Natural Gas Pumping Compressor Station Project

Contents

CONTENTS

Diploma Project "Natural Gas Pumping Compressor Station Project"

Introduction

1 PROCESS PART

1.1 Property of gases affecting their transport technology

1.2 Main facilities and structures of the main gas pipeline

1.3 Compressor stations

1.3.1 Classification of compressor stations

1.3.2 Main Compressor Station Equipment

1.3.3 Process diagram of gas turbine compressor shop with full-pressure centrifugal superchargers

1.3.4 Process Gas Purification Systems

1.3.5 Process gas cooling systems

1.3.6 Oil supply systems of compressor station and gas pumping units

1.3.7 Measuring the flow rate and quantity of natural gas

1.3.8 Pipeline valves used at compressor stations

1.4 Auxiliary facilities of compressor station

1.4.1 Water supply

1.4.2 Drainage

1.4.3 Heat supply

1.4.4 Ventilation

1.4.5 Power supply

2 DESIGN PART

2.1 Calculation of properties

2.2 Selection of centrifugal supercharger type driven by gas turbine plant

3 ECONOMIC PART

3.1 Methods of determining cost-effectiveness by choosing the best option

3.2 Recommended method of comparison of various versions of R&D measures

3.3 Sequence of calculation of cost-effectiveness of R&D measures

3.3.1 Sequence of calculation of economic efficiency of machines or complexes

4 HEALTH AND SAFETY

4.1 Basic Concepts of Occupational Safety

4.2 General occupational safety requirements

5 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS OF THE PROJECT

5.1 Environmental protection during construction pipeline 5.2 Environmental impact during construction and operation

5.3 Environmental protection measures

Application

List of literature used

Introduction

Kazakhstan adopted the Program for the development of the gas industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2010. Gas, like oil, has become a subject of special attention. The gas industry of Kazakhstan began to develop relatively recently, in the 70s of the last century. The Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia for 1981 noted that "the presence of large industrial reserves of natural gas, high efficiency of its use and relatively low capital intensity allow us to change the structure of the republic's fuel balance in favor of gas in a short time. The prospect of developing the gas industry in Kazakhstan is great. "

In January-December 2004, gas transit through the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the amount of 109,262 million cubic meters was carried out. This represents an increase of 3.2 per cent over the same period in 2003.

Natural gas is transported in Kazakhstan through the main pipeline system, which passes through eight regions and extends for 10,000 km, including branches and underwater pipes. The pipeline system was built as part of a secular gas transport system and was developed to supply natural gas to the northern regions of Russia, Ukraine and the Caucasus.

The main pipeline in Kazakhstan is not technologically connected, which prevents its use for pumping into the southern and northern regions of non-expensive gas produced in the western regions of the country. This is especially problematic for consumers of the southern region and the city of Almaty. Dependence on Uzbek gas, the cost of which is two or three times higher than the cost of gas produced in the western regions of Kazakhstan, has significantly narrowed the gas market of the region. Consumers in the Kustanai region no longer depend on the supply of Russian gas.

Currently, the annual capacity of the main gas pipeline is 190 cubic meters. meters. The existing system was built for three

new regions: Center Central Asia, Orenburg - Novopskov and Bukhara - Ural, and also includes the pipeline Bukhara - Tashkent - Bishkek - Almaty, which equips the southern regions of the country. The main problem of the gas pipeline is that the pipes have worn out over time and need to be replaced .

The Soyuz and Orenburg-Novopskov pipeline with two compressor stations, which runs through Western Kazakhstan from the Orenburg gas processing plant to the Alexander Guy compressor station in Russia, is capable of transporting up to 42 billion cubic meters. m. Per year, and in recent years it has transported 2,629 billion cubic meters. meters. intended

The Bukhara-Ural pipeline, designed to transport gas from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the industrial regions of Russia, is currently used more to equip the Aktobe region.

Gas pipelines Gazli - Shymkent - Bishkek - Almaty, Kartaly - Kostanay, as well as Uzen - Aktau are used to transport gas to the domestic market in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. The Gazla-Bishkek pipeline also transits 500 million - 1 billion cubic meters. meters for consumers in Kyrgyzstan .

New pipelines are also under construction. The opening ceremony of the Akshabulak-Kyzyl orda pipeline in Kyzyl orda took place on November 11, 2004. The pipeline is 122.9 km long, with a capacity of 205 million cubic meters. meters per year, supplies gas to consumers of the Kzylorda region .

