Course project chemical motor map Moskvich 412

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MOSKVICH

2.ASSEMBLY OF OPERATIONAL MATERIALS

3.OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC LUBRICANTS

3.1. Drop temperature

3.2. Mechanical properties

3.3. Effective viscosity

3.4. Colloidal stability

3.5. Water resistance

4.CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF PLASTIC LUBRICANTS

4.1. General purpose lubricants

4.2. Universal Lubricants

4.3. Specialized lubricants

4.4. Heat-resistant lubricants

4.5. Frost-resistant lubricants

5. CHEMOMOTOLOGICAL MAP OF THE CAR MOSKVICH

6. TABLE OF FILLING TANKS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF LITERATURE USED

Introduction

The correct choice and rational use of operational materials largely determine the reliability and durability of the equipment, the cost of its maintenance and repair. An error in choosing a motor oil can at best lead to a reduction in the service life of the engine, at worst - to its breakdown.

The choice and correct use of oil is often complicated by the fact that a large number of grades of lubricants are provided for in the technical documentation for some machines. Therefore, the unification of them and the use of substitutes can be of great importance for simplifying the operation of automotive equipment.

The car has a large number of units and mechanisms where plastic lubricants are used, the variety of which also implies their competent use.

The choice of lubricants of higher quality than required leads to an unjustified increase in costs. The use of a material with lower qualities inevitably leads to a reduction in the life of the car and an overspending of the material itself.

The problems of the use of fuel and lubricants are so important that science has arisen - chemistry, which studies the properties, quality and rational use of fuels and lubricants in technology, establishes a requirement for fuels and lubricants (GSM), which contributes to the development of new varieties, test methods and the unification of GSM.

Performance properties of plastic lubricants

Plastic lubricants used on cars must have certain operational properties to create optimal operating and storage conditions for the equipment.

3.1. Drop temperature

In plastic grease, when heated, an irreversible process of destruction of the crystalline framework occurs, and the grease becomes fluid. The transition from a plastic state to a liquid state is conventionally expressed by the drop temperature, i.e., the temperature at which the first drop of lubricant falls from a standard device when heated. The drop temperature of lubricants depends on the type of thickener and its concentration.

According to drop temperature, lubricants are divided into refractory (T), medium-melting (C) and low-melting (H). Refractory lubricants have a drop temperature above 100 ° C; low-melting ones - up to 65 ° С. In order to avoid the leakage of lubricant from the friction unit, the drop temperature shall exceed the temperature of the working unit by 1520 ° C.

3.2. Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties of lubricants are characterized by shear strength of lubricants and penetration.

The ultimate strength is the minimum specific stress that must be applied to the lubricant in order to change its shape and shift one layer of lubricant relative to another. Under lower loads, plastic lubricants retain their internal structure and elastically deform like solids, and at high pressures, the structure breaks down, and the lubricant behaves like a viscous liquid.

The ultimate strength depends on the temperature of the lubricant - as the temperature increases, it decreases. This indicator characterizes the ability of the lubricant to be held in friction units, to withstand discharge under the influence of inertial forces. For operating temperatures the ultimate strength shall not be lower than 300 - 500 Pa.

Penetration is a conditional indicator of the mechanical properties of lubricants, numerically equal to the depth of immersion of the cone of a standard device in 5 s. Penetration is a conditional indicator that does not have physical meaning, and does not determine the behavior of lubricants in operation. At the same time, since this indicator is quickly determined, it is used in production conditions to assess the identity of the formulation and comply with the technology for producing lubricants.

The penetration number characterizes the density of the lubricants and ranges from 170 to 420.

3.4. Colloidal stability

Colloidal stability is the ability of a lubricant to resist delamination.

Colloidal stability depends on the structural framework of the lubricant, which is characterized by the size, shape and strength of the bonds of the structural elements. Therefore, the viscosity of the dispersed medium affects colloidal stability: the higher the viscosity of the oil, the more difficult it is to flow out.

Oil release from lubricant increases with temperature increase, pressure increase under action of centrifugal forces. Strong oil release is not permissible, as the lubricant can deteriorate or lose its lubrication properties completely. To evaluate colloidal stability, various devices are used that are capable of pressing out oil under the influence of load.

3.5. Water resistance

Water resistance is the ability of a lubricant to withstand washing with water. Water resistance is determined by two factors. The first is the solubility of lubricants, their ability not to be washed off by water from the surface of metals and not to be washed out from friction units. The second is the degree of hydroscopicity and changes in properties under the influence of water that has fallen into lubrication. The solubility of the lubricant in water depends on the nature of the thickener. Paraffin, calcium and lithium lubricants have the best water resistance. Sodium and potassium - water-soluble lubricants.

