Multi-storey residential building - 9 floors of 36 apartments

Contents

Introduction

1.) Source Data

2.) Space-planning solution of the building

3.) Structural solution of the building

3.1) Foundations and base

3.2) Stairs and elevators

3.3) Walls and partitions

3.4) Overlap

3.5) Floors

3.6) Coating

3.7) Roof

3.8) Windows and doors

3.9) Backlash

4.) Determination of foundation depth

5.) Heat Engineering Calculation of Exterior Wall Panel and Floor Slab

6.) Technical and economic indicators of the project

7.) Specification

Literature

Introduction

Multi-storey sectional buildings are the main type of residential buildings in the development of cities and large towns. A group of apartments united by one stairwell is called a residential section. In this course project, one section of a nine-story residential building is designed.

Civilian buildings of various types are sharply distinguished by their architectural and structural structure and appearance.

Small space sizes in height, width, and depth predefine simple design diagrams and space solutions. The structural diagram of this building is wall, with longitudinal and transverse bearing walls and the support of floor slabs along the outline.

Multi-storey buildings are used in mass development of residential urban areas.

The variety of design solutions of buildings allows you to create from them contrasting or nuanced compositions in terms of floor, length and configuration. Preference is given to straight houses rotated at various angles (90o, 120o), as well as buildings displaced along the longitudinal and transverse axes of the curvilinear outline.

Large-element buildings (large-panel, large-block, of volumetric blocks, etc.) are fully mounted from large elements of a high degree of factory readiness, requiring the use of high-performance lifting and transportation mechanisms.

Buildings are characterized by their durability and fire resistance, operational, urban planning and other requirements.

The durability of buildings depends on the durability of structural materials. The IIII degree of durability of enclosing structures with a life of buildings of at least 100, 50 and 20 years, respectively, are installed. The fire resistance of buildings is determined by the minimum fire resistance limits of building structures and the maximum fire propagation limits for these structures. In accordance with SNiP, buildings and structures by fire resistance are divided into 5 degrees. Design should be guided by the structural characteristics of buildings depending on their fire resistance, as well as recommendations regarding space planning solutions of buildings.

Operational requirements are determined by the type of building, capacity, composition and size of rooms, technical equipment, quality of finishing, etc.

The class of a building or structure is determined by the totality of the listed features. Civil buildings and structures of each type are divided into four classes. The 1st class includes buildings and structures (unique), to which increased requirements are imposed, to 2 and 3 - depending on their significance, to 4 - minimum. For buildings of various purposes, the requirements that determine their class establish design standards.

A high degree of industrialization of construction can be achieved with maximum assembly and close mass values ​ ​ of all building elements and products, when structural diagrams will help turn the construction of the building into a installation process.

In terms of industriality, degree of constructive completion and progressivity of solutions, the leading place is occupied by large-panel buildings, elements of which are comprehensively manufactured by enterprises of the construction industry. The basis of technical progress in mass construction was large-panel construction carried out by house-building trusts, large-panel house-building plants and workshops of reinforced concrete products factories. Other products manufactured by the construction materials industry are widely used - large wall blocks made of light concrete, brick, silicate mixtures, natural stones, brick and ceramic stones, products made of heavy concrete, asbestos cement, metal, glass and plastics.

The orientation of the building and its individual rooms around the world is very important. Data on the annual progress of ambient temperatures and humidity are used when choosing a volumetric and planning solution for the building; the nature of structures when calculating walls and coatings; structures and area of windows and lights when calculating heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

When designing, it is necessary to determine the measure of influence of each natural-climatic factor and their combinations, since the choice of structures and materials of space solutions, etc., depends on this.

In a rational thermal building, a comfortable mode with minimal energy consumption for heating, ventilation and air conditioning should be provided.

This is achieved as follows: compliance with natural lighting standards, which ensure optimization of parameters of light parameters; use of window filling and glazing structures with high heat resistance; using sunscreen measures in buildings (orientation of the building, sunscreen devices, special glazing), as well as natural air exchange in the premises (through or angular ventilation device).

Housing design is distinguished from the general range of architectural design issues. Residential buildings are a massive type of construction and at the same time have a variety of forms of its forming.

The household structure of families predetermines demographic categories - types of families. Housing types shall be provided for each type. Meet their needs.

The apartment, designed for one family, poses to the designers many tasks that require a comprehensive solution. The basis of these remains the improvement of the planning structure of the apartment. Equally important is the duration of use of apartments by types of families during different periods of operation.

The living room area shall be not less than 8 m2. At the same time, the area of ​ ​ one of the rooms in an apartment with a number of rooms 2 and more should be at least 16 m2.

It is preferable to place a common room in the immediate vicinity of the entrance to the apartment, connecting with the front and kitchen. The common room is designed for relaxation, family communication, reception of guests, personal activities, eating and can have 1-2 beds. If a bedroom is located in a common room, its area can be increased by 2-4%. The common room shall be directly connected to the front.

Bedrooms are usually placed deep in the apartment, away from the staircase, kitchen and common room. Bedrooms are intended for sleep, activities, storage of things, etc. They don't have to be passages.

The kitchen is designed for cooking, and if the apartment does not have a dining room, then for eating. The kitchen should be well lit by natural light. The kitchen shall be equipped with an electric or gas stove and artificial exhaust ventilation.