The length of the Trans-Caspian pipeline will be 2000 km, it will extend from eastern Turkmenistan through the Caspian Sea at a depth of 200300 meters, through Azerbaijan and Georgia it will go to the Turkish city of Erzerum. The cost of the project will be 2.5-3 billion US dollars, its capacity in the first stage of work will be 10 billion cubic meters. meters, at the second stage - 20 billion cubic meters. meters, and on the third - already 30 billion cubic meters. meters. But a number of complex problems impede the development of the project.

Planned investments in the construction of the Turkmenistan gas pipeline

tan - Iran - Turkey - Europe, with a length of 3,900 meters and which will transport up to 30 billion cubic meters of gas by 2010, will amount to 7.6 billion US dollars. The pipeline project, with the support of a group of European companies, will begin its development at the largest Shatylka field in eastern Turkmenistan, and will pass through the northern part of Iran to the border with Turkey.

Only eight of Kazakhstan's 14 regions receive natural gas in the required quantities. This is primarily due to the nature of the pipeline system itself, which is designed mainly to equip the north and with the fuzzy distribution of the pipeline throughout the country .

The development of the gas industry will help the country meet the demand for gas of local residents, utilities and other sectors using domestic natural gas, as well as liquefied gas. The growth in the number of natural gas users due to the development of the gasification program by 2010 will reach an amount of 480,000.

The volume of gas exports in 2004 amounted to 7 billion cubic meters. m, which is 17.1 percent more than last year. At the moment, Ukraine consumes 6 billion cubic meters of Kazakh gas per year, and intends to further increase gas imports from Kazakhstan. 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Kazakhstan to Georgia.

At the same time, 55.1% of the total gas volume or In 2004, 2.6 billion cubic meters of gas were supplied from Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan, which amounted to 55.1% of the total imports of Azerbaijan. Today, the possibility of supplying natural gas to China is being worked out and a joint study of options for the construction of the Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline is being carried out. Thus, a unique situation is formed in the Republic of Kazakhstan, when, as a result of the systematic work of government bodies and private investors, a significant increase in hydrocarbon reserves is ensured and conditions are created for the transportation of oil and gas for export.

Gas consumption in Kazakhstan is about 8 billion cubic meters. m per year. However, the features of the gas transportation system of the republic allow us to provide our own fuel, mainly only the western part of Kazakhstan. The demand of consumers of the south-east and north of the republic is satisfied through the import of gas from Uzbekistan (about 1.4 billion cubic meters. m) of Russia (1.2 billion cubic meters).

Currently, together with Russian Gazprom, options for gas projects for the processing of natural gas of the Karachaganak oil and gas condensate field are being discussed. There are two options: the construction of gas processing facilities at the field and the expansion of capacities at the Orenburg GPP. Currently, the cost-effectiveness of these projects is assessed taking into account potential risks.

In accordance with the Concept for the Development of the Gas Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015 and the Program for the Development of the Gas Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 20042010 years and in connection with the expected increase in gas production at the fields of the Caspian Sea shelf and existing fields on land (Tengiz, Korolskoye and others), work is underway on a project to modernize the gas transportation system Central Asia - Center.

The purpose of this thesis is the design of a compressor station pumping natural gas, selection of the main and auxiliary equipment of the combustion chamber.

Process Part

The property of gases that affect their transport technology.

The main gas parameters used in the calculation of main gas pipelines include the molecular weight of the gas, density, compressibility, viscosity, as well as the elasticity of saturated vapors.

The density of the gases depends on the pressure and temperature. Since the pressure decreases as the gas line moves, the density of the gas decreases and the speed increases.

The viscosity of the gas characterizes the properties of the gas to resist shear forces resulting from friction forces between layers of moving gases. The viscosity of the gases varies directly in proportion to the temperature change, i.e. as the temperature increases it also increases, and vice versa. By cooling the gases after compression, pressure losses are reduced to overcome friction forces in gas pipelines.

Compressibility is the property of gases to reduce their volume as the pressure increases. Gas compressibility is characterized by a coefficient that takes into account the deviation of real gases from the laws of ideal gas. The volume of real gases does not change in proportion to its pressure and temperature and under the same conditions compresses more or less than an ideal gas.

The molecular weight of the gas is the sum of the molecular weights of the atoms included in the gas molecule. The mass of gas in grams, numerically equal to its molecular weight, is called a mole, and the mass of gas in kilograms, numerically equal to its molecular weight, is called a kilomole.

The elasticity of saturated vapors is determined according to the Dalton and Raoul laws. In the process of liquid evaporation, it becomes vaporised. The degree of saturation of the vapor space depends on the composition of the liquid and the temperature. The pressure at which the liquid is at a given temperature, in an equilibrium state with its pores, is called the elasticity of saturated liquid vapors.

If the gas contains water vapors, then under certain combinations of Pressure and Temperature, it forms hydrates - a white b mass similar to ice or snow. To avoid this, the gas is dried before being pumped into the gas line.

Main facilities and structures of the main gas pipeline.

The main gas pipelines include the following structures:

linear part (LF) with taps and lupings, shutoff valves, transitions through natural and artificial obstacles, units for starting and receiving cleaning devices and flaws, condensate collection and storage units, devices for introducing methanol into the gas pipeline, jumpers;

compressor stations (CS) and their connection units, gas distribution stations (GDS), underground gas storage facilities (GCs), gas cooling stations (GCs), gas reduction units (GDS), gas measuring stations (GIS);

electrochemical protection (EHZ) of gas pipelines against corrosion; power transmission lines designed for servicing gas pipelines, power supply devices and remote control of shut-off valves and EHZ installations;

process communication lines and structures, telemechanics, fire fighting equipment, erosion and protective structures, tanks for collecting, storing and once gasifying gas condensate;

buildings and structures;

permanent roads and helipads located along the route of gas pipelines and their entrances, identification and signalling signs of the location of gas pipelines.

Compressor stations.

The compressor station is an integral and integral part of the main gas pipeline, providing gas transportation using power equipment installed on the combustion chamber. It serves as a control element in the complex of structures included in the main gas pipeline. It is the parameters

operating mode of the combustion chamber determines the operating mode of the gas pipeline. The presence of the combustion chamber allows you to regulate the operation mode of the gas pipeline at fluctuations in gas consumption, while maximizing the storage capacity of the gas pipeline.

Besides, gas-pumping compressor stations carry out transportation of fuel through gas pipeline, and also ensure that it is pumped into underground storage. Compressor station is an integral element of any main gas pipeline. After all, a stationary or mobile compressor station can conditionally be called a "heart" for the "circulatory system" of the gas pipeline, because the station is designed to generate compressed gas. This gas can be used in several directions at once. It can be both an energy carrier and a cryo agent and a raw material..

Often such equipment is called a "high pressure compressor station," and all because the stations pump high pressure in the gas pipeline, thereby increasing the throughput of the gas pipeline.

Classification of compressor stations .

On the main gas pipelines, three main types of combustion chamber are distinguished: head compressor stations, line compressor stations and booster compressor stations.

Head compressor stations (SCS) are installed directly downstream of the gas field. As gas is produced, the pressure in the field drops to a level where it is no longer possible to transport it in the required amount without compression. Therefore, head compressor stations are built to maintain the required pressure and flow. The purpose of the MCC is to create the necessary pressure of the process gas for its further transport through the main gas pipelines. The principal difference between SCS and linear stations is the high compression ratio at the station, provided by the sequential operation of several SCS with centrifugal superchargers or piston gas compressors. At GCS there are increased requirements for the quality of process gas preparation.

Linear compressor stations are installed on gas main lines, as a rule, after 100150 km. The purpose of the CS is to compensate the natural gas supplied to the station from the inlet pressure to the outlet pressure due to design data. This ensures constant predetermined gas flow through the main gas line. In Russia, linear gas pipelines are being built mainly at a pressure of = 5.5 MPa and = 7.5 MPa.

Booster compressor stations (DCS) are installed in underground gas storage facilities (UGS). The purpose of the DCS is to supply gas to the underground gas storage from the main gas pipeline and remove natural gas from the underground storage (usually in the winter) for its subsequent supply to the main gas pipeline or directly to gas consumers. DCS are also built at the gas field when the formation pressure drops below the pressure in the main pipeline. A distinctive feature of DCS from linear combustion chamber is high compression ratio 24, improved preparation of process gas (dryers, separators, dust collectors) coming from underground storage in order to clean it from mechanical impurities and moisture carried out with gas.

Main equipment of compressor station.

The main equipment at the combustion chamber is GPA, which can be piston or centrifugal type. The piston compressors are driven by gas engines, typically in the same unit as the compressor. Such a unit was called a gas motor compressor.

Centrifugal pumping machines can be driven by gas turbine plants (GTU) or by electric motors. With small gas supplies (up to 5000 million m3/year), gas compressors with a capacity of 5,500 kW are most widely used. With large gas supplies, centrifugal superchargers driven by an electric motor or GTU are used, the power of which reaches 12,500 and 25,000 kW, respectively.

When choosing the GPA type, their technical and economic parameters are taken into account depending on the type of superchargers and the characteristics of the drive. Numerous studies of the efficiency of the use of various types of drive centrifugal superchargers have shown the greatest efficiency of the gas turbine drive. However, in some cases, for example, at short distances between the CC and the power source (3050 km), the electric drive is competitive.