Classification and application of plastic lubricants

Plastic lubricants are divided into four groups:

- antifriction - to reduce wear and sliding friction of mating parts;

- preservation - to prevent corrosion during storage, transportation and operation;

- ropes - to prevent corrosion and wear of steel ropes;

- sealing - to seal gaps, facilitate assembly and disassembly of reinforcement, cuffs, threaded, detachable and any movable connections.

Antifriction lubricants are the largest group of plastic lubricants and are divided into the following subgroups:

C - general purpose;

O - for elevated temperature;

M - multipurpose;

- heat-resistant (frictional units with an operating temperature> 150 °C);

N - low-resistant (frictional units with an operating temperature <40 °C);

And - anti-masking and anti-wear;

X - chemically resistant;

P - instrument;

T - reduction gear (transmission);

E - running-in pastes;

U - highly specialized (industry).

Preservation lubricants are indicated by letter "3," cable lubricants - "K."

Sealing lubricants have three subgroups:

And - reinforcing (for cuffs);

P - threaded;

B - vacuum (for seals in vacuum systems).

Depending on the use of lubricant, they divide general purpose, multi-purpose and specialized.

4.1. General purpose lubricants

Calcium lubricants have a common name - solidols. These are the most mass and cheap antifriction lubricants, relate to non-fusible environments. Calcium lubricants are available in the following brands: solidol G, pressolidol G, solidol C or pressolidol C.

Solidol C is operable at temperature from 20 to 65 ° С. Pressolidol C - from 30 to 50 ° C.

Sodium and sodium calcium lubricants operate in a wider temperature range (from 30 to 110 ° C) and are mainly used in rolling bearings.

For example, automotive lubricant YANZ2 is almost insoluble in water, but emulsifies when used for a long time in a wet environment. Displaced by Litol24 universal lubricant.

4.2. Universal Lubricants

Universal lubricants are water resistant and operable in a wide range of temperatures, speeds and loads. They have good conservation properties. The thickeners for them are lithium soaps.

Litol-24 - can be used as a single automotive lubricant, it is functional at a temperature of 40 to 130 ° C.

Fiol-1, Fiol2, Fiol-3 - lubricants are similar to Litol24, but softer, better retained in friction units.

4.3. Specialized lubricants

Specialized lubricants include about 20 brands of lubricants of different quality. They are most effectively used as non-replaceable and non-refillable lubricants during operation.

Graphite - used mainly in open nodes.

AM cardan - for cardan hinges of equal angular speeds (Path, Rcepp, Weiss) of trucks, is prone to flow out of nodes.

Shrus-4 - for hinges of equal angular speeds (Birfield type) of cars; operable at temperature from 40 to 130 ° C, water resistant, has high anti-lock and anti-wear properties.

SHRB-4 - for sealed hinges of suspensions and steering, operating temperature range from 40 to 130 ° С.

LSC-15 - used in splined joints, hinges and axes of pedal drives, windows; has high water resistance, adhesion (adhesion) to metals, good preservation properties.

4.4. Heat-resistant lubricants

Limit of heat-resistant lubricants operability - from 150 to 250 ° С.

Uniol-ZM - gutter, has good colloidal stability and anti-gutter properties.

TSIATIM-221 - can be used at temperatures from 60 to 150 ° C, chemically stable to rubber and polymeric materials.

4.5. Frost-resistant lubricants

Frost-resistant lubricants are functional in all friction nodes in the conditions of the Far North and the Arctic.

Zimol is a frost-resistant analogue of Litol24 lubricant.

Lita - multi-purpose frost-resistant working-preservation lubricant, water-resistant.

TSIATIM-201 - the main frost-resistant lubricant for cars, has mediocre anti-galling properties, releases oil during storage. Zimol and Lita, inferior to it in frost resistance, are superior in anti-wear properties, efficiency at elevated temperatures.

Conclusion

Requirements for improving the reliability and efficiency of equipment have led to a significant tightening of the performance of fuels and lubricants. The legislative acts on environmental protection set the task of creating petroleum products with improved environmental properties. In this regard, in recent years, the quality of automobile gasoline, diesel fuels, motor, transmission, hydraulic and other oils has been significantly improved.

This work consists of five tasks, which include the following topics:

‾ selection of operational materials for MOSKVICH 412 vehicle;

‾ physicochemical properties of operational materials per MOSKVICH 412 car;

‾ classification and application of plastic lubricants;

‾ Chemomotological map of Moskvich 412 car;

‾ Table of filling tanks.

Based on the above, it should be concluded that the specific design features and operating conditions of the equipment should correspond to the operational materials determined by composition and properties.

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