Development of a unit for balancing uniaxial parts of rotation, namely the crankshaft of the KamAZ car engine - diploma

Contents

Introduction

1 Design Part

1.1 Initial data, purpose and short characteristic of ATP

1.2 Adjustment of standard values of initial data

1.3 Calculation of the annual production program by the number of impacts

1.4 Calculation of maintenance and maintenance capacity of rolling stock

1.5 Calculation of the number of maintenance workers and their distribution by specialties

1.6 Process design of maintenance and maintenance zones

1.7 Calculation of production areas

1.8 Layout of the production building

2 Theoretical part

2.1 Theory of balancing rotating masses

2.2 Dynamic crankshaft balancing

3 Design part

3.1 Patent Search Items

3.2 Calculation of power and speed characteristics of the balancing machine drive

3.3 Calculation of cylindrical transmission

3.4 Calculation of shafts

3.5 Bearing Selection

4 Development of measures to ensure safety of crankshaft balancing process operations

4.1 Analysis of hazardous and harmful production factors

4.2 Recommendations for reducing the impact of hazardous and harmful factors on production

4.3 Engineering Safety Solutions

4.3.1 Illumination

4.3.2Venting calculation in the area

4.3.3Electric Current (Protective Duty)

4.4 Output

5 Cost-effectiveness of the project

5.1 Service Description

5.2 Comparative technical and economic characteristics of the service

5.3 Organization of production of the designed service

5.4 Cost of Service

5.5 Variable Unit Manufacturing Costs

5.5.1Power repair costs

5.6 Fixed costs per year

5.6.1 Deductions for the repair of buildings and structures

5.6.2 Deductions for repair of process equipment

5.6.3 Depreciation deductions for full asset recovery

5.6.4 Labor costs of time workers

5.6.5 Utility Costs

5.7 Economic impact of the project

5.8 Calculation of project investment volume

5.9 Assessment of the economic viability of the project

Conclusion

List of literature

Application

Introduction

One of the most important directions in the development of the transport industry is the widespread, rational use of raw materials, fuel and energy and other material resources. Strengthening work in this direction is considered as an integral part of the economic strategy, the largest lever for improving production efficiency in all parts of the transport sector.

One of the largest reserves of economy and frugality is the restoration of worn out parts. Restoration of worn-out parts of machines provides saving of high-quality material, fuel, energy and labor resources.

To restore the working capacity of worn-out parts, 5-8 times less technological operations are required compared to the manufacture of new parts.

The basis for improving quality is the use of advanced technologies for restoring parts.

When restoring uniaxial parts of a car, there is a need to find new, more progressive methods of restoration that could increase the life of parts at a relatively low cost.

This work presents the design of the section for the restoration of uniaxial parts of the car for HF No. 6795, the installation for the surfacing of uniaxial parts in the environment of protective gases with directed cooling of the part was designed, the technological equipment for the production site was selected, the economic development of the project sections and the solution of labor protection and railway safety problems were carried out.

Device for object balancing

Abstract:

invention relates to balancing equipment and can be used in balancing rotors, shafts, wheels, turbines and other objects requiring balancing. The device includes a housing, a shaft placed in it, interacting with the drive, installed with its ends in rotation bearings with the possibility of displacement relative to the shaft axis and consisting of two parts located on both sides of the object, centering mechanisms located on the above sides of the object, and a device for fixing the balanced position of the object. The device further comprises an imbalance measuring means. Ends of shaft are made in form of part of spheres. Bearings of rotation are equipped with mechanisms to return shaft to initial position. Each centering mechanism includes two mutually perpendicular lead screws with weights installed on them with the possibility of movement along screws, four rollers kinematically connected to the ends of screws, and a centering ring fixed coaxially to the shaft on the housing and having a profiled surface on the outer side at the level of the rollers. Rollers are installed with clearance relative to centering rings. As a result, balancing is simplified and its accuracy is improved.

invention relates to balancing equipment and can be used in balancing rotors, shafts, wheels, turbines and other objects requiring balancing.

A rotor rotation balancing device is known, comprising a system for measuring imbalance and controlling the balancing process, a wire melting unit associated with it, made in the form of two disks with clamps along the periphery, facing each other with end surfaces, and their axes of rotation are parallel, and driving the disks into rotation [USSR Author's Certificate N 1195204, cl. G 01 M 1/38, 1984].

The device also has two electrically insulated disks mounted on one of the disks, current-carrying coaxial rings, to which clamps of the same disk are connected through one; two sensors connected to and interacting with the imbalance measurement and balancing process control system; Disk with rings arranged coaxially and rigidly connected with disk and having holes m, number of which is equal to number of clamps of disk. Drive of disks is made in the form of belt transmission and connected with it and with system of measurement of imbalance and control of process of balancing of adjustable motor of constant line.