When designing a combustion chamber with piston compressors, first of all, the type and number of units necessary for the transport of a given volume of gas are determined. When choosing the type of machines, preference is given to units, the number of which is 610, which provides sufficient flexibility of the CC operation during changes in the gas supply mode and does not entail complication of the compressor shop.

Piston GPA (PGPA) is a unit consisting of a gas engine and a piston compressor connected by a common crankshaft (gas-engine compressor GMK) or clutch (paired GPA).

The most powerful gas compressors currently in operation in the domestic industry is the MMC DR12, which is a stationary automated unit consisting of a two-stroke U-shaped 12-cylinder engine and a horizontal piston compressor, the cylinders of which are located on both sides of the foundation frame and crankshaft common to the engine and compressor.

The gas pumping unit GPA5000, which is the layout of two machines: a gas internal combustion engine and a piston compressor of opposite design, has also found distribution. The 61HA engine of the GPA5000stock unit is two-stroke, two-row, 16-cylinder with counter-moving pistons and turbocharging. The feature of the 61HA engine is an integrated gearing connecting the upper and lower crankshafts.

Combined GPAs are also used at compressor stations of main gas pipelines. By combined GPAs are meant units combining fundamentally different engines (gas turbine, electric, piston) with different types of superchargers (compressors), combined in order to increase economic performance in each main element of the GPAs and maximize the use of their thermodynamic, structural and operational advantages.

The combined GPAs, which have found practical application in the gas and oil industry, include, for example, electrically driven piston GPAs (EPGPAs) installed at the KoturTen combustion chamber. These 6M25210/356 units with a high level of automation have a 4000 kW synchronous electric motor of the SDKP type with a rotation frequency of n = 375 rpm, in an explosion-proof version, allowing its installation in a common room with an opposing six-row piston compressor 6M25.

Process gas cooling system.

Compression of the gas on the combustion chamber leads to an increase in its temperature before the station moves. The numerical value of this temperature is determined by its initial value at the inlet of the combustion chamber and the degree of gas pressure increase.

An excessively high gas temperature at the outlet of the station, on the one hand, can lead to the destruction of the insulation coating of the pipeline and the unacceptable temperature stress in the pipe wall, and on the other hand, to a decrease in the supply of process gas and an increase in the energy consumption for it compression (due to the attraction of its volumetric flow rate).

In a microclimatic area with a cold climate, for areas with permafrost soils, it is necessary to cool the gas to negative temperatures in order to prevent idle soils around the pipeline. Otherwise, this may cause the pipeline to be displaced and, as a result, an emergency.

Gas cooling to ground temperature shall be provided at gas cooling stations ensuring stable temperature level in the gas pipeline. In other areas, gas cooling should generally be provided in air-cooled devices.

The number of air cooling devices should be determined by hydraulic and thermal calculation of the gas pipeline, based on the calculated average annual outside air temperature, the average annual soil temperature, and the optimal average annual gas cooling temperature.

The number of gas air coolers shall be specified by hydraulic and thermal calculation of the gas pipeline for absolute maximum ambient temperature and July ground temperature. The temperature of the transported gas obtained in this case should be taken in calculations of the stability and strength of the pipe and insulation.

If it is impossible to ensure the required degree of stability and strength of the pipe, the number of air cooling devices should be increased. The gas cooling unit shall be common for all gas pumping units of the compressor shop, have a collector circuit of the bypass. At the reconstructed compressor stations it is allowed to design gas cooling units on the delivery line of each group of gas pumping units.

Emergency shutdown of the compressor station should be provided when the gas temperature at the outlet of the gas air cooling devices exceeds 70 ° С. When the gas temperature at the AVO outlet rises to + 45 ° С, a warning signal and automatic switching on of the AVO fans in reserve should be provided.

Studies show that for gas cooling, both single-circuit and double-circuit cooling systems can be used using

air cooling apparatus. With deeper cooling, refrigeration units must be used for full cooling, or for pre-cooling of gas after air cooling devices. Heat exchangers designed for gas cooling are subject to a number of operating requirements of the same nature: lack of gas mixing and medium cooling, low clogging of heat exchange surfaces and the entire apparatus and individual units.

Complete cooling of the gas to its initial temperature may only be required when the gas is pipeline under permafrost conditions. Elimination of the possibility to melt the permafrost soils requires that the gas temperature after the cooling system be equal to the gas temperature before it, and both of them together should equal the temperature of the permafrost soil. In this case, the system shall be used in its entirety, with "internal" underrecoverability removal and using an expander (refrigerator) or throttle device.

Thus, in the system in question, the temperature potential of the compressed gas is increased by heat recovery to a level that allows the gas to collect the heat produced by the compression in the blower into the environment by means of conventional ABO, i.e., a level higher than ta. At that additional work is spent equal to difference of gas compression works with initial temperatures equal to temperatures after and before RTE.

The latter means that the described system is similar in characteristics to any other cooling systems, the task of which is also to increase, at the expense of a certain amount of work, the temperature potential of the working medium from a certain, lower level to a relatively higher level, at which the heat taken at a low temperature potential can already be discharged into the environment.

Oil supply system of compressor station and gas pumping units.

The oil supply system of the compressor station includes two oil systems: general and aggregate.

The general oil system is designed for reception, storage and preliminary cleaning of oil before it is supplied to the service tank of the workshop. This system includes: GSM warehouse and oil generation room. Tanks for clean and used oil are available in the warehouse. Volume of receptacles for pure oil is selected on the basis of ensuring the units operation for at least 3 months. A tank for regenerated oil and a tank for regenerated oil and a tank for spent oil, an oil purification unit of PSM30001 type, pumps for oil supply to consumers, as well as an oil pipe system with valves are installed in the premises of the fuel and lubricants warehouse.

After oil preparation in the fuel and lubricants warehouse and its quality check, the prepared oil is supplied to the service tank. This flow tank, equipped with a measuring line, is used to fill the units with oil. For gas turbine GPAs, TP22S or TP22B grade oil is used. To organize the movement of oil between the fuel and lubricants warehouse and the service tank, as well as to supply pure oil to the GPA and pump out spent oil from it, they are connected using oil pipes. This system shall provide the following oil supply capabilities:

supply of pure oil from the service oil tank to the GPA oil tank, at that the clean oil line must not be connected to the spent oil line;

spent oil supply from GPA to waste oil tank only;

emergency dump and overflow of oil from GPA oil tank to emergency tank. For emergency drain it is necessary to use motor-operated gate valves, which are put into operation in automatic mode, for example in case of fire.

The operation of the centrifugal supercharger sealing system is based on the principle of using a hydraulic gate that maintains a constant oil pressure of 0.1-0.3 MPa higher than the pumped gas pressure.

One of the most important elements of the seal system are oil seals. There are mainly two types of seals: slot and end. The quality of the sealing system is determined by the intensity of oil supply to the float chamber. Its rapid filling with oil at closed drain indicates increased oil flow through seals.

Oil cleaning machines of PSM13000, SM-1-3000, NSM2, NSM-3, SM1.5 types are used at compressor stations for turbine oil purification, which can work depending on the degree of oil contamination both according to the cleaning scheme and the scheme for clarifying the recovered oil.

Modern compressor stations use oil cooling systems based on air cooling devices (ABO oil).

In ABO oil systems, schemes with direct oil cooling are used and schemes using intermediate coolant are used at units of import production of types: GTK25 and GTK10I.

At the COP, devices of domestic and import production of the types AVG, LF, PX, and TLF with high tube finning were widely used. Flow turbolyzers are installed inside the tubes to increase heat transfer.

Sections of the apparatus consist of horizontally arranged cooling elements, which are mounted together with a louver mechanism on a steel support structure. Cooling elements have two oil strokes in pipe space. Oil is supplied and discharged to cooling elements via pipes. Two fans are installed above the cooling section for air pumping.

As a rule, all GPAs to the oil AVO systems have electric heaters, which are used to preheat the oil to 2530 ° С before starting the unit. Heating of the oil in the cooling section is also necessary to prevent failure of the pipe board, which, due to increased resistance, can deform, as a result of which oil leaks at the junction with the section.

The difference in oil temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the GPA, as a rule, reaches a value of 1525 ° C. Oil temperature downstream of bearings shall be 6575 ° С. At oil temperatures below 45 ° С, the oil wedge breaks down and the unit begins to operate unstable. At temperature above 85 ° С the unit protection against high oil temperature is actuated.

Measurement of natural gas consumption and quantity.

Accurate gas flow measurements are at the heart of the gas metering and delivery planning system. The value of the fuel gas consumption spent on compression of the transported gas by the compressor shop units at its known capacity allows to optimize the loading of both individual GPAs and the compressor station as a whole.

According to the principle of contact with the working medium, contact and non-contact methods for measuring gas pipeline productivity or gas flow are distinguished. The first include variable pressure drop flow rates with loaning devices of various types, constant pressure drop flowmeters (rotameters, piston, float), turbine and hydrodynamic flowmeters using the control mark method, etc.; to the second - flow meters on electromagnetic, ultrasonic principles of action, based on resonance, etc.

