Civil building heating and ventilation

Contents

Contents

Introduction

2. Outdoor Air Parameter Calculations

3. Outside air design parameters

4. Thermal characteristics of external enclosures

5. Thermal balance of spaces. System Power Determination

heating

6. Selection of coolant type and parameters, heating system diagram,

type of heating devices

7. Hydraulic calculation of heating system

8. Calculation of heating surface area of heating devices

9. Selection of heat station equipment

10. Defining Air Exchange for Building Spaces

11. Design of exhaust ventilation system

12. Aerodynamic calculation of exhaust ventilation system

Conclusion

List of literature

Introduction

The thermal mode of the building is a set of process factors that, under the influence of external and internal accepted engineering devices, form the thermal situation of the room. The thermal situation of the room depends on a number of factors: temperature, mobility and humidity of the air, the presence of jet currents, differences in air parameters in plan and height of the room, radiant heat flows depending on the temperature, size, radiation properties of the surface and their location.

Methods of decrease in adverse effects, first of all, of a production microclimate, are carried out by a complex of technological, sanitarnotekhnichesky, organizational and medico-preventive actions: ventilation, thermal insulation of surfaces of sources of thermal radiation (furnaces, pipelines with hot gases and liquids), replacement of the old equipment by more modern, use of collective means of protection (shielding of jobs or sources, air dushirovaniye, etc.), etc.

One of the necessary conditions for the normal life of a person is to ensure normal conditions in rooms that have a significant impact on the thermal well-being of a person. Meteorological conditions or microclimates depend on the thermophysical features of the technological process, climate, season, heating and ventilation conditions.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems are used to ensure the required internal conditions in the room.

In the course work on heating and ventilation, it is necessary to develop a design for a single-tube heating system with upper wiring, with heating devices and an exhaust ventilation system for a 5-story, residential building. The proposed construction area of ​ ​ Vologda. Water parameters in the heating system 95 70 0 С.

Selection of coolant type and parameters, heating system diagram, type of heating devices

The design temperature of water in the supply lines of the heating system is limited by sanitary and hygienic and technological requirements. To obtain it, the system is connected to a heat network with an elevated water temperature using an elevator or other mixing pumps (dependent connection). The design water temperature in the return line is taken to be 700C.

The location of the supply lines depends on the architectural and construction solution of the building. Upper wiring is used if there is an attic or technical floor in the building

According to the design of risers and power supply circuits of devices, the heating system is single-tube. The single-tube system is used in multi-storey buildings, since they have economic, procurement and operational advantages.

When selecting a type of heating device, it is necessary to proceed from the purpose and features of the thermal mode of the room, which determines its thermal comfort, as well as take into account the requirements for the devices.

The heating system is constructed in the following sequence:

a) place on the plans heating devices, risers, equipment of the heat station and mains with division of the system into branches to carry out facade control;

b) assign a slope of pipelines to ensure movement, collection and removal of air, as well as water lowering during repair;

c) resolve the issues of compensation of temperature elongations and thermal insulation of pipelines;

d) placing shut-off and control valves;

e) drawing an axonometric diagram of the system at a scale of 1:100 taking into account a sketched study of the placement of system elements on sections of the building.

Heating devices are applied to plans in the form of rectangles of the same length, but the possibility of placing and installing this heating device in an existing place should be taken into account.

It is recommended to place the heating system risers primarily in the corners formed by the external walls, as well as on staircases with the connection of heating devices according to a single-tube flow scheme. Then other risers are placed.

The offset closing portions, as compared to the axial ones, provide greater water flow rates into the radiators and hence a smaller heating surface thereof, as well as natural compensation for the temperature elongations of the riser. However, risers with displaced closing portions have greater hydraulic resistance.

To reduce the metal consumption of the heating system, the individual thermal station (ITP) should be located in the center of the building.

The heating system is connected to the heat network with high-temperature water according to a dependent scheme. Elevator, mud machines, shutoff and measuring valves, automation equipment are installed in ITR.

Supply pipelines are attached to the walls of the technical floor.

When dividing the system into branches, one should strive for the equality of heat loads and pipe lengths through the end risers.

Air removal from the water heating system should be provided at the highest points of the systems, and water removal from the system during repair should be provided at the lower points. For this purpose, the lines are mounted with a slope of 0.005.

On pipelines at the intersection of floors, internal walls and partitions, sleeves made of non-combustible materials should be provided, providing free movement of pipes at change of coolant temperature.

It is allowed to design the laying of risers through non-combustible ceilings without installation of sleeves in single-tube heating systems with plenum heating devices and with displaced closing sections.

To reduce useless heat losses by pipelines laid in unheated rooms, as well as in other places dangerous to water freezing, they should be designed with thermal insulation.

Valves in ITR and on the main lines are required for quantitative regulation and disconnection of the heating system and its individual parts. For this purpose, plug-in gland coupling valves (t < 1000C) and valves (t > 1000C) are used, as well as gate valves on pipelines with diameter of 50 mm or more .

The fittings shall be installed at a distance of not more than 120 mm from the branch, which ensures (when closing the fittings) the minimum length of the section filled with fixed water.

Defining Air Exchange for Building Spaces

The method of ventilation of residential and public buildings is chosen depending on the purpose of the building, its storey and the nature of the isolation of hazards. The main requirement for ventilation is to maintain in the room such cleanliness, temperature, air humidity that would ensure a normal sanitary and hygienic regime.

Air movement in the channels during natural ventilation occurs due to different density of air outside and inside the room. If there is only one exhaust ventilation in the building, the contaminated air removed is compensated by the influx of fresh air due to infiltration through the looseness of the windows, doors and pores of external fencing structures.

The ventilation system with natural motivation has a number of positive qualities: a small initial cost, simplicity of device and maintenance, silent operation. But the small range (810 m) and small volumes of moved air limit the application of natural channel ventilation systems. The absence of an organized influx causes the unstable operation of these ventilation systems.

Air exchange is the complete or partial replacement of contaminated air in rooms with clean atmospheric.

To simplify the calculation of air exchange of rooms and approximate dimensions of vertical exhaust ducts, Table No. 10 "Determination of air exchange of rooms and approximate dimensions of vertical exhaust ducts" is filled.

Design of exhaust ventilation system

Currently, exhaust channel systems are most widely used.

Channel systems of natural ventilation are systems in which external or internal (contaminated) air is supplied through special channels.

Air removal from rooms of apartments with no more than three rooms is designed through exhaust channels of kitchens, latrines, bathrooms or combined sanitary units .

For systems that combine the exhaust channels of apartments oriented to one side, it is recommended to install deflectors.

Conclusion

In this course design, a single-tube upper-wiring water heating system has been designed and calculated, since such a system has economic, procurement and operational advantages and meets sanitary and hygienic requirements: the heating system compensates for the heat loss of the room through enclosing structures, maintains inside the premises the temperature established by the standards, the internal air temperature is uniform in vertical and horizontal directions, the temperature fluctuations are not more than 1.5 ° C.

The natural ventilation system also meets sanitary and hygienic requirements and ensures clean air in the premises.

List of literature:

1. SNiP 2.01.0182 "Construction climatology and geophysics." -M: Stroyizdat, 1986

2. GOST 3049496 "Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters ";

3. SNiP 23022003 "Thermal protection of buildings." -M: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004

4. "Designer Reference Book. Internal sanitary and technical devices. "/Ed. I.G. Staroverova.-M: Stroyizdat, 1990

5. "Handbook on heat supply and ventilation. Book one. Heating and heat supply. "/Schekin R.V. Kiev: Budivelnik Publishing House, 1976