However, the known apparatus has the following disadvantages:

the balanced rotor must be hollow, which limits the scope of the prior art;

it is possible to apply molten metal droplets to all materials and reliably adhere to them.

The closest technical solution to the proposed one is the object balancing device. (rotors), which includes a housing, a shaft located in it, interacting with the drive, installed with its ends in rotation bearings with the possibility of displacement relative to the shaft axis and consisting of two parts located on both sides of the object, centering mechanisms located on the above sides of the object, and means for fixing the balanced position of the object [USSR Copyright Certificate N 1232971, cl. G 01 M 1/38, 1984].

Rotor balancing is performed at critical rotation frequencies. Note here that rotor inertia axis displaces with rotation axis and is fixed by self-solidifying fluid (epoxy resin with filler can be used as said fluid to fix object balanced position).

A disadvantage of the known device is the resulting asymmetry of the outer geometric surface of the balanced rotor with respect to the axis of rotation, which in many cases is unacceptable, for example, when balancing the rotor of an electric motor, a centrifugal pump, rolling wheels, etc.

The object of the present invention is to provide a universal balancing device having:

high accuracy of balancing and ease of use.

Proposed objects are solved by the fact that balancing device of object includes housing, shaft arranged in it, interacting with drive, installed with its ends in bearings of rotation with the possibility of displacement relative to shaft axis and consisting of two parts located on both sides of object, centering mechanisms located on above mentioned sides of object, and facility for fixation of balanced position of object, additionally contains device for measurement of imbalance. In device, shaft ends are made in form of part of spheres, and bearings of rotation are equipped with mechanisms of shaft return to initial position. Each centering mechanism includes two mutually perpendicular lead screws with weights installed on them with the possibility of movement along screws, four rollers kinematically connected to the ends of screws, and a centering ring fixed coaxially to the shaft on the housing and having a profiled surface on the outer side at the level of the rollers, at the same time the rollers are installed with a gap relative to the centering rings.

Preferably, the centering mechanisms are provided with casings, and the imbalance measuring means is provided in the form of scales applied along the propellers to the surface of the casings and the load of screws.

Preferably, the device for fixing the balanced position of the object is made in the form of two pairs of balancing rings with displaced centers of mass, installed coaxially on two above-mentioned sides of the object and fixed on the object with screws.

Advantageously, the mechanism for returning the shaft to the initial position of the upper end of the shaft is made in the form of a centering sleeve, one end of which is fixed on the bearing and the other end is installed in the wall of the housing and has a ring on the outside at the level of the housing wall in the form of a part of a sphere, a spring located in the sleeve, and a plug fixed on the housing coaxially to the sleeve on the outside of the housing.

Advantageously, the mechanism for returning the shaft to the initial position of the lower end of the shaft is made in the form of another centering sleeve, having on the outside three rings in the form of a torus part; a spring located in the sleeve, a plug fixed on the housing coaxially to the sleeve on its outer side; upper and lower washers installed coaxially to the sleeve between the bearing and the housing wall, and a separator installed coaxially to the sleeve between the washers and in the form of a ring with holes; in which balls are located, at that the centering sleeve contacts with its rings with the upper washer, separator and lower washer, respectively.

After repeated actuation and shutdown on scales, imbalance measuring means control error of imbalance elimination and, if necessary, it is corrected.

Formula of the invention

1. A device for balancing an object, which includes a housing, a shaft placed in it, interacting with the drive, installed with its ends in the bearings of rotation with the possibility of displacement relative to the shaft axis and consisting of two parts; located on both sides of the object, centering mechanisms located on the above sides of the object, and means for fixing the balanced position of the object, characterized in that the apparatus further comprises means for measuring the imbalance; shaft ends are made in the form of a part of spheres, rotation bearings are equipped with mechanisms for returning the shaft to the initial position; and each centering mechanism comprises two mutually perpendicular lead screws with weights; installed on them with the possibility of movement along screws, four rollers, kinematically connected to the ends of the screws, and a centering ring fixed coaxially to the shaft on the housing and having a profiled surface on the outer side at the level of the rollers, wherein the rollers are installed with a gap relative to the centering rings.

2. The device for balancing an object according to claim 1, characterized in that the centering mechanisms are provided with casings, and the unbalance measuring means are in the form of scales applied along the driving screws on the surface of the casings and the load of screws.

3. The device for balancing an object according to claim 1, characterized in that the means for fixing the balanced position of the object is made in the form of two pairs of balancing rings with displaced centers of mass, installed coaxially on two above-mentioned sides of the object and fixed on the object with screws.

4. The device for balancing an object according to claim 1, characterized in that the return mechanism is

initial position of the upper end of the shaft is made in the form of a centering sleeve; one end of which is fixed on the bearing and the other end is installed in the housing wall and has a ring in the form of a part of a sphere on the outside at the level of the housing wall; a spring located in the sleeve and a plug fixed on the housing coaxially to the sleeve on its outer side; and the mechanism for returning the lower end of the shaft to the initial position is in the form of another centering sleeve; having on the outside three rings in the form of a torus part; a spring located in the sleeve, a plug fixed on the housing coaxially to the sleeve on its outer side; upper and lower washers installed coaxially to the sleeve between the bearing and the housing wall, and a separator installed coaxially to the sleeve between the washers and in the form of a ring with holes; in which balls are located, at that the centering sleeve contacts with its rings with the upper washer, separator and lower washer, respectively.

5. The device for balancing an object according to claim 1, characterized in that the shaped surface of the centering rings is conical or toroidal or spherical or parabolic or hyperbolic.

Device for automatic balancing of rotating bodies

Abstract:

invention relates to balancing equipment and can be used for automatic balancing of rotating articles during their operation. device has bushing fixed on shaft of balanced body and two rings with eccentric masses, installed by fit with a gap on the outer surface of the bushing with the possibility of rotation around its axis, wherein one of the diametrical halves of the inner cylindrical surface of each ring has a significant sliding friction coefficient; exceeding sliding friction coefficient of other half of ring, and eccentric mass is installed on external surface of each ring in area of interface of surfaces with different friction coefficients. As a result, the accuracy of the balancing is improved, the design of the device is simplified, and the efficiency of the process is improved.

invention relates to balancing equipment and can be used for automatic balancing of rotating articles during their operation.

There are known devices for automatic balancing of rotating bodies, comprising a body and correction mechanisms, made either in the form of a ring with eccentric masses and mechanisms for their rotation in the form of a friction gear and a servomotor installed on a shaft of a balanced rotor/cm. German Patent No 20252944, cl. G 01 M 1/36, 1977), or in the form of two electric motors arranged in a housing rigidly connected to the rotor, on the shaft of which with eccentricity in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, balance weights are installed/cm. ampere-second. USSR N 450981, cl. G 01 M 1/38, 1973/.

Disadvantages of the known devices are the low accuracy of balancing, the complexity of the design and limited productivity, due to the complexity of the mass correction mechanism, the presence of a significant number of parts rotating together with the body of rotation.

There are also known devices for automatic balancing of rotating bodies, which contain either loosely worn on the body and spring-loaded in the axial direction with balancing weights installed on them, which are able to converge - diverge during rotation of the body under the influence of centrifugal inertia forces/cm. ampere-second. USSR N 632919, cl. G 01 M 1/38, 1978/, or nuts loosely screwed on the threaded section of the body with counterweights attached to them/cm. ampere-second. USSR N 1677646, cl. G 01 R 5/02, 1991/.

A disadvantage of known devices is the low accuracy of balancing, which is due to the absence in the devices, according to the principle of automatic balancing under the action of centrifugal inertia forces, negative feedback on disturbance, the independence of the existence of these forces from the presence and magnitude of imbalance and, as a result, the possibility of disrupting the balance of the body after the balance is completed during braking of rotation, fixing of counterweights, etc.

The closest device of the same purpose to the claimed invention according to the set of features is a device for automatic balancing of rotating bodies, which includes a bushing fixed on the shaft of the balanced body, and two rings with eccentric masses, installed by fit with a gap on the outer surface of the bushing with the possibility of rotation around its axis/cm. a. a. USSR N 468123, cl. G 01 M 1/38, 1973/, and adopted as a prototype.

The reasons preventing the achievement of the following technical result when using a known device adopted as a prototype include low balancing accuracy, complexity of design and limited productivity due to the complexity of the actuator comprising electromagnets, a correction action forming circuit, kinematic coupling elements of magnetic rings, rollers and on the grids.

The essence of the invention consists in creation due to action of vibration disturbances arising during rotation of an unbalanced body, directed rotation of eccentric masses relative to the body, which continues until the vibration disturbances cease, that is, until the automatic balancing process of the rotating body ends.

The technical result is increased accuracy of balancing, simplified design of the device and increased efficiency of the process.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that in the device for automatic balancing of rotating bodies, comprising a sleeve fixed on the shaft of the balanced body and two rings with eccentric masses; installed by fit with a gap on the outer surface of the bushing with the possibility of rotation around its axis, one of the diametrical halves of the inner cylindrical surface of each ring has a significant sliding friction coefficient; exceeding sliding friction coefficient of other half of ring surface, and eccentric mass is installed on external surface of each ring in area of interface of surfaces with different friction coefficients.