Currently, the main method of measuring the flow rate and amount of natural gas at the facilities for its production, transportation and processing is the method of alternating pressure drop on constriction devices, as which orifices and nozzles are used.

The variable pressure drop method is based on the creation and measurement of the pressure drop on the constriction device (nozzle, diaphragm) installed in the measuring pipeline when the gas flow flows through this device. Pressure difference on which judge a gas consumption is measured by means of differential manometers (differential pressure gages) - liquid, membrane, silfolny, etc. - with mechanical reference devices or electric output signals.

There are four methods of pressure extraction: angular, constricted jet, radial and flange. They differ in the location of the pressure extraction holes in the pipe section relative to the diaphragm.

In our country, two methods of pressure selection are common - angular and flange. In angular extraction method pressure is taken directly near diaphragm by means of angular holes or annular chambers. During flange bleed, the pressure is taken out through a hole in the flanges located at an equal distance from the corresponding plane of the diaphragm.

Pipeline valves used at CS.

Valves are an integral part of any pipeline. Costs for it usually amount to 10-12% of capital investments and operating costs. Pipeline valves are devices designed to control the flow of liquids or gases transported through pipelines.

According to the principle of action, valves are divided into three main classes: shut-off, control and safety.

Shut-off valves are used to completely shut-off the flow in the pipeline, control valves - to change the pressure or flow rate, safety valves - to protect pipelines, vessels and devices from destruction when the permissible pressure of the medium is exceeded.

With intensive operation of the shutoff valves, the parts of the running unit - the running nut and the spindle can quickly fail.

The largest number of failures occurs in the working element of valves as a result of corrosion, erosion, hydrate formation, freezing of water and vibration.

Vibration in control valves, as well as in shutoff valves during opening with a large pressure drop in gas pipelines can cause breakage of parts (rods) and destruction of seats, posts and even housings, spontaneous rearrangement of the shutoff element.

The following vibration parameters affect the reinforcement: oscillation frequency, which determines the total number of cycles, and, therefore, the service life of the part until fatigue failure.

A special case occurs when this frequency coincides with the natural frequency of oscillation of a part or assembly of reinforcement, as a result of which a resonance phenomenon occurs and the reinforcement can fail after several hours of operation, and sometimes minutes; acceleration (determined by a combination of frequency and amplitude of oscillations), which characterizes the dynamic force that acts on the reinforcement.

The source of vibrations during movement of the valve gate or at its fixed position is turbulent movement of the working medium.

Valves are considered to be sealed if: when the shut-off element is closed, the working medium does not pass from one part to another, separated by valves; there are no leaks through the gland assembly, flange and other detachable connections; metal of body parts has a dense structure, there are no porous sections, shells, cracks through which working medium could leak into the surrounding atmosphere.

Tightness of the valve shutoff member is ensured by careful fitting and lapping of the seal rings of the gate and seat or by the use of soft seal rings in the shutoff member.

According to the purpose, the valves are divided into the main classes:

1) shut-off device designed to completely shut off the medium flow;

2) safety, provided for partial discharge or bypass of the working medium when the pressure rises to a value that threatens the strength of the system, as well as to prevent unacceptable for technological reasons backflow of the medium;

3) regulating, the purpose of which is to control the operating parameters of the medium flow (pressure, flow rate, temperature) by changing the flow section ;

4) control for determination of working medium level;

5) strong, intended for various specific operations (condensate removal, air discharge from the pipeline and air inlet to it, acceptance operations, product water discharge from tanks, etc.).

Gate valves include locking devices, in which the passage is blocked by translational movement of the gate in the direction perpendicular to the flow movement of the transported medium. Latches widely apply to overlapping of streams of gaseous or liquid environments in pipelines with diameters of conditional passes from 50 to 1400 mm at the operating pressures of 4 - 200 kgfs/cm2 and temperatures of Wednesday from 60 to 450 wasps. The advantage of gate valves: insignificant hydraulic resistance with a fully open passage; absence of working medium flow turns; possibility of using high viscosity medium flows to close off; Ease of maintenance Relatively small building length; possibility of medium supply in any direction.

The valve is a locking device in which the movable part of the shutter (plug) has the form of a body of rotation with a flow passage hole. Flow overlap is performed by rotation around its axis of movable part of shutter. Depending on the geometric shape of the sealing surfaces, the plugs and the housing are divided into two main types: conical and ball.

Cranes can be classified by other design features: by the method of creating specific pressure on compacted surfaces, by

the shape of the plug passage window, by the number of passes, by the presence or absence of a narrowing of the passage, by the type of control and drive, by the material of sealing surfaces, etc.

