Coursework architecture cottages

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1.General Plan

2. Functional diagram of the building

2. Volumetric planning solution

4. Structural solution of the building

4.1.Fundaments and basements

4.2 Overlaps

4.3. Walls

4.4. Internal walls and partitions

4.5. Windows and doors

4.6. Ladders

4.7.Roofing, Roof

4.8. Floors

5. Building Finishes

5.1 Interior Finishes

5.2. Finishing of the facade, basement

6. Information on engineering equipment

6.1.Sanitary and technical equipment

6.2. Electrical devices

6.3.Clockings

7. Technical and economic indicators

8. Thermal calculation of the outer wall

Bibliographic list

Introduction

The main purpose of architecture is to create a favorable and safe living environment for a person, the nature and comfort of which was determined by the level of development of society, its culture, and the achievements of science and technology. This life environment is embodied in buildings that have internal space, complexes of buildings and structures that organize external space: streets, squares and cities.

In the modern sense, architecture is the art of designing and building buildings, structures and their complexes. It organizes all life processes. At the same time, the creation of a production architecture requires a significant amount of public labor and time. Therefore, the requirements for architecture, along with functional expediency, convenience and beauty, include requirements for technical expediency and economy. In addition to the rational layout of the premises, corresponding to certain functional processes, the convenience of all buildings is ensured by the correct distribution of stairs, elevators, equipment and engineering devices (sanitary appliances, heating, ventilation). Thus, the shape of the building is largely determined by the functional pattern, but at the same time it is built according to the laws of beauty .

Cost reduction in construction is carried out by rational space-planning solutions of buildings, correct selection of construction and finishing materials, design facilitation, improvement of construction methods. The main economic reserve in urban planning is to increase the efficiency of land use.

The intensive development of construction equipment is accompanied by the introduction of industrial construction methods, new construction and structural systems. Recently, in connection with the transition of the country to a market economy, a large number of fundamentally new building materials have appeared in terms of constructive and decorative indicators. Meanwhile, due to increased competition among manufacturers in the construction materials market, there is an inevitable reduction in their cost, improvement in quality and assortment.

All these changes, taking into account that the cost of building materials accounts for more than 50% of the cost of building a civil building, increasingly allow people with medium income to build high-quality individual residential buildings.

The proposed design on the design features and type of materials used meets the requirements of most families, counting on relatively inexpensive and high-quality individual housing, having architectural expressiveness, differing from civilian buildings of mass construction in a more convenient layout taking into account more stringent functional requirements.

Master Plan

The master plan provides for the construction of a 2-story residential building on a land plot with a total area of ​ ​ 25 hectares.

The courtyard includes: a children's playground 75m2, a sports playground 85m2, an economic playground 125m2 At a distance of 500m from a house safe for the health of residents, there is a transformer substation from which this facility is powered. The covering of the sites consists of paving tiles, the surrounding area is sown with grass. In the immediate vicinity of the courtyard territory of this house there is a platform for walking dogs, the site is designed for several residential buildings of this microdistrict, fenced with high metal fences, its area is 36m2.

Around the designed residential building there is a circular passage, the width of the carriageway is 12 m, along the house on the south side there is an intra-quarter road 3 m wide. The asphalt surface of the intra-quarter driveways is limited by curb stone.

Improvement of the territory provides for the construction of flower beds near the entrance (entrances) to the house, the planting of decorative shrubs and trees (coniferous) hardwood.

Functional diagram of the building

The most important requirements for the design of dwellings are ensuring the correct ratio of areas of residential and utility premises and rational mutual location of premises in accordance with their functional purpose and relationship. The apartment, which is grouped in a certain order, intended for living in them by one family, consists of living rooms, kitchen, front, bath, restroom, built-in closet or pantry.

For an apartment building of an apartment type, the main premises in the apartment are residential rooms, where family members spend leisure hours and relax. Cooking is carried out in the kitchen, it must be connected to living rooms directly or through corridors. Bathroom and bathroom are integral rooms of the apartment. They should be conveniently connected to living rooms.

Structural solution of the building

4.1.Fundaments and basements

Foundations - underground structures that transfer loads from the building to the ground.

A monolithic tape foundation is designed in this building.

Such a foundation looks like a closed ribbon of reinforced concrete laid under all the bearing walls of the building. From this came the name. This tape distributes the weight of the structure throughout the perimeter, prevents skewing and subsidence of the building.

Such a foundation involves the manufacture of a formwork, a reinforcement frame and pouring it with concrete in place, due to which the monolithic structure is achieved. In the manufacture of the reinforcement frame, it is necessary to use necessarily ribbed reinforcement to improve the adhesion of steel to concrete. As an exception, it is possible to apply smooth in transverse dressing due to the insignificance of transverse loads.

The most vulnerable place of the tape foundation are angles, here the most likely appearance of faults, cracks, chips. Therefore, in the corners, special attention should be paid to the manufacture of a reinforcement frame.

The depth of foundation laying is 1.8 m, which exceeds the depth of soil freezing, which is 1.15 m in this construction area.

The base of the building does not protrude and does not fall, forming a single plane with the wall of the building.

The basement is lined with cement sand mortar based on hydrophobic cement and decorative painting is performed, which gives the building artistic expressiveness.

The entire perimeter of the building is paved with a width of 900 mm with a slope of i = 0.030. It is designed to protect the foundation from rain and meltwater penetrating into the ground near the walls of the building.

4.2 Overlaps

Slabs - horizontal bearing and enclosing structures dividing buildings into floors and accepting loads from their own weight, the weight of vertical enclosing structures, stairs, as well as from the weight of interior items, equipment and people on them. These loads are transferred from floors to the structural walls of the building.

In this building, a floor is designed, consisting of multi-pillar reinforced concrete slabs. Slabs are laid on the outer walls from the inner edge of the wall by 200 mm, and on the inner bearing walls by 190 mm.

For attic and basement floors separating heated rooms from non-heated rooms, heat protection requirements are imposed. Therefore, the attic floor has a layer of insulation with a thickness of Penoplex foam polysterol, type 35,.

Slabs provide sound and thermal insulation, they also meet high requirements for rigidity and flexural strength.

4.3. Walls

The walls of the building are designed to protect and protect against environmental influences and transfer loads from the above structures - floors and coatings to the foundation.

When erecting the walls of the building, manual masonry with horizontal and vertical dressing of seams is used. Ceramic hollow bricks are used for masonry of external and internal walls. Masonry is performed on cement sand mortar

Thickness of external walls is determined on the basis of heat engineering calculation. Initially, the thickness of the outer wall is assumed to be 640 mm. Such thickness is necessary to ensure stability to wind and impact loads, as well as to increase the heat and sound insulation capacity of the walls.

External finishing is made of ceramic hollow brick on cement sand mortar. The walls are plastered with cement sand mortar. Insulation is carried out inside masonry (three-layer walls) with mats of glass-woven staple fiber URSA

Window openings in the walls are designed with quarters on the sides and on top, designed for the convenience of installation of window blocks. Reinforced concrete lintels are laid above window and door openings. They transfer the load from overlying structures to walls or spacers. There are three bridges in the window openings: one with a section of 380x140 mm and two with a section of 120x140 mm. In doorways, one jumper with a section of 380x140 mm

4.4. Internal walls and partitions

Internal walls and partitions are internal vertical enclosing structures in buildings. Internal walls perform fencing and load-bearing functions in the building, partitions - only fencing.

Internal bearing walls and partitions in the form of brick masonry with 380 mm thick dressing are designed, partitions have a thickness of 120 mm. Internal structural walls are supported by slabs and divide spaces. Silicate bricks are used for masonry of walls and partitions. Partitions are installed on floor slabs along the thickness layer.

A 20 mm thick layer of plaster is applied to the surface of the internal walls and partitions of the building.

The structures of these walls and partitions meet the regulatory requirements for strength, stability, fire resistance, sound insulation.

4.5. Windows and doors

Windows - building elements designed for lighting and ventilation of rooms. Doors are used to connect isolated spaces and to enter the building.

The windows in the building are designed with double glazing. The thickness of the window blocks is 140 mm, which gives the right to judge their sufficient heat and sound insulation. One, two and three-leaf windows are provided. The frames in the windows are wooden. Window sizes: 2100x1800 mm - three-leaf, 1800x1800 mm and 1500x1800 mm - double-leaf and 900x1800 mm - single-leaf wooden windowsill slabs and galvanized steel plums are also installed in window openings. A window with a width of 4160 mm is also designed on the veranda.

Since there are quarters in the window openings, the window blocks during installation rest against them, slopes are made from cement sand mortar.

Doors in the building are designed single-floor deaf (non-glazed). All doors of the building are custom-made and decorated with decorative carvings. Door dimensions: height - 2100 mm, width: D3 - 700, D4 - 860, D5 - 900, D1, D2 - 1200 mm.

In the manufacture of windows and doors, extremely high-quality sheet glass with a thickness of 6 mm and high-quality wood are used to avoid cracks and slots during operation.

4.6. Ladder

The staircase is designed to communicate between spaces located on different floors.

The staircase is located in the hall and is designed with a wooden two-march corner with running steps. The staircase has a railing 900 mm high. The width of the steps (except for cross-country steps) is 250 mm, the height of all steps is 167 mm. The width of the march is 1200 mm, which is sufficient for its operation.

The staircase structure has cosors, to which the treads join the slot. Between the treads, perpendicular to them, risers also join the slot.

The staircase to the attic room is designed as a retractable from the ceiling.

4.7.Roofing, Roof

The roof is a structure that protects the building from precipitation and is the upper fence of the building. The roof is designed gable, attic, rafter.

Designed layered rafters are supported by external load-bearing walls, on which a tuning bar (mauerlat) is fixed. Rafter legs are designed in the form of a wooden bar, which has dimensions of 220 • 50 in section. To reduce the amount of deflection of rafters under the influence of the weight of the roof structure in axes B-C, struts and vertical struts are provided, which, in turn, rest against the bed. The bed is located on the protruding part of the inner wall on the coordination axis 2. In the upper part of the roof structure, the rafters are connected to each other by means of a double-sided wooden patch. Tightening from boards is used between axes A-B to increase rigidity of rafters, and there are no struts and braces. Between axes B and D (above the verandah), the rafters on one side abut the mauerlat located on the outer wall with the coordination axis G, and on the other side the rafters abut the wall on axis B. To the end of the rafters are attached rolls with dimensions of 100 • 40 mm.

Since the wooden roof elements work in a moist and flammable (wiring passes in the attic) environment, they must be treated with antiseptics and flame retardants.

Roof is designed from profiled sheet. Sheets shall be laid on a grid of boards with a cross section of 50x100 mm with a pitch of 370 mm. Sheets are joined overlapping in length by 100 mm, and in width - by half-waves. Attachment with nails is carried out only along wave ridges, in order to avoid breaking of roofing material .

The junction between the pipe and the roof is framed by galvanized steel sheets. In the top part of a roof there passes the ridge bar with a section of 50х150 mm and it is closed by two asbestos-cement ridge details of KPO1 and KPO2 which are beaten to a roof by nails with anticorrosive hats.

The drain is unorganized, since the height of the building is small and there will be no significant wetting of the walls.

Building Finishes

5.1 Interior Finishes

Finishing the surface of the inner walls and partitions consists in their plastering with cement sand mortar with a layer 20 mm thick. The surface of the plaster can be glued with paper wallpaper or liquid wallpaper can be applied, decorative plastering (with various shapes) and colored whitening of the surfaces of walls and partitions are also possible. In the bathroom, the surface of the walls, like the floors, is finished with ceramic tiles. It serves as a waterproofing of the walls required due to the high humidity in this room, and is easily washed, which allows you to observe the hygiene of the bathroom.

The rooms use suspended ceilings of various textures. Exceptions are the hall, corridors, entrance hall and boiler room, where the ceilings are whitened.

Interior decoration determines the interior of the building and can be made in various styles, depending on the customer's desire. Moreover, it is possible to change it during the period of operation of a residential building .

5.2. Finishing of the facade, basement

The exterior of the building is mainly determined by the style of its exterior decoration. The design provides for the finishing of external walls in the form of ceramic bricks on cement sand mortar.

The basement of the building is plastered and expanded with an imitation of the appearance of masonry from large stone. The seams may be colored white (or any other) if desired. The basement has a gray color and creates a sense of monumentality of the structure, gives the building some elegance, expressiveness .

The windows and external doors of the building are painted with water repellent enamel in dark red, which is perfectly combined with the orange color of the walls of the cottage, does not disturb the harmony of the colors of the facade.

Boards are nailed to the roof overhang from the side of the fronts, giving the building special features that can distinguish it from the architectural ensemble of the building area. Especially expressive is the crosshairs of these boards above the balcony, where the ends of these elements are pointed from below and from above. These boards are painted green with enamel of the same type .

About Engineering Equipment

6.1.Sanitary and technical equipment

The sewerage system of the building is connected to the central city sewerage network.

Water supply is carried out from a common water supply. Water is supplied in the kitchen to the mixer and in the bathroom to the mixer and the drain tank.

Gas supply is provided from external gas network. It is led to a gas heating boiler located in a boiler room and gas columns located in the kitchen and bathroom. Gas columns are designed to heat the water entering the bathroom and kitchen.

The heating system of the building consists of pipes and heating batteries, through which heated water and a gas heating boiler circulate. Such a heating system is called central. Heating batteries are located in all rooms and run along the exterior walls of the building on both floors .

Ventilation is carried out naturally through windows and hoods in the kitchen and bathrooms.

6.2. Electrical devices

Power supply of the building is carried out from the general power grid. Wiring in the designed building is carried out before plastering the internal walls and partitions and is attached by means of special fasteners to the building structures. If necessary, holes for electric wire in walls and floors are drilled.

6.3.Clockings

The building is equipped with fire and security alarms with connection to the control center, as well as flooding sensors and gas leakage analyzers.

Telephoning, access to the Internet and the digital television and radio center, are carried out by means of a common radio device for the entire building, via a fiber optic line.

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