecture and construction is carried out by rational space-planning solutions of buildings, correct selection of construction and finishing materials, design facilitation, improvement of construction methods. The main economic reserve in urban planning is to increase the efficiency of land use.

The building is the result of construction, which is a volumetric construction system with above-ground and/or underground parts, including rooms, networks and engineering and technical support systems. All buildings are divided into civil and industrial by purpose. Civilian include residential buildings, social and administrative buildings. By purpose, industrial buildings are divided into industrial, energetic, transport, warehouse, administrative, household and plumbing.

The design of industrial enterprises is a complex complex task, solved jointly by technologists, designers, architects and other specialists. They are faced with the tasks of introducing the latest production technologies, rational space-planning solutions of buildings, ensuring regulatory sanitary and hygienic conditions in workshops in the territories of enterprises and protecting the environment.

One of the most important tasks in the field of design is to increase the level of industrialization of construction, the widespread use of unified structures and factory parts made of efficient construction materials. Efficient reinforced concrete structures are widely introduced, including pre-stressed, reinforced with high-strength reinforcement, structures in the form of arches and shells. The use of steel structures made of high-quality steels has increased.

Civil building

1.1 Description of the construction site

The place of construction is the city of Ufa, the village of Chesnokovka.

According to SNiP 230199 [17] "Construction climatology" air temperature of the coldest five days 380С; ground freezing depth - 1,8 m; the prevailing wind direction for June-August - north, for December-February - south; there is no seismicity; humidity zone is normal.

1.2 Volumetric - Planning Solution

In this course project, a one-story residential cottage with an attic is being developed, the walls of which are made of aerated concrete .

A house with classically strict shapes, an economical perimeter of the walls and a rationally organized roof with dimensions in terms of 10.3 × 11.4 m. The height of the floor is 3 m, the height of the building is 8.8 m.

In arceless buildings, spatial rigidity is provided by the arrangement of internal transverse walls, as well as inter-floor floors connecting the walls to each other.

Space-planning solution - system of space placement in the building. The volume and layout elements include large parts into which the entire volume of the building can be divided (floor, separate rooms, part of the building between the main walls that dissect it).

On the ground floor there are the following rooms: living room, kitchen, guest, dressing room, entrance hall, sauna, bathroom, shower, boiler room; on the second - 3 bedrooms, dressing room, bathroom, utility room, hall, balcony.

Areas of the premises of the first and second floors are indicated on sheets 1, 2 of the graphic part in explications.

The rooms of the cottage are illuminated by natural light in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.08.01.69 * [20] "Residential buildings." In the bathrooms and kitchen, an exhaust ventilation device is provided.

In accordance with the current standards of SNiP 2.01.0285 * [19] "Fire Standards," the building belongs to the II degree of fire resistance.

Development of interior interiors of premises

The interior of the living room is defined by the functionality of this room. The modern living room is a cozy place for communication, a place where you can spend time with your family or arrange meetings with guests. The interior of the living room most often echoes the design of the whole house, but the living room can become a place in which a different environment is created, its own separate world, with a completely unique design that stands out from the general design of the house. Since the living room is designed for a pleasant time together, it traditionally houses a sofa or sofa group, chairs, and a table. And you can hardly do without modern technology, for example, a large-screen TV, or a home theater system. The interior of the living room can pleasantly complement the fireplace. Of great importance is the light solution. Decorative chandeliers and torsches are an important element in the interior of the living room, in addition, various highlights can create a special atmosphere. Decorations of the living room can be various decorative elements, for example, paintings, figurines, figures, watches and other objects.

Industrial building

2.1 Space planning solutions

In this project, a one-story two-span building for construction enterprises with a plan size of 72 x 36 m is being developed.

The frame of the building consists of transverse frames formed by columns and load-bearing structures of the coating (trusses) and longitudinal elements: foundation, crane structures, roof slabs.

The height from the floor to the bottom of the rafters is 10.8 m. The lengths of the spans are 18 m, the pitch of the columns is external and internal 6 m.

The building has lifting and transportation equipment - bridge cranes with a lifting capacity of 10 tons.

The building column reference type is zero.

2.3.8 Windows, gates

In this course design, blind windows with double glazing are accepted according to GOST 1250681 "Wooden windows for industrial buildings" [10]. The opening is filled in height with two identical window blocks with dimensions of 4.8 x 1.8 m. For glazing of windows, glass is used in accordance with GOST 11178 "Window glass" [13].

The gate serves as a composite element when solving building facades. They are designed for the passage of vehicles, evacuation of people and are installed in the external and internal walls of heated and unheated buildings. This project accepts metal gates with insulation from foam, measuring 4.2 x 4.2 m for the passage of trucks.

2.3.9 Roof

The enclosing part of the coating is designed to protect the building from atmospheric precipitation, sunlight, wind and to maintain the necessary temperature in the room located under the coating. Depending on the degree of thermal insulation, the enclosing parts of the coating are divided into insulated and cold.

This project uses insulated coating. The roof has a four-layer roll water-insulating carpet made of ruberoid on bitumen mastic, cement bracing, insulation - mineral wool and coating vapor insulation. A layer of gravel flooded into the mastic is arranged on the ruberoid carpet.

Roof diagram is drawn in section (13 sheet of graphic part).

2.3.10 Water drain

The project provides for an organized drainage. Organized drainage system - water intake funnels installed in endovas and networks located inside pipes discharging water to storm sewers.

The project accepts water intake funnels in the amount of 6 pieces.

2.3.11 Floors

The following requirements apply to the floors of an industrial building:

- increased mechanical stability when exposed to heavy static and dynamic loads on the floor;

- good resistance to abrasion;

- flammability and heat resistance;

- resistance with respect to physicochemical and biological impacts, in case of explosive production, floors shall not give sparks during impacts and movement of rail-less transport;

-The floors shall be dielectric, as far as possible seamless.

Reinforced concrete floors are used in this course design.

Concrete floor clothing is arranged with a thickness of 70 mm from concrete of grade B 225, and reinforcement of class AIII, with compaction of the laid layer by vibration. The floor surface after the start of setting is masked with wooden graters.

The underlying layer for concrete floors is made rigid of concrete of grade B 7.5 with a thickness of 60 mm and sand with a thickness of 100 mm, which in turn is laid on crushed stone.

Conclusion

In this course project, the design of an individual residential building and a two-span building for engineering enterprises was carried out. When developing projects, the knowledge gained during the training in specialty 270103 "Construction and operation of buildings and structures" was applied. The work on the course project has made it possible in practice to strengthen this knowledge and obtain additional information on the discipline "Architecture of buildings and structures."

As a result, the following results can be noted:

- consolidation of drawing skills;

- obtaining practical skills in designing architectural projects;

- acquisition of skills for calculation of technical and economic indicators;

- systematization of knowledge obtained during the training process.