Check valves are designed to prevent backflow of medium in the pipeline and thereby prevent an accident, for example, in case of sudden shutdown of the pump, etc. They are an automatic self-operating safety device. The gate is the main unit of the check valve. It passes the medium in one direction and blocks its flow in the opposite direction.

According to the principle of action, mainly check valves are divided into lifting and turning.

The advantage of rotary valves is that they have less hydraulic resistance.

Lifting valves are simpler and more reliable. They can be conventional and pass-through, and valve bodies can be used for their manufacture. In tarn potential, heat may already be discharged into the environment.

The principle of operation of the control dampers, designed to control high costs, is their throughput when the disk rotates in accordance with the input signal received from the control device.

The required strength of the reinforcement is determined mainly by the working pressure and temperature. Operating pressures and temperatures can practically have any values from fairly wide ranges depending on the technology of the particular production.

Auxiliary facilities of CC

Subsidiary objects of the COP include:

Water supply;

Drainage;

Heat supply;

Ventilation;

Power supply.

Water supply.

In the enterprises of transport, storage and distribution of oil, oil products and gas, water is generally used for household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs. Accordingly, production and fire protection needs are satisfied. Accordingly, the following water supply systems (water pipelines) are arranged:

household and drinking;

production;

firefighting;

The water supply system is developed in accordance with construction codes and rules for the design of external networks and structures and internal water supply, gas warehouses, as well as other regulatory documents.

The combined water supply (as a rule, high pressure) shall be designed at the sites of the main gas pipelines CS.

At the sites of group points, gas purification, drying and measurement are not provided for production and drinking water pipelines. Fire-fighting water supply is allowed from reservoirs or reservoirs.

Production water supply systems can be direct-flow, with repeated use of water and reverse. In straight-flow systems, used water is discharged directly into natural watercourses and reservoirs. If water used once in the production cycle can be directed to another type of its use, then a water supply system with repeated use of water is organized. An example of reverse water supply, which saves water and reduces environmental pollution, is combustion chamber cooling systems, in which water coming from heated units is cooled in special devices and again sent for cooling of units.

In general, the water supply system includes various facilities:

water receiving facilities;

first and second lift pump stations;

treatment facilities;

tanks;

water towers;

water pipelines;

water supply networks.

In a number of water supply systems, some facilities may not exist depending on local conditions.

Water disposal

As a result of the use of water for various needs at the COP sites, contaminated water is formed, which must be collected and taken for purification before it is discharged to natural reservoirs and watercourses. This water comes from several facilities of the station and flows through pipes and directly through the territory most often by gravity to treatment plants, and therefore it is called waste water or effluents.

During operation of pumping stations the following types of waste water are generated:

production - in tank farms, on drain racks, in pumping stations, laboratories, etc.;

rain - from the territory of flattening and diving;

household - from household premises, bathrooms, showers, etc.

Heat supply

A heat supply system is a complex of devices for heat production, transportation, distribution and use. It consists of the following main links: a heat source, heat networks, heat points or subscriber inputs connecting local heat consumption systems with heat networks; local systems of heat consumers, in which the supplied heat is used.

The main purpose of the heat supply system is to provide consumers with the necessary amount of heat of the required parameters.

Depending on location of heat source relative to consumers, heat supply systems are divided into central and decentralized ones.

Heat network - a system of heat-insulated pipelines through which heat is transferred by the coolant (hot water or steam) from the source to the consumers. According to the method of laying, heat networks are divided into underground and ground. For the construction of heat networks, mainly steel pipes with a diameter of 50 mm (supply to individual buildings) to 1400 mm (main heat network) are used.

By the type of coolant used, water and steam heat supply systems are distinguished. As a rule, hot water is used to satisfy seasonal loads (heating, ventilation) and hot water loads, steam is used for industrial technological load.

Heating systems of buildings and structures are designed to provide:

uniform heating of the air of the premises throughout the heating period;

fire and explosion safety;

regulatory options;

linkages with ventilation systems;

ease of operation and repair;

use of local or designated fuel type and heat carrier type for the construction site, taking into account the prospects of district heat supply;

Techno-economic and operational indicators at the level of real-time requirements, as well as metal economy.

1.4.4 Ventilation

Ventilation plants are used to maintain the composition and air condition in the workplaces that meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Ventilation is provided in all industrial production and auxiliary buildings, regardless of the degree of air pollution. When designing ventilation, the types of industrial hazards characteristic of technological processes should be taken into account:

gas release through leaks in equipment, valves and utilities connections;

heat generation from pump compressor equipment, gas turbines, electric motors, binding pipelines, utilities, gas ducts, etc.

Ventilation systems are divided into exhaust systems with organized removal (exhaust) of contaminated air from the premises, plenum (with organized supply of fresh air to the premises) and plenum, designed for simultaneous organized inflow of fresh and exhaust of contaminated air from the premises.

According to the method of air movement, natural and forced ventilation are distinguished.

In case of natural ventilation, air movement occurs due to the difference in densities of external and internal air or under the influence of wind. Natural ventilation, in which it is possible to control the air exchange and adjust it according to external and internal conditions, is called aeration.

Forced or mechanical is a ventilation in which air is moved by fans.

1.4.5 Power supply

Uninterrupted power supply of pumping stations is a priority condition for their reliable operation in the main pipeline system.

Power supply to compressor stations, which reach 100 MW or more, is carried out from the power system using overhead power lines with a voltage of 110 or 220 kV. Consumers of the compressor station receive electricity from a 110 or 220 kV lowering substation built near the combustion chamber.

Lowering substations of the Constitutional Court build two types: dead end and district.

The dead end substation is designed mainly for power supply to compressor station consumers and is operated by CS personnel. The closed low voltage switchgear ZRU6 (10) kV of the substation has only the cells required to power the combustion chamber consumers.

The district type substation is designed for loads not only of CC, but also of other consumers of this area (district). At the district substation, the closed switchgear ZRU6 (10) kV is divided into two parts: the substation device, with which the substation control board unit is combined, and the device, in which only bus sections and cells for the CS are located. The first closed switchgear together with the open part of the substation is operated by the personnel of the power system, and the second - by the personnel of the combustion chamber.

In the absence of power sources of the power supply system of the combustion chamber with a gas turbine drive of gas pumping units, it is possible to carry out from mobile or stationary power plants. KS own power plants are driven by synchronous generators from an engine and a turbine powered by gas or diesel fuel. Such power plants can also be used as a backup power source for loads of a special group of CS consumers.

Project Environmental Friendliness

5.1 Environmental protection during pipeline construction.

Environmental protection in the construction and operation of gas main pipelines is one of the most important tasks, the correctness of which depends not only on the preservation of the environment, but also to a large extent on the reliability of the gas pipelines themselves. Environmental protection activities cannot be ad hoc, after which there is no longer a need to deal with the natural problem. Environmental protection begins simultaneously with the start of construction of the pipeline and is carried out during the entire period of its operation.

In the construction of industrial facilities, the use of such methods of work is prohibited, which can lead to persistent or harmful consequences for the environment, including landscape, soil, water and plant resources, air and animal life; I prohibit the use of technologies in designed and constructed facilities that can have a long-term harmful effect on the environment; It is required to provide in projects the necessary protective structures, structures and technologies that would ensure minimum harmful effects on the environment during the construction and operation of industrial facilities, including gas pipelines.

5.2 Environmental impact during construction and operation.

Prior to construction and during construction, educational work should be carried out on the problem of nature protection in the gas pipeline construction zone.

The project should provide for protective measures to preserve the environment.

Activating landslides. Moving the soil along the pipes causes them to bare on longitudinal slopes. Moving the soil across the pipes - the most dangerous force effect of the soil on the pipeline - usually leads to the destruction of the pipes.

Emergency gas discharges and systematic leaks. Emergency is understood as gas discharges to the environment during pipe breaks.

Fires. According to the gas inspection of the Mingazprom, about 80% of the total number of accidents related to gas output is accompanied by fires.

5.3 Environmental protection measures.

First of all, both builders and operators should understand that ensuring the solution of the best environmental conditions is also a guarantee of creating the most favorable conditions for the operation of the gas pipeline itself.

Select an alignment. Route selection offers great opportunities to reduce environmental hazards.

Intersection of watercourses. The least damage to the environment is caused when crossing watercourses according to the above-ground scheme. The crossing of large mountain rivers should be carried out only according to the above-ground scheme.

Laying in tunnels in mountain conditions is most preferable from the point of view of protection of both nature and the gas pipeline itself.

Landslides. The collapse of landslides leads to the most significant environmental violations.

Piping tests. When testing the pipeline with water, the points of water intake and discharge from the pipes after the test shall be precisely determined.

Installation of isolation valves .

Construction strip. When performing construction and installation works, strict requirements for ensuring the cleanliness of the terrain after the completion of construction work must be observed.

Recultivation of land and sowing of grasses and other soil-fixing vegetation. To prevent the growth of promontory on the slopes where the gas pipeline route is laid, it is necessary to carry out measures to reduce the flow rate and extinguish the speed of the formed temporary water runoff. Special attention should be paid to growing perennial grasses, since they perfectly protect the soil from erosion and stop the further formation of promontory.