In residential multi-storey apartment buildings, various types of engineering improvement are most economically solved, and maximum household amenities for residents are created. The most massive type are sectional houses, the volume and layout element of which is formed by various solutions of the stairway lift unit, transport links and apartments. The configuration of the section, the number and composition of apartments, intra-apartment connections have various solutions. The increase in the number of apartments is due to fire, hygiene and technical and economic requirements.

The basis of the architecture of a modern civil building is the organic relationship of external forms with the internal structure of the house, its layout, structures and materials.

Source Data

Construction area - Kiev

Interior Walls - Concrete

External walls - 3-layer panels with rigid links

Foundation type - piles

Slabs - railway slabs

Roof - roll, attic - cold

Coating type - railway slabs

Stairs - railway

Basement availability - with basement

Structural solution of the building

3.1 FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENTS

The foundation is one of the most important parts of the building. The foundation transfers forces from the weight of the overlying structures and the loads they perceive on the base.

Its strength and stability largely depend on the overall strength, stability and deformation of the building. The complexity of the base soils operation, the variety and variability of factors affecting the structures of the underground part of the building determine the identification, study and development of structural measures that accurately meet the requirements of soils .

The basement is designed for laying communications and organizing inputs and passages for servicing the building. The height of the underground is accepted - 2.9 m.

Stairs for entering the underground part are arranged using a semi-march or set steps resting on monolithic walls.

At the same time, the elevations of the bottom of the concrete base for stairs can be lowered below the total elevation of the building.

The strength of the structure of the ground part of buildings is ensured by the strength and durability of the foundation, its stability, the presence of structural measures limiting the sediments of the base within the limits permissible by SNiP 2.02.0183, the economical and expedient shape and design of the foundations.

The depth of the foundation depends on the geological, climatic conditions and architectural features of the building (the presence of a basement or technical underground).

Civilian buildings use mainly shallow foundations.

On foundations, loads from the entire height of the building are concentrated, so they are usually larger in width than external walls.

The following requirements shall be complied with in the construction and installation of pile foundations: The construction of pile foundations shall be carried out in accordance with the Work Execution Project (PDP), the development of which is carried out by the contracting organization on the basis of the construction organization project. The PWP is agreed with the design organization that developed the pile foundation design.

The code of rules for the design and construction of pile foundations was developed in the development of the mandatory provisions and requirements of SNiP 2.02.0385 and SNiP 3.02.0187. The Code of Rules establishes the requirements for the design and arrangement of different types of piles in different engineering and geological conditions.

Construction of piling foundations of any type is carried out in the following sequence:

- site layout by cutting or filling;

- arrangement of pit and its delivery and acceptance;

- splitting and fixing of axes of submerged or manufactured piles;

- pressing of test piles;

- immersion or manufacture of piles;

- acceptance of completed piles;

- grinding of the pit in the places of arrangement of pits;

- arrangement of concrete preparation for pile-top;

- arrangement of pile pile (plate);

- pile foundation acceptance and acceptance. Pits for the construction of pile foundations without fortifications are allowed, as a rule, at a depth above the level of groundwater. The steepness of the slopes is determined by the type of soil, the depth of the pit and the nature of the loads on its sides. In pits of small width (less than 4 m) arranged above the level of groundwater in stable soils, embedded fasteners from boards and spacers installed during soil extraction can be used. In case of unstable and aquifer soils, pits shall be installed under the protection of the fence (diving of tongue, installation of retaining walls, etc.). The dimensions of the pit shall be determined by the design dimensions of the foundation in the plan and taking into account their increase in accordance with the accepted methods of drainage, installation of formwork and fixtures, concreting, unraveling and insulation of the pits.

When pile axes are broken down, the deviation from the design position in the plan shall not exceed ± 5 mm. It is recommended to fix the design position of piles in place with metal pins clogged to a depth of 0.20.3 m.

During transportation, unloading and storage of prefabricated piles it is necessary to ensure their safety (stacking in horizontal position with heads in one direction at the height of the stack not more than 2 m). Storage of piles of different structures, lengths and sections in one stack is not allowed.

To perform works on the construction of pile foundations, technical means are used, which are divided into main, auxiliary and for quality control of works. The main equipment includes copers, installations, hammers and jacks for pile diving; drilling machines and air punches for making piles; Crane equipment used for curtain booms or drilling tools; high-capacity concrete mixers for the preparation and delivery of cast concrete mixture for piles made on construction sites.

Pedestals are made of reinforced concrete. Before installation of a grillage of the head of piles have to be not less than 50 cm lower than the naynizshchy horizon of water. The ends of the piles protruding beyond this level are clogged. Standard construction cranes on the automobile or caterpillar track are used for the installation of the caterpillar.

The pile pile is concreted in the prefabricated wooden formwork during concreting, groundwater must be pumped out of the pit. The concrete mixture shall be laid in horizontal layers evenly over the whole area of the pile. If the capacity of the concrete plant is insufficient or under other conditions it is impossible to carry out laying in horizontal layers over the entire area, then it is divided into separate concreting blocks. Concrete mixture is transported by self-propelled concrete laying with opening bottom transported by mobile crane. The concrete mixture is compacted with vibrators.

Reinforced concrete pedestals are made monolithic. Monolithic pedestals have a rectangular shape.

Monolithic reinforced concrete pedestals have a width of 800 mm, we accept a round section with a diameter of 200 mm, we lay it in staggered order. The pitch for piles is 600 mm.

For exterior wall we accept

For the inner wall